www.ebook3000.com A CRITICAL GUIDE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERT Y www.ebook3000.com A CRITICAL GUIDE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERT Y Edited by Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers A Critical Guide to Intellectual Property was first published in 2017 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK www.zedbooks.net Editorial Copyright © Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers 2017 Copyright in this Collection © Zed Books 2017 The rights of Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers to be identified as the editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 Typeset in Plantin and Kievit by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Index by ed.emery@thefreeuniversity.net Cover design by Andrew Brash All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78699-114-0 (hb) ISBN 978-1-78699-113-3 (pb) ISBN 978-1-78699-115-7 (pdf) ISBN 978-1-78699-116-4 (epub) ISBN 978-1-78699-117-1 (mobi) www.ebook3000.com C ON TE N TS Acknowledgments | vii List of abbreviations | viii Why intellectual property? Why now? Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers Running through the jungle: my introduction to intellectual property 14 Mat Callahan SECTION ONE: HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS 31 Intellectual property rights and their diffusion around the world: towards a global history 33 Colin Darch The political economy of intellectual property 56 Michael Perelman I am because I own vs I am because we are 70 Mat Callahan SECTION TWO: TERRAINS OF CONFLICT AND TERMS OF ENGAGEMENT 97 Owning up to owning traditional knowledge of medicinal plants 99 Josef A Brinckmann Using human rights to move beyond reformism to radicalism: A2K for schools, libraries and archives 117 Caroline B Ncube Meet the new boss, same as the old boss: copyright and continuity in the contemporary music economy 144 Jim Rogers Free software and open source movements from digital rebellion to Aaron Swartz: responses to government and corporate attempts at suppression and enclosure 166 Paul McKimmy (with a coda by Bob Jolliffe) SECTION THREE: LAW, POLICY AND JURISDICTION 197 10 Rethinking the World Intellectual Property Organization 199 Debora J Halbert 11 What is intellectual property? 217 Blayne Haggart 12 Piracy, states and the legitimation of authority 238 Mat Callahan 13 Summary and concluding remarks 257 Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers About the editors and contributors | 267 Index | 269 www.ebook3000.com A C K N OWLE DG M E N T S Earlier versions of “Running Through the Jungle, My Introduction to Intellectual Property,” and “The Political Economy of Intellectual Property,” first appeared in Socialism and Democracy, #64 (Volume 28, no 1) March, 2014 See http://sdonline.org/back-issues/#64 AB B RE VI ATI O N S A2K A2M A&R ABS ACTA ANC ASCAP ASKJustice AYUSH BABS BIRPI BMI CBD CFAA CIPO CISAC CISPA CSIR DEA DMCA DRM EFF EOP FFF FOSS FOSSFA FSF FWF FWS GATT Access to Knowledge Access to Medicines Artist and Repertoire Access and Benefit Sharing Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement African National Congress American Society for Composers, Authors and Publishers African Scholars for Knowledge Justice Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (India) Bioprospecting, Access and Benefit Sharing United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property Broadcast Music Inc Convention on Biological Diversity Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (1986) Canadian Intellectual Property Office International Confederation of Authors and Composers Societies Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) Department of Environment Affairs (South Africa) Digital Millennium Copyright Act Digital Rights Management Electronic Frontiers Foundation Executive Office of the President Fight for the Future Free and Open Source Software Free and Open Source Foundation for Africa Free Software Foundation FairWild Foundation FairWild Standard General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade www.ebook3000.com a bb reviat ions | ix GDP GI GIK GLAM GPL GRs ICESCR IDLO IEK IFPI IGC IK INDECOPI IP IPRs ISPs JSTOR JTB KBD LDC MAPs MDGs MIT MNCs MPAA NBA NCAB NGO NHP OA OER OPL OSI PACs PACER Gross Domestic Product Geographical Indication Ghanaian Indigenous Knowledge Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums General Public License Genetic Resources International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International Development Law Organization Indigenous Ecological Knowledge International Federation of Phonographic Industries Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (WIPO) Indigenous Knowledge (local or traditional) National Institute for the Defence of Free Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Peru) Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Rights Internet Service Providers Journal Storage Justified True Belief Kaapse Bossiedokters (Cape Bush Doctors – South Africa) Least Developed Countries Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Millennium Development Goals (United Nations) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Multinational Corporations Motion Picture Association of America National Biodiversity Authority (India) National Commission against Biopiracy (Peru) Non-Governmental Organization Natural Health Product Open Access Open Educational Resources Open Content License Open Source Initiative Political Action Committees Public Access to Court Electronic Records AB OU T TH E E D I T O R S A N D CO N T R IBUT OR S Editors Mat Callahan is a musician and author He founded seminal worldbeat band Looters, the artists’ collective Komotion International, and produced the revival of James Connolly’s “Songs of Freedom.” He’s authored four books, Sex, Death and the Angry Young Man, Testimony, The Trouble with Music and The Explosion of Deferred Dreams Jim Rogers is a lecturer in communications at the School of Communications, Dublin City University, Ireland His research interests center on the political economy of the media His first book, The Death and Life of the Music Industry in the Digital Age, was published in 2013 Beyond this, his research has been published in a host of international peer-review journals and various edited collections Contributors Josef A Brinckmann is a research fellow at Traditional Medicinals (Sebastopol), and has also served as an international consultant for medicinal plants at ITC/UNCTAD/WTO (Geneva) 2001–2016 An elected member of the USP Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee, he is also an advisory board member at the American Botanical Council, member of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, and FairWild Foundation board member Colin Darch retired in 2013 after a 46-year career as a librarian, documentalist, journalist and academic, working in universities and research institutes in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Brazil and South Africa He has a PhD in economic and social analysis from the University of Bradford, and lives in Cape Town Blayne Haggart is associate professor of political science at Brock University in St Catharines, Ontario, Canada He holds a PhD in political science from Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario His book, 268 | a b o u t t h e e di tors a n d tri bu tors Copyfight: The Global Politics of Digital Copyright Reform, was published in 2014 Debora J Halbert is the associate vice chancellor for academic affairs and professor of political science at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa She is the author of Intellectual Property in the Information Age: The Politics of Expanding Rights (1999), Resisting Intellectual Property (2005) and The State of Copyright (2014) Bob Jolliffe is a computer programmer, engineer, teacher and learner who lives in Dublin, Ireland He works for the global Health Information Systems Project based in the University of Oslo, promoting health information systems strengthening across the world using free open source software (FOSS) and open standards In South Africa he was actively involved in the formulation and implementation of government FOSS policy Paul McKimmy is a faculty member in the University of Hawai’iMānoa department of Learning Design and Technology As director of technology and distance programs for the College of Education, he herds the cats in instructional support, technical services and distance learning design teams He gets excited about learning technical skills, leveraging open source software and maintaining a mild caffeine buzz Caroline B Ncube is a professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town She researches and writes in intellectual property law with a special interest in copyright law from a public interest perspective Michael Perelman is a professor of economics at California State University, Chico He is the author of 21 books, most recently, Railroading Economics and The Invisible Handcuffs www.ebook3000.com IND E X 360–degree deals, 160 5Rs framework, 174 Aaron’s Law, 180, 184, 263 see also Swartz, Aaron academic endeavour, as collective activity, 49 academic papers: oligopolistic control of, 228–9; access to, 253–4 access and benefit sharing (ABS), 100, 103, 107–9, 111 Access to Knowledge movement (A2K), 9–10, 117–43, 211, 254, 259–60; Draft Treaty, 127; historical background of, 118 access to medicines (A2M), 127 accumulation by dispossession, 64 advertising, use of music in, 156–7 African National Congress (ANC), 120 African Scholars for Knowledge Justice (ASKJustice), 127 African Storybook Project, 128 agricultural technologies, licensing of, 211 agriculture, 1, 97 Al Qaeda, 246 albums, creation of, 17 Alexander the Great, 240, 241 Alford, William P., 44 altruism, 43 America First movement, 191 American Revolution, 87 American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), 14 Amnesty International, 177 Anabaptists, 75 Android, 171 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), 3, 209, 230, 244 apartheid, social, new forms of, 252–3 Apple, 217, 242 Apple vs Samsung, 244 appropriate technology, provision of, 211–12 Arbeit macht frei, 188–9 archives: access to knowledge in, 117–43; copyright concerns of, 129–32 Aristotle, 77 Armstrong, Edward, 20 Arrow, Kenneth, 226 artist, creation of figure of, 25 arts, new possibilities for, 261–2 Assange, Julian, 3, 244–5, 251 Athenaeus of Naucratis, 36 Attribution-ShareAlike, 174 Audi Q5 car, publicity for, 156 Augustine, St, 241; The City of God, 239–40 author: creation of figure of, 25, 47, 249, 261 authorship: attribution of, 42–3; individual, 47 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 24–5 Bacon, Francis, 80 Bakker, P., 149 Ballmer, Steve, 171 Barlow, John Perry: “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, 23; “Napster.com and the Death of the Music Industry”, 26 Basic Education for All (South Africa), 129 Bayer, 251 Beard, Mary, 36–7 Beecroft, Alexander, 43 Bell, Daniel, definition of knowledge, 125 Benkler, Yochai, definition of knowledge, 125 Berliner, Emile, 20 Berne Conference (1886), 46 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, 59, 125, 131, 132, 133–4, 136, 203, 204, 205, 260 270 | i n d ex Bessemer process, 57 Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, 175 biocultural diversity, 102 biodiversity, 105, 259 Biological Diversity Act (2002) (India), 107 biopiracy, 9, 104, 251 Bioprospecting, Access and Benefit Sharing (BABS), 111 black market, 246–50 black musicians and composers, exploitation of, 19 Bogsch, Arpad, 199 Boldrin, Michele, 230, 233 Book Dash, 128 Book of Revelation, 42 bootlegs, production of, 15 Borovoy, Roger S., 61 Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement”, 22 Boyle, James, 22, 71, 173 Braillard, Pierre, 200–1 brands, musical, 156; growth of, 145 Brazil, FOSS movement in, 191 Brecht, Bertolt, “Pirate Jenny”, 239 broadcasting, deregulation and privatization of, 155–6 Budapest Open Access Initiative, 175 Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle (BIRPI), 203, 204 Burnett, R., 149–50 Bush, George, 240 Callahan, Mat, 257; The Trouble with Music, 14 Canada, 224; politicization of IP in, 230 Canada-Europe Trade Agreement, 222 Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), 107 canonical texts, integrity of, 41–2 Cape Bush Doctors/Kaapse Bossiedoktors (CBD/KBD), 111 capitalism, crisis of, 241 Caruso, E., 103 casuistry, 78, 92 Categorical Imperative, 90 Catholic Church, 86 Cco Public Domain Dedication, 174 CDs, ripping of, 217 censorship, 48; of internet, 179; opposition to, 177 Central Perk, a bar, 213 Center for Responsive Politics (USA), 181 Central Council for Research of Ayurveda and Siddha, 107 Charter of Fundamental Rights (European Union), 154 China, 36, 43, 46, 112, 209; cultivation of maca in, 109–10; IP legislation in, 4; joins WIPO, 45; joins WTO, 45; patenting activities of, 104; science and technology in, 44 China Patent Administration, 45 Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission, 181, 184 classroom texts, multiple copying of, 130 Cold War, 201–2 colonization, viewed as piracy, 240 common good, 74 commons, 87–8, 173, 241, 252–3; destruction of, 6; electronic, 248; enclosure of, 239; privatization of, 253; shrinkage of, 222 communism, 76 comparative legal studies, 37–8 compensation: alternative forms of, 233; from public funds, 261–2; levels of, 262 competition, 56, 68; absence of, 57 composer: figure of, creation of, 24–5; non-existence of, 25 computer code, subject to copyright law, 169 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) (1986), 180, 184, 263 Condorcet, Nicolas de, 48, 80–1, 82 Congress of the People (South Africa), 120 conscience, individual, 75 constitutive copyright registration, 131 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 108, 111 copying of copyright works, 220; electronic, 229; of a reasonable portion, 130 see also freedom to copy www.ebook3000.com index | 271 copyleft, 11, 170, 171 copyright, 1, 59, 97, 170, 219; and the music economy, 144–65; application of the law, 244; automatic nature of, 133; control of, extended into cyberspace, 146; defence of, 21; elimination of, 261–2; emergence of, 252; estimated value added of, 63; evolution of, 7; further research required, 225; historical writing regarding, 34; in relation to technological innovation, 20; inadequacy of current law, 22; incentive function of, 230; infringement of, seen as acceptable, 260; lack of data regarding, 21–2; linkages to education, 122; of music, 10–11 (large revenue potential of, 155); perceived death of, 146–51; public interest in, 118–20; reform of, 22–4 (shortcomings of, 23); routine infringement of, 132; seen as unenforceable, 10; system of (beyond reforming, 6; unfairness of, 261; unjust, 16); tailored, 260; two-tier, 133, 137 (need for, 132–5) Copyright Act (1790) (USA), 173 Copyright Act (1909) (USA), 16, 224 Copyright Act (1976) (USA), 132–3 corporate influences, in software IP, 180–4 corporate personhood, 185 counterfeit goods, sale of, 247 Court of Appeal (USA), 62 courts, recourse to, 146, 151, 153, 172; costs of, 66 creation, cost of, 225 Creative Commons Attribution, 11, 22, 127, 174, 175, 184, 232 creativity, 91; individual, 199; myths of, 48–9; relation to IP, 8; stimulation of, 226 creator, concept of, 33 credit for artists, 26–8; dissociated from ownership, 261 criminalization, 39; of copyright infringement, 63, 132; of DRM circumvention, 181, 182; of technology, 177–8 see also filesharing, criminalization of Cuba: abolition and re-institution of IP, 3; IP legislation in, cultural commons, 173 culture, right to, Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA) (USA), 179 cyberspace, musical, enclosure of, 151–4 Darch, Colin, 258–9 Darnton, Robert, 80 David, Paul, 59 de-criminalization, of DRM circumvention, 263 de-regulation, 67 DeadDrop software platform, 179 decolonization, 240; of education, 126 Deezer, 155 Demand Progress group, 23, 179 democracy, 166; of music distribution, 149 Descartes, Rene, 90, 124 Designation of Origin denomination, 105 Deuteronomy, Book of, 42 Devi, Phoolan, 249 Diamond vs Dierh ruling, 171 DiCola, Peter, 21 Diddley, Bo, 19 Diderot, Denis, 48, 81–2; Encyclopedia, 85 Diggers, 84 Digital Economy Act (2010), 154 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) (USA), 177, 185; call for abolition of, 263 digital rights management (DRM), 177, 178 Diogenes Laertius, 77–8 direct funding of creators, 233 disintermeditation, 150 distributive justice, 118 Dosi, Giovanni, 226, 233 Dotcom, Kim, 244 Downs, Anthony, 119 dumping of toxic waste, 250 272 | i n d ex duration of copyright and patents, 63, 173, 181, 182, 220, 221, 263; extended in Mexico, 224; in music industry, 157; life-plus formula, 231; limitation of, 71; shortening of, 131 Dylan, Bob, 157 economics, and questions of IP, 224, 225–7 education, 97; access to knowledge in, 211; free, 120; higher, IP regimes in, 66; questions of copyright in, 9; regarding benefits of IP, 207; right to, 9, 121, 129, 135, 266 educational materials, costs of, Elbakyan, Alexandra, 254 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 11, 23, 178, 180, 183, 185 Elsevier, 254 Elvis Presley, trademark, 158 Elvis Presley Enterprises, 158 enclosure, 22, 127; of commons, of the internet, 246; of musical cyberspace, 151–4; encryption software, 177 End Software Patents campaign, 171 England, copyright in, history of, Enlightenment, 34, 70, 79–82, 84 environmental threat, 252 Equal Education organization (South Africa), 129 Erasmus, Praise of Folly, 79 Ethical BioTrade Standard, 108–9 European Patent Office, 106 evidence regarding IP policy, 222–4 ex ante representative individual approach, 128 excess capital, absorption of, 58 exclusivity of contracts, 17 FairWild Foundation (FWF), 108 FairWild Standard (FWS), 108 Fanning, Shawn, 14–15 Federal Courts Improvement Act (1982) (USA), 62 fees: charged to access academic papers, 180; reduction of, 137 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 85 Fight for the Future group (FFF), 183, 185 file-sharing, 14, 15, 144, 146, 148, 151, 238, 242, 251; criminalization of, 3, 15–16, 35; curbing of, 152 see also sharing film industry, fines for copyright infringement, severity of, 153 first occupancy, 73 fishing, illegal, 250 Fitzgerald, Brian, 190 Fix the Patent Laws campaign, 127 flickr, 174 Floyd, Pretty Boy, 249 France, online file-sharing in, 154 Franklin, Benjamin, 87, 89 Fraunhofer, 242 free, creative, laboring human beings, 188–9 Free and Open Source Foundation for Africa (FOSSFA), 191 Free Cultural Works project, 11, 174 free culture movement, 173 Free Software Foundation (FSF), 167, 183, 185 free software movement, 11, 98, 166–96; radicality of, 187–92 Freedom Charter (South Africa), 120–1, 122 freedom of expression, 176–8 freedom of information, 176–8 Freedom of Information movement, 179 freedom of thought, 91 freedom to copy, 226 Freeman, Kathleen, 77 French Revolution, 48, 81; development of copyright law, 123 Fuchs, Christian, 189 Ganesan, Deekshitha, 107 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 63; Uruguay Round, 60 genome, human: natural nature of, 4; ownership of, 92 geographical indication (GI), 110 Gettier, Edmund, 124 Ghanaian indigenous knowledge (GIK), 111 Ghosh, Rishab, 191 Giambologna, 201 www.ebook3000.com index | 273 Gilder, George, 62 Gillespie, T., 151–2 GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives and museums), 118 Global Access to Essential Learning Tools conference, 127 Global South, 3, 210, 211, 238, 247, 248, 264; as knowledge importer, 232–3; development potential in, 212; need to print materials, 136; traditional knowledge emanating from, 126; WIPO‘s interest in, 206, 208 globalization, 34, 38, 249 GNU, 11 GNU General Public License (GPL), 170, 172 GNU Manifesto, 170, 174 Google, 233 Gorgias, 78 Gould, Rebecca, 229 Govil, Nitin, 245 Grace, O., 103 Graceland, trademark, 158 Gramsci, Antonio, Prison Diaries, 187 Great Depression, 57 Greece, Ancient, 39, 43; non-protection of inventors in, 36 Greer, Evan, 183 Grokster, 152 Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto, 3, 180, 227 Guthrie, Woody, “Car Song”, 156–7 hackers, 166, 242 h.adīth, 42 HADOPI law (France), 154 Haggart, Blayne, 265 Haitian Revolution, 89 Halbert, Debora, 263 Hardt, Michael, 58, 190 harmonization of IP, 38 Harrington, James, 73 Harvard University, affected by journal costs, 229 Harvey, David, 58, 64–5 Heartbreak Hotel, trademark, 158 Hegel, G W F., 8, 76, 88–91, 92; Phenomenology of Spirit, 89, 90; Philosophy of Right, 89; Science of Logic, 89 Held, Virginia, 119 Hesse, Carla, 41, 47–8, 70, 81, 82 Hill, Benjamin Mako, 174 HIV/AIDS, knowledge-related issues, 127 Ho, Lok-sang, 120, 128 Hobbes, Thomas, 4, 73, 74, 80, 88 Holzhauer, Rudi, 226 home recording, advent of, 19 Hood, Robin, 249 Hughes, Justin, 35, 38 human rights perspective on copyright, 9, 117–43 Hume, David, 70, 73, 84, 88 Huss, Jan, 75 Iamblichus, 78–9 ideas, ownership of see ownership, of ideas illiteracy, 211; ending of, 120, 122 In re Alappat ruling, 171 India, 103–7, 259; traditional knowledge protection in, 99–100 indigenous peoples: artistic and scientific knowledge of, 72; expropriation of, 72, 208–9; granted TK registrations, 106; informed consent of, 259 see also Ghanaian indigenous knowledge Indigenous Peoples Development Fund (Peru), 105 individual creation, 199 individualism, emergence of, 47 Industrial Revolution, 56 inequalities in scholarship, 229 informal economy, 247 information society, 68 informed consent, 259 innovation, 56; in China, 45; motivation for, 201 institution building for IP protection, 206 intellectual property (IP): alternatives to orthodox regimes, 258; an issue for political engagement, 230; and societal benefit, 168–70; as 274 | i n d ex intellectual property (cont.): umbrella term, 169; complexity of term, 39; concept of (as human right, 35; reconfiguring of, 50); contestation of, 204; costs of, 65–7; definition of, 12, 217–37; discourse dominated by commercial interests, 34; enforcement, problems of, 46; expansionist reach of, 50; global history of, 33–55; guiding principles of, 231; historical and theoretical origins of, 6; historical context and cultural frameworks, 31–2; historical contingency of, 47; history of, to be written, 258–9; knowledge-creation objective of, 218; maximalist, 205–6; opposition to, 184; overview of, 14–29; philosophical basis of, 73; plural histories of, 7; political economy of, 56–69; refocussing of policy analyses, 265; rights, exploitation of, in digital age, 154–61; role of, in driving innovation, 43–4; seen as real property, 39; strong, 10, 35, 205, 221, 222, 227; taken as universal narrative, 31; varying international regimes of, 7; viewed as common sense proposition, 71; viewed as foundational to economy, 169; viewed in terms of economics, 225–7; weakening of, 206 Intellectual Property Defense Industry, 246 intellectual property law, 7, 11–13, 39, 197–8; a European product, 103; complexity of, 217–18; consideration of whose interests served, 232–3; definition of, 197; empirical effects of, 231–2 inter-library loans, 130 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), 99, 208 International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI), 11, 203, 205 International Confederation of Authors and Composers Societies (CISAC), 157 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 121, 123, 130 International Development Law Association (IDLO), 108 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, 129 International Federation of Phonographic Industries (IFPI), 148, 152–3, 154, 245 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 64 International Property Rights Index (IPRI), 40 internet, 144, 150, 152; as medium for music distribution, 161; enclosing the commons of, 246; growth of, 19; in Global South, 129; potential of, 150, 151; service providers held responsible for copyright infringements, 153, 154; technologies of, consequences of, for music, 147 iPod, 20 iTunes, 20 Japan, 61, 62, 110 Jefferson, Thomas, 71–2 Jim Crow, use of term, 19 Jobs, Steve, 20 Johns, Adrian, 241, 246, 251–2; with Kavita Philip, Piracy: The Intellectual Property Laws …, 239 Johnson, Samuel, 87 Joint Strategic Plan, 240 JSTOR, 265; copying of articles from, 180, 218, 227–30; hacking of, 13; nonpursuance of Aaron Swartz, 229 jurisdiction in intellectual property, 11–13, 197–8 just remuneration for producers, 26–8, 231–2 justified true belief (JTB), 124 Kant, Immanuel, 90 Kazaa, 152, 153 Kelly, Ned, 249 www.ebook3000.com index | 275 kidnapping, conviction of Somali men, 250 knowledge: commodification of, 232; concept of, 118, 124–6; cumulative nature of, 220; definition of, 125; for all, 253–4; governance regimes of, 232–3; personal, 124; procedural, 124; propositional, 124; restriction of, 234; sharing of, 220; typologies of, 124 knowledge economy, 68; music as part of, 151 Koford, James, 62 Korea, 110 Krikorian, Gaëlle, 128 labor, 87–8; alienated, 91; as property of laborer, 83; collective, 83; concept of, 73 Larkin, Brian, “Degraded Images, Distorted Sounds”, 247 law on intellectual property see intellectual property law lawyers, leaking of government secrets, LeBreton, Andrộ-Franỗois, 81 Lehr, Peter, 250 Lennon, John, 157; “Revolution”, 157 Lessig, Lawrence, 167, 173, 232; “The Architecture of Innovation”, 22 Levellers, 73, 84 Levi, Primo, The Wrench, 188–9 Levine, David K., 230, 233 Levinson, Bernard M., 41–2 Liang, Lawrence, 248 libraries: access to knowledge in, 117–43; as purveyors of public good, 27; copyright concerns of, 10, 129–32 Libre-Office, 168 licensing: of content, 172–5; of music, 155–6 Limewire, 152 Linebaugh, Peter, with Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra, 249 Linux, 168, 171 literacy see illiteracy litigation over patents see courts, recourse to lobbying by industry, 181, 182, 184 Locke, John, 4, 8, 73, 76, 80, 82–8 Luther, Martin, Ninety-Five Theses, 79 Lyric Culture company, 158 maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 100, 106, 109–10; ban on export of, 105; cultivated in China, 104, 112; smuggling of, 110 Maca Junín-Pasco, 105, 110, 112 Macaulay, Thomas, 38, 71 Machlup, Fritz, 57, 225 MacPherson, C B., 4, 8; Possessive Individualism, 73–4 mafia, Italian, 250 Malamud, Carl, 179 Manning, Chelsea, 3, 5, 251 marginal costs, 56 Markdown markup language, 179 market: contradictions in, 8; failure of, 58 Marley, Bob, 19 Marx, Karl, 58, 77, 84, 90, 187, 189, 249; and idea of individual genius, 48–9; Grundrisse, 50, 189; on contradictions, 68 Marxism, 46 mask rights, 61 Mason, Paul, 189 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), non-pursuit of Aaron Swartz, 229 master-slave dialectic, 90 May, Christopher, 190 McCartney, Paul, 157 McKimmy, Paul, 262–3 McLuhan, Marshall, 150 medicinal plants: commodification of, 9; loss of, 102; patenting of, medicine: generic, 209, 212–13; traditional (definition of, 100–1; in India, 102) Meiksins Wood, Ellen, 70 Mexico, duration of IP extended, 224 Microsoft, 190, 242 middle men, removal of, 150 migration, to urban centres, 101 Mill, John Stuart, 74 276 | i n d ex Millennium Goals see also UN Millennium Development Goals minority views, provision for, 120 mobile technologies, 144 Moglen, Eben, 188 Möller, Erik, 174 monopoly, 8, 56, 59, 71, 171, 231, 233; in music industry, 149 Monsanto, 251 moral panic use of term, 245 moral rights, 203, 231 More, Thomas, 79 Moses, 42 Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 34, 182 mp3 code, 242 mp3 files, copying of, 242 MP3.com, 144, 151–2 Münzer, Thomas, 75 Muhammad, Prophet, 42 music: as generic activity, 25; as part of knowledge industry, 151; commodification of, 24, 145; digital, global market for, 155; digitalization of, 146–51; distinctive characteristics of, 154–61; do-ityourself approach to, 149; free provision of, 26, 27, 148; licensed to film, TV and radio, 155–6; new possibilities for, 261–2; ownership of, 6; subsidization of, 26; ubiquity of, 154–5, 160 music artists, freedom of, 149 music companies: price fixing by, 152; revenues from copyright, 145 music industry, 1, 6, 10, 97–8, 257; concentration of power in, 161; copyright in, 144–65; mergers in, 158; revenues of, 159; rhetoric of crisis in, 146, 159 mysql database, 190 Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefitsharing, 103, 108 Nagoya Protocol on the Convention on Biological Diversity, 102 Napster, 13, 22, 26, 144, 147, 151–2; legal pursuit of, 152, 242 Napster v Metallica, 14, 16 National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) (India), 107 National Commission Against Biopiracy (NCAB) (Peru), 9, 104, 105, 110, 259 National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI) (Peru), 104–6, 110, 259 National Register of Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples (Peru), 106 National Semiconductor, 61–2 Native Americans, expropriation of, 87–9 Ncube, Caroline B., 259–60 Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilization in China, 44 “Needham question”, 44 Negativland, 15 Negri, Antonio, 58, 189–90 neoliberalism, 5, 10, 24, 64, 67, 68 Netherlands, copyright in, 244 Newton, Isaac, 220 nginx web server, 190 Nigeria, second economy in, 247–8 nomothetic narrative, impulse towards, 38–41 non-Western literate societies, 33 Northwestern University School of Law study of music industry, 21 nuclear energy, 200 Obama, Barack, 182 O’Dwyer, Richard, 244 open access (OA) resources, 117 open access model, 233; promotion of, 265 open access movement, 3, 175–6, 254 Open Content License, 174 Open Content Project, 11, 174 open educational resources (OER), 117 open licensing, 128 Open Source Initiative (OSI), 167, 174 open source movements, 11, 98, 166–96, 222, 257 open source software, 184, 263; in public institutions, 185; radicality of, 187–92 www.ebook3000.com index | 277 originality, of literary work, 85–6 Ortiz, Carmen, 229 Ostrom, Elinor, 103 owners, identification of, 111 ownership, 16; absolute, 40; as antagonism between people, 75; concept of, 8–9; definition of, 76; in field of music, 25–6; in tribal context, 72; of ideas, 70, 81, 82–8; of other people, 82–8; of self, 8, 73, 75, 76, 82–8 see also music, ownership of; seeds, ownership of; and traditional knowledge, ownership of Paine, Thomas, 87, 89 Pakistani DVDs, confiscated in UK, 245 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 59 Pascal, Blaise, Provincial Letters, 78 Patent Cooperation Treaty (1994), 45, 212 patent trolls, activities of, 65 patents, 1, 59, 219; as defensive tools, 227; drawbacks of, 8; emergence of, 252; evolution of, 7; extending depth and breadth of, 63, 223; on drugs, overridden during epidemics, 220; on software, 183, 185; origins of, 57; plant-related, rejection of, 106 Patry, William, 71 peer-to-peer file-sharing, 15, 144, 146 see also file-sharing penalties, disproportionate nature of, 263 Penrose, Edith, 57 Performing Rights Society (PRS), 157 Peru: Decreto Supremo No 039–2003– AG, 105; FOSS movement in, 191; IP protection in, 104–6; Law No 26839, 105; Law No 27811, 105, 259; Law No 28216, 105; traditional knowledge protection in, 99–100 Pfizer, 60 PGP technology, 177 pharmaceutical industry, 1, 12, 223, 227 Philip, Kavita, 245–6, 248; “What Is a Technological Author?”, 239 philosophes, 80 philosophy, 31, 90, 91–2; definition of, 76, 77–9; relation to ownership of ideas, phonograph, 20 photocopying of texts, restriction of, 211 Phylarchus of Naucratis, 36 piracy, 2, 5, 40, 147, 148, 197, 207, 217, 228, 238–56; alleged losses accruing from, 148; as metaphor, 243; by teenagers, 15; concept of, 13 (reconceptualising of, 198); definition of term, 239, 241–3 (legal, 13); maritime, 238, 241 (ransom activities, 250); pursuit of pirates, 153; seen as killing music industry, 145; Somali, 241; use of term, 247 see also biopiracy Pirate Bay website, 3, 238 Pirate Parties International (PPI), 178 Pirate Party, 3, 11, 178, 185, 186, 257 pirate radio stations, 243 plagiarism, 89 plantation system, 18–19 Plato, 78, 81, 92 Poe, Edgar Alan, 85 policy on IP, 197–8 political power, 86, 88 polycentricity, concept of, 103 possessive individualism, 4, 6, 73–7; relation to social obligation, 74 post-capitalist mode of production, 189–90 post-colonial empowerment of the periphery, 190–2 Pratt, Edmund J., 60 printing, invention of, 47 prior informed consent, 251 privacy, of communications, right to, 177 private appropriation, 16 privateering, 249 privatization, 5; of genetic resources, 2; of internal nature, 252; of knowledge, 2; of the commons, 253 property: as outmoded concept, 4–5; concept of (historically contingent, 39; resistance to, 23); immovable, 40; industrial, 203; literary, 82 (use of term, 38); moveable, 40; nature of, debates about, 34; private, 91 (abolition of, 76; concepts of, 8); Rousseau’s view of, 81; seen as 278 | i n d ex property (cont.): human right, 35; seen as “product of nature”, 5, 39; use of term, 38–9; viewed as human right, 40 propiedad intellectual, 39 propriété industrielle, 203 Protagoras, 78 Protect IP Act (PIPA) (USA), 3, 244 protected designation of origin (PDO), 100 protection-dissemination, balance between, 218, 219–21, 225 Protestant Reformation, 75, 80 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 84 public, support for arts, 26 Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER), 179 public domain, 173 public funding of creation, 265 public good, balanced against private interests, 262–3 public interest, 9, 258; threefold typology of, 119–20 publishing industry, Pythagoras, 77, 78–9, 81 Quiggin, John, 87 Quran, writing of, 42 radio, 20 Raghavan, G Narasimha, 245 Rapidshare case, 244 Rappaport, Irving, 61–2 Reagan, Ronald, 59, 64 recolonization, via IP regimes, record labels, become music companies, 160 recording artist, re-conceptualization of, 159 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 15, 34, 148, 242, 245; lawsuit against Napster, 152; lobbying expenses of, 182; prosecutions by, 153 recordings, musical, falling sales of, 161–2 recouping of recording costs, 17–18 Reddy, Sita, 101 Redhat, 167 Reed Elsevier company, 228 Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies (ROARMAP), 176 rent-seeking behaviour, 225 reverse engineering, 66 Rice T D., 19 Right to Research Coalition, 176 rights: moral, 41, to science and culture, 117 Robespierre, Maximilien, 89 Rogers, Jim, 261 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 77, 84; Discourse on Equality, 88 royalties: calculation of, 16, 17–18; of semiconductor patents, 62; of songwriters, for licensing, 18–19; revenues from, global figures for, 157–8 Rubinson, David, 17 Russia, copyright law in, 46 Ryle, Gilbert, 124 sampling, 15 Samuelson, Pamela, 224 Sartine, A.-R.-J.-G.-Gabriel, 81 Schiff, Erich, 243–4243 schools: access to knowledge in, 117–43; copyright concerns of, 129–32 Sci-Hub, 254 science, right to, scope of IP rights, limited nature of, 221 secrecy: as means of defending IP, 65–6; of knowledge, 168–9; of Trans-Pacific Partnership, 209 Secrétan, Jacques, 203, 204 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 108 seeds, ownership of, 211 segregation, in music industry, 19 self, ownership of see also ownership, of self self-consciousness, 89 self-enslavement, right to, 90 Sell, Susan B., 70 semiconductor industry, 60–2 service industries, transformation to, 62 www.ebook3000.com index | 279 sharing, 91–2; as moral imperative, 228; concept of, sharing economy, 253 sheet music, printed, 17 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 57–8 Shiva, Vandana, 251; Bio-Piracy: The Plunder of Nature, 238 Silby, Jessica, 71 Skladany, Martin, 133, 134, 260 Sky, 153 slavery, 18, 19, 83–4, 86, 92 Smith, Adam, 249 Snowden, Edward, 3, 5, 251 social movements, socialism, 46 societal benefit, 168–70 software, licensing of, 167, 170–2 Somalia, piracy activities in, 250 Sony, 149, 159 Sony Music, 242 sophists, 77 Soto, Hernando de, 40 source code, access to, 166–7 South Africa, 129; copyright in, 9–10; FOSS movement in, 191; libraries and archives in, 10; right to education in, 135 South African Copyright Act, 130 South African San Council, 111 South African Schools Act, 129 sovereign individual, concept of, 75 Special 301 report, 64 Spotify, 155 SSL technology, 177 St Just, 89 Stallman, Richard, 11, 166–8, 170, 171, 174, 185; Free Software, Free Society, 167 state engagement, rolled back, 68 Statute of Anne (1710), 37, 80, 122–3 Statute of Monopolies (1624), 37 steam engine, patenting of, 226 Sterne, Jonathan, MP3: The Meaning of a Format, 242 Stiglitz, Joseph E., 226, 230, 233 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), 3, 179, 183, 230, 244 Story, Alan, 136 struggles over intellectual property, 97–8 Suber, Peter, 175 suicide, prohibition of, 89–90 SUISA, 14, 262 surveillance, protection from, 177 Sustainable Development Goals see also UN Sustainable Development Goals Swartz, Aaron, 11, 166–96 passim, 265; Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto, 3, 108, 227; prosecution of, 13, 218, 227–30; suicide of, 3, 4, 179–80, 228 Switzerland, copyright in, 244 Sybaris, 36 synchronization, major aspect of music industry, 156 Syngenta, 251 tax relief for creators, 233, 265 technological development, 97 Tehranian, John, 132–3 Texas Instruments, 61–2 textbooks: copying of, 221 (costs of, 211); open access, 211, 264 Thatcher, Margaret, 75 The Halifax, 157 The Who, 162 Théberge, P., 149 “theft” of copyright material, 217 Thomas-Rasset, Jammie, 153 Thrasymachus, 78 Thurber, James, 181 tiered approach to copyright, 259–60 timely registration of artists’ works, 133–4 Toffler, Alvin, 150 Tor network, 177 Tor2web, 179 Torvald, Linus, 171 Toussaint l’Overture, FranỗoisDominique, 89 Towse, Ruth, 226 Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 12, 36, 45, 60, 64, 134, 136, 206, 209, 223, 227 trademarks, 1, 59, 219, 261; evolution of, 7; in music industry, 18; of musical artefacts, 10–11, 158 traditional cultural expressions, 99 280 | i n d ex traditional environmental knowledge (TEK), component of biocultural heritage, 102 traditional herbal medicine products (THMPs), 108 Traditional Knowledge, 72, 125, 232, 265; definition of, 101; disappearance of, 99; ownership of, 99–116 (by the state, 104); protection of, 2, 9, 111, 208–9; registration of, 106; resilient to modernisation, 102; safeguarding of, 259 Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) (India), 9, 104, 106–7, 259 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 183, 209 translation rights, 131 transnational corporations, interests of, 232 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 166, 181–3, 202, 209, 222, 230, 244 TrueCrypt, 177 Trump, Donald, 182 Twain, Mark, 85 U2, 15 Ulrich, Lars, 15 Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT), 108 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), IP legislation in, 4; translation of foreign works in, 46–7 unique authorship, 248 United Nations (UN), 11, 110–11, 121, 197, 202; agencies of, failure of, 213 UN Charter of Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 12, 203–4, 210, 211, 264 UNCTAD-ICTSD Bellagio Dialogue on etc, 127 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 243 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 12, 203, 205, 210–11, 264 UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 12, 212, 264 UN Millennium Development Goals, 122, 131, 202 UN Sustainable Development Goals, 122, 131 uña de gato (Uncaria tomentosa), 106 United States of America (USA), 111, 206, 210, 213; attempted extradition for piracy, 244; bilateral treaties of, 202; Constitution of, 71, 173, 185, 221 (Copyright Clause, 123); copyright protection in, 123, 132 (history of, 7); increase in patent applications in, 227; IP regime in, 12, 16, 31, 58, 67, 219, 220, 223, 227, 229, 232, 244–5, 260; joins Berne Convention, 205; lack of respect for copyrights, 67; not member of Berne Convention, 203; opposition movements in, 98; restrictive view of IP, 182–3, 184; trade policies of, 59–60 US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), 107, 171–2; defunding of, 65 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 40, 121, 123, 149, 159, 176–7, 266 University Copyright Convention, 203, 204, 205 Unix operating system, 170 Valenti, Jack, 43 Van Lindberg, Intellectual Property and Open Source, 168 Venice, patenting legislation in, 37 VeraCrypt, 177 Vevo, 155 Victor Talking Machine Company, 20 Victoria’s Secret, 157 Vidal, Gore, 240 vimeo, 174 Voltaire, Le Philosophe, 80 voluntary sustainability standards (VSS), 100, 107–9 War on Drugs, 222, 240 Warner, 149, 159 Watts, James, 226 We7, 155 Westinghouse Company, 20 whistle blowing, “who is pirating who”, 250–1 WikiLeaks, 5, 182, 244–5 www.ebook3000.com index | 281 Wikipedia, 174 Wilde, Oscar, 76 Wiley, David, 174 Winstanley, Gerrard, 84 Winston, B., 150 Woodmansee, Martha, 47 work, distinct from alienated labour, 91 World Bank, definition of Traditional Knowledge, 101 World Health Organization (WHO), 12, 100–1, 204, 210, 264 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 2, 11–12, 100–1, 105, 197, 223–4; admitted as agency of UN, 204–5; China joins, 45; concern for Traditional Knowledge, 207; concern for Global South, 206, 208, 211; educational activities of, 202; history of, 203–5; ornamental fountain, 200–1; rethinking of, 199–216, 263–4; role of, in developing countries, 204–5; strategic goals of, 208, 210; transparency of, 209; What Is Intellectual Property, 207–8 WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 110 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 126 World Trade Organization (WTO), 2, 12, 64; China joins, 45; creation of, 63 Wyden, Ron, 180 yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius), 106 YouTube, 155, 174 Zittrain, Jonathan, 173 Žižek, Slavoj, 252–3 Zotero, 168 .. .A CRITICAL GUIDE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERT Y www.ebook3000.com A CRITICAL GUIDE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERT Y Edited by Mat Callahan and Jim Rogers A Critical Guide to Intellectual Property was... Pirate Party and eventually the massive – and successful – resistance to various legislative attempts to codify sharing as piracy (SOPA, PIPA and ACTA) The death of Aaron Swartz was thus a signal... Valley and Metallica, and the issue was impossible to avoid Like many, I was both amused and bemused by the position a band with a vaguely anti-authoritarian reputation took toward Napster at