PETR A RCH PETR A RCH A Critical Guide to the Complete Works Edited by Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi THE U N I V ERSIT Y OF CHICAG O PR E SS Chicago and London is professor of Romance languages and a member of the Graduate Group in Comparative Literature and the Center for Italian Studies at the University of Pennsylvania A R M A N D O M A G G I is professor of Romance languages and a member of the Committee on History of Culture at the University of Chicago V ICTOR I A K IR K H A M The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2009 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 2009 Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-43741-5 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-43741-8 (cloth) Frontispiece: Francesco Petrarca, De vita solitaria (detail from opening page) Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago (NL call no Case Ms f95) The University of Chicago Press gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Henry Salvatori Fund at the University of Pennsylvania Center for Italian Studies, and the Division of the Humanities at the University of Chicago, toward the publication of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petrarch : a critical guide to the complete works / edited by Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-226-43741-5 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-43741-8 (cloth : alk paper) Petrarca, Francesco, 1304–1374—Criticism and interpretation I Kirkham, Victoria II Maggi, Armando PQ4540.P48 2009 851′.1—dc22 2008045155 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992 C ON TENTS List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Bibliographical Forms and Abbreviations xiii Chronology of Petrarch’s Life and Works Victoria Kirkham xv A Life’s Work Victoria Kirkham PA R T I A N EN DU R I NG V ER NACU L A R LE GAC Y The Self in the Labyrinth of Time (Rerum vulgarium fragmenta) Teodolinda Barolini 33 The Poem of Memory (Triumphi) Fabio Finotti 63 Petrarch’s Damned Poetry and the Poetics of Exclusion (Rime disperse) Justin Steinberg PA R T I I 85 L I T E R A R Y D E B U T, L A T I N H U M A N I S M , A N D OR ATIONS The Rebirth of the Romans as Models of Character (De viris illustribus) Ronald G Witt 103 Petrarch’s Philological Epic (Africa) Simone Marchesi 113 The Beginnings of Humanistic Oratory: Petrarch’s Coronation Oration (Collatio laureationis) Dennis Looney 131 Petrarch the Courtier: Five Public Speeches (Arenga facta Venecijs, Arringa facta Mediolani, Arenga facta in civitate Novarie, Collatio brevis coram Iohanne Francorum rege, Orazione per la seconda ambasceria veneziana) Victoria Kirkham 141 The Unforgettable Books of Things to Be Remembered (Rerum memorandarum libri) Paolo Cherchi 151 CON T EM PL ATI V E SER EN I T Y PA R T I I I Pastoral as Personal Mythology in History (Bucolicum carmen) Stefano Carrai 165 10 “You Will Be My Solitude”: Solitude as Prophecy (De vita solitaria) Armando Maggi 179 11 A Humanistic Approach to Religious Solitude (De otio religioso) Susanna Barsella 197 PA R T I V JOU R N EYS I N TO TH E SOU L 12 The Burning Question: Crisis and Cosmology in the Secret (Secretum) David Marsh 211 13 Petrarch’s Personal Psalms (Psalmi penitentiales) E Ann Matter 219 14 The Place of the Itinerarium (Itinerarium ad sepulchrum domini nostri Yhesu Christi) Theodore J Cachey Jr 229 PA R T V LIF E’S T U R BU LENCE 15 On the Two Faces of Fortune (De remediis utriusque fortune) Timothy Kircher 245 16 The Art of Invective (Invective contra medicum) Stefano Cracolici 255 17 The Economy of Invective and a Man in the Middle (De sui ipsius et multorum ignorantia) William J Kennedy PA R T V I 263 PET R A RCH TH E EPISTLER 18 A Poetic Journal (Epystole) Giuseppe Velli 277 19 The Book without a Name: Petrarch’s Open Secret (Liber sine nomine) Ronald L Martinez 291 20 The Uncollected Poet (Lettere disperse) Lynn Lara Westwater 301 21 Petrarch’s Epistolary Epic: Letters on Familiar Matters (Rerum familiarum libri) Giuseppe F Mazzotta 309 22 Letters of Old Age: Love between Men, Griselda, and Farewell to Letters (Rerum senilium libri) David Wallace PA R T V I I 321 EPILOGU E 23 To Write As Another: The Testamentum (Testamentum) Armando Maggi 333 Notes 347 Bibliography 479 List of Contributors 521 Index 527 ILLUSTR ATIONS Giorgio Vasari, Portrait of Six Tuscan Poets xxiv Petrarch, Codice degli abbrozzi 84 Petrarch, Codice degli abbrozzi 87 Petrarch, Africa 112 Petrarch, De otio religioso (in an Italian translation) 196 Petrarch, Secretum 210 Petrarch, Psalmi penitentiales (title page) 218 ix Index 140, 143, 145, 148, 149, 200, 237, 240–41, 277, 285, 288, 298, 305, 308, 310, 321, 322–23, 325, 326– 27, 328, 329, 330, 336, 344, 347n1, 347n2, 347n3, 355n51, 358n74, 384n2, 396n19, 416n15, 448n34, 452n6, 463n16, 464n25, 465n39, 471n15, 472n27, 472n30; Ameto, 177; Amorosa visione, 63, 66, 161, 388n28; Buccolicum carmen, 402n1, 403n7; Corbaccio, 387n21; Decameron, 26, 312, 323, 324, 327, 329, 453n6, 472n33, 472n34; De casibus virorum illustrium, 7, 161, 351n20, 358n75; Epistole, 394n8; Filocolo, 352n23; Filostrato, 366n44; Genealogies of the Gentile Gods, 176, 261–62, 340, 415n15, 448n33; Letters, 176; Ninfale fiesolano, 177; Testament, 333–34, 336, 340, 342, 343, 474n8; Trattatello in laude di Dante, 314, 315, 340, 352n29, 467n4; Vita di Dante, 364n26; Vita of Petrarca, Bocheta, Giovanni a, 344 Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae, 146, 211, 213 Bologna, Armannino da, Fiorita di varie storie, 152 Bonzanello da Vigonza, 343 Borchardt, Frank L., 399n2 Borgo San Sepolcro, Dionigi da, 5, 13, 24, 155, 207, 283, 284 Bosco, Umberto, 29, 90, 359n80, 360n90 Bottari, Guglielmo, 376n6 Boulogne, Gui de, 308, 464n32, 466n55 Bracciolini, Poggio, 386n13, 433n2, 438n57 Branca, Vittore, 471n18, 474n8 529 Bray, Alan, 326 Briscoe, John, 400n3 Bronzino, Agnolo, 347n3 Bruna di Cianco, 343 Bruni, Francesco, 308, 466n58 Bruni, Leonardo, 132, 259–60, 420n52 Burckhardt, Jacob, 134 Bussolari, Jacopo, 26, 143, 304, 395n10, 463n21, 463n23 Caesar Augustus, 69, 74, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110–11, 150, 154, 156, 157, 170, 232, 250, 318, 322, 383n53 Cajetan, James, 338 Calcaterra, Carlo, 47, 62, 106, 377n21 Canigiani, Eletta (Petrarch’s mother), 5–6, 176, 283, 349n11 Capaneo, 61 Carducci, Giosuè, 28, 29 Carrai, Stefano, 357n72 Carrara, Enrico, 452n5 Carraud, Christophe, 245 Caruso, Stefano, 428n10 Casa, Tedaldo della, 353n30, 378n24 Casini, Francesco, 446n24, 447n27 Cassiodorus, Commentary on the Psalter, 224; De anima, Cassirer, Ernst, 187 Cassius of Parma See Gaius Cassius, 157 Catiline, 294 Cato, 91, 107, 186, 295, 330 Cavalcanti, Guido, 44, 97, 347n3, 364n26 Cavedon, Annarosa, 88 Cavell, Stanley, 440n3 Celestine V, 190 Certaldo, Giovanni di, Chapman, George Charlemagne, 109, 220 530 Index Charles IV, 7, 107, 143, 293, 295, 310 Charles of Valois, 308 Charon, 65 Chaucer, Geoffrey, Canterbury Tales, 323, 324, 325, 326–29, 471n16, 472n30, 472n31; House of Fame, 388n28; Troilus and Criseyde, 217, 386n18, 425n37 Chiffoleau, Jacques, 334, 338 Chrodegangus Metensis, 474n17 Chronicles II, 146 Chronos, 268 Chrysippus, 272 Cicero, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 143, 144, 156, 180, 181, 192, 201, 249, 252, 257, 258, 266, 267, 270, 272, 297, 310, 313, 316, 330, 347n2, 390n5, 390n6, 392n19, 392n23, 434n10, 437n46, 438n57; Ad Atticum, 12, 21; character of Dante’s Inferno, 11; De amicitia, 421n5; De clementia, 146; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letters, 6; De finibus, 315; De inventione, 11; De natura deorum, 216, 267, 272, 451n13; De officiis, 191, 433n5; De republica, 145, 215, 216, 385n8; De senectute, 336, 474n9; Letters, 159, 309, 310, 315; Pro Archia, 6, 10, 134, 136, 137–38, 139, 392n22; Pro Cluentio, 392n22; Pro Ligario, 146; Pro Marcello, 146; Rhetoric, 135; Second Catilinarian oration, 294; Tusculanae disputationes, 146, 182, 193, 213, 214, 245, 336, 410n23, 433n5, 434n8, 435n17, 435n19, 436n26, 436n28, 438n54, 474n9 Cicogna, Emmanuele, 450n7 Cincinnatus, 108 Cioffari, Vincenzo, 435n15 Circe, 70, 231 Claudian, 454n19; De raptu Proserpinae, 239; In Rufinum, 289 Clement VI, 18, 24, 166–67, 168, 170, 171, 255, 284, 298, 402n2, 403n9, 440n4, 459n43 Clermont, Raymond of (Monet), 344, 345 Cochin, Henry, 221–22, 428n10, 466n50 Cohn, Samuel, 335, 339 Cola di Rienzo, 12, 110, 133, 140, 165, 166, 172, 251, 292, 293, 295, 301, 306–7, 308, 309, 402n2, 403n8, 403n9, 464n23, 465n43 Collins, Randall, 259, 444n19 Colonna, Agapito, 108 Colonna, Egidio, 448n32 Colonna, Giacomo, 22, 24, 41, 142, 284, 402n2 Colonna, Giovanni, 5, 6, 7, 24–25, 90, 103, 104, 142, 165, 167, 172, 175, 260, 310, 372n21, 375n6, 393n3, 402n2, 421n6 Colonna, Landolfo, 103 Colonna, Stefano, 142, 251 Concolato, Maria Palermo, 427n7 Confortino (musician), 90 Constable, Giles, 302, 353n33 Contarini, Zaccaria, 264, 451n11 Contini, Gianfranco, 366n43 Coppini, Donatella, 221, 222, 223, 354n39, 428n12 Correggio, Azzo da, 11, 16, 89, 91, 142, 234, 245, 247, 286, 308, 372n15, 393n6, 393n7, 433n1, 466n56 Cracolici, Stefano, 428n10 Cranz, Edward F., 201, 416n22 Cremenate, Giovanni da, 375n2 Cupid, 298 Curtius, Ernst Robert, 453n11 Index Curtius Rufus, Historia Alexandri, 389n34 D’Abano, Pietro, 449n5 Daedalus, 166, 295, 297 D’Andrea, Giovanni, 449n5 Dandolo, Andrea, 141, 144, 264, 310 Dandolo, Leonardo, 264 Dante Alighieri, 1, 2, 4, 11, 23, 28, 35–36, 44, 45, 47, 56, 75, 87–88, 97, 100, 133, 135, 138, 221, 237, 298, 309, 312–13, 347n2, 347n3, 366n44, 460n57, 467n4; Convivio, 33, 217, 318, 361n2, 365n34, 425n38; De vulgari eloquentia, 349n8; Divina commedia, 4, 8, 11, 14, 26, 35, 42, 50, 57, 61, 63–66, 67, 68, 69–70, 76, 78, 80, 81, 133, 161, 177, 211, 216–17, 236, 239, 240–41, 295, 297, 299, 314–15, 351n20, 352n23, 358n75, 388n28, 421n3, 425n37, 459n50, 460n51, 460n56, 468n4, 468n5; eclogues, 165, 402n1; lyric poetry, 49–50, 97, 364n26; Quaestio de aqua et terra, 217, 425n39; Rime petrose, 52–53; Sette salmi penitenziali, attributed to, 427n7; Vita nuova, 44, 99, 364n26, 366n44 Daphne, 166 D’Aube, Bernard, 283 David, 109, 219 D’Arezzo, Giovanni, 88 D’Arezzo, Guittone, 40 Death (character of Triumphi), 78–79, 81 Degli Agostini, Giovanni, 450n7 Della Torre, Arnaldo, 465n47 Delle Colonne, Guido, Mare historiarum, 152 Del Puppo, Dario, 364n24 531 De Luca, Giuseppe, don, 221, 222, 428n10 Democritus, 450n6 Demosthenes, 132, 259–60, 390n6 De Nolhac, Pierre, 106, 107, 136, 222, 232, 377n21 De Pommiers, Sagremor, 15, 143, 223, 395n11 De Sanctis, Francesco, 29, 360n89 D’Este, Aldobrandino III, 308 Deuteronomy, 146 Dido, 70, 77–78, 386n15, 386n16, 386n17, 387n19, 387n21 Dietisalvi, Pietro, 90 Didymus (in Historia lausiaca), 188 Dolce, Lodovico, 334 Domitian, 293 Donato degli Albanzani, 19, 105, 449n1 Dondi, Giovanni dall’Orologio, 264, 344, 446n24, 447n27, 449n5 Doni, Anton Francesco, 160 Dorotheus (in Historia lausiaca), 187 Dotti, Ugo, 292, 296, 306, 350n16, 354n42, 359n80, 360n90, 393n3, 393n6, 395n10, 431n18, 457n18, 464n27 Drusus, 109 Ecclesiastes, 236 Elijah, 188, 191 Eliot, T S., Four Quartets, 183 Ennius, 386n13; character of Africa, 9, 211, 212, 388n29, 388n31, 424n22 Epaminondas, 156 Epicurus, 186, 272, 450n6 Epy, 167, 168, 170–71, 404n10 Erasmus, Desiderius, 161; Praise of Folly, 263 532 Index Fenzi, Enrico, 388n27, 453n7 Feo, Michele, 91, 291, 350n16, 389n4, 392n20, 452n2, 452n5, 458n33, 463n17, 463n20, 464n24, 465n47 Fera, Vincenzo, 454n21 Ferrara, Riccobaldo da, 375n2, 375n3 Ferreto dei Ferretti, 104 Festa, Nicola, 383n1 Festinus, 166 Ficara, Giorgio, 412n64 Ficino, Marsilio, 347n3 Fiore, 366n44 First Crusade, 190 Fisher, John, 221 Floriano da Rimini, 283 Folgòre da San Gimignano, 366n44 Foresti, Arnaldo, 466n53 Foscolo, Ugo, Sepolcri, 75 Foster, Kenelm, 459n50 Fracassetti, Giuseppe, 308, 461n8 Francesca (Petrarch’s daughter), 339, 344, 345, 357n67, 475n24 Franceschino degli Albizzi, 100, 260 Francesco da Carrara, 108, 110, 132, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 339, 340, 342, 351n19, 381n37, 383n56, 390n4, 421n5, 449n1 Francesco Novello da Carrara, 147, 148 Francesco di Lapo Buonamici, 343 Francescuolo da Brossano (Petrarch’s son-in-love), 334, 339, 344, 357n67, 475n24 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 28, 184, 185, 186; Testament, 336–37 Frasso, Giuseppe, 348n5, 393n2 Fregoso, Battista, 161 Freud, Sigmund, Jokes and Their Relationship to the Unconscious, 263–64 Fubini, Riccardo, 468n6 Fulgida, nymph, 167, 175 Fusca, nymph, 167 Gaius Cassius (Cassius of Parma), 157–58 Gaius Mucius Scaevola, 75 Galatea (Laura), 167, 170, 173–75 Galatea (in Ovid), 170 Gallus See Philippe de Vitry Ganimedes See Colonna, Giovanni Gano da Colle, 305 Garbo, Dino del, 449n5 Gervaise of Tillbury, Otia imperialia, 152 Gherardo (Petrarch’s brother), 3, 12, 13, 15, 165, 168, 169, 172, 193, 198, 207, 212, 222, 223, 310, 345, 350n17, 353n34, 396n19, 402n4, 416n15, 420n50, 457n27 Giamboni, Bono, 153 Giannarelli, Elena, 350n12 Gigliucci, Roberto, 222, 223 Gilson, Etienne, 180, 399n2 Giotto, 141, 148, 342, 345 Godi, Carlo, 391n13, 392n20, 392n24 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, The Sorrows of Young Werther, 29–30 Goletti, Giulio, 198, 414n6 Gonzaga, Guido, 20, 24 Gorgias, 272 Gorni, Guglielmo, Gospel of Nicodemus, 295, 458n29 Graf, Arturo, 348n5 Greene, Thomas, 134, 232, 430n9 Gregory VII, 220 Gregory XI, 23 Gregory the Great, 220; Carmina, 224; Commentary on Ezekiel, 212; Dialogues, 189, 200, 212, 422n9 Griselda, 323–29 Index Guglielminetti, Marziano, 238 Guittone d’Arezzo, 100, 364n27 Hainsworth, Peter, 38, 43, 361n3, 362n11, 365n35, 366n47 Hamlin, Hannibal, 427n8 Hankey, A Teresa, 375n3 Hannibal, 8, 9, 105, 106, 109 Heitmann, Klaus, 245, 246, 433n1, 434n10, 435n12, 435n14, 437n37 Helms, M W., 232 Hendrix, Scott H., 427n6 Henry VII, 104 Heraclitus, 249 Heribert (bishop of Reggio Emilia), 427n4 Hermagoras, 272 Hermes, 268 (see also Mercury) Hippocrates, 258 Historia lausiaca, 186, 187–88 Holmes, Olivia, 364n27 Homer, 23, 75, 190, 313, 319, 340; character of Africa, 9, 211, 212, 388n31; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, 6, 310; Odyssey, 310, 313, 315, 317 Honorius III, Super specula, 260 Horace, 97, 201, 307, 318; Ars poetica, 437n37; Carmina, 239; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, 6; Epistulae, 277; Satires, 295–96; Sermones, 458n32, 466n49 Horatius Cocles, 75 Hortis, Attilio, 131, 395n10, 396n14, 396n17 Howard, Henry, 221 Hugh of Saint-Victor, 18, 204, 440n2 Hughes, Diane Owen, 475n28 Hundred Years’ War, 165, 167, 173 Hypias, 271 533 Idaeus See Barrili, Giovanni Imola, Benvenuto da, 402n3, 404n10 Innocent III, 220 Isaac, 68 Isabelle of Valois, 146 Isaiah, 147, 389n34 Isidore of Seville, 296, 385n6, 459n41 Isidorus (in Historia lausiaca), 187 Jacob, 68 Jacopo da Carrara, 148, 341, 344 Janson, Tore, 191 Jean de Caraman, 18–19 Jean d’ Hedsin, 21 Jeremiah, 145, 188 Jerome, Saint, 189, 200, 202, 426n1; Letters, 424n24; Vulgata, 225 Job, 248–49, 297 John, Saint, 145 John II, King, 141, 146, 356n59 John XXII, pope, 359n82 Joshua, 109 Judah, 109 Julius Celsus, 105, 107, 110 Juno, 66, 68 Jupiter, 66, 138 Juvenal, Saturae, 25, 292, 295, 296–97, 298, 458n32, 459n44, 459n45, 459n46 Kallendorf, Craig, 473n43 Kamber, Peter, 428n12 Kempen, Ludwig van (Socrates), 5, 16, 17–18, 22, 25, 26, 167, 173, 174, 175–76, 260, 282, 295, 307, 308, 310, 311, 350n17, 356n66, 357n67, 404n14 Kierkegaard, Soren, 180 Kindermann, Hugo, 458n31, 458n32, 458n35, 459n41 534 Index Lactantius, 139 Laelius (Lello di Pietro Stefano dei Tosetti), 236 Lancelot, 68 Lancia, Antonio, 155 Landino, Cristoforo, 347n3 Lapo Buonamici, Sandra di, 343 Lawrence, Saint, 15 Leclercq, Jean, 417n23 Lenoir, Rebecca, 453n7 Leopardi, Giacomo, Canti, 75 Lerer, Seth, 364n25 Livy, 159, 347n2, 384n4; De urbe condita, 6, 106; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, Lock, Anne, 221 Louis of Tarentum, 308 Lovati, Lovato, 449n5 Love, character in Triumphi, 65–66, 68, 72, 73, 77, 239; personification of, 142 Lucan, Pharsalia, 105, 110, 239, 288, 290, 385n6, 385n9, 453n15 Ludolph the Carthusian, Vita Christi, 223 Ludolph of Saxony See Ludolph the Carthusian Luther, Martin, 220, 427n6 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 149, 359n80, 453n11; Letters, 285–86; Prince, 319 Macola, Novella, 348n5 Macrobius, 424n28; Saturnalia, 157, 386n16; Commentary on Somnium Scipionis, 215, 269, 387n24, 387n25, 388n28, 421n5 Maffei, Raffaello (Volterrano), 161 Malatesta, Pandolfo, 85, 87, 91, 308, 464n24 Malatesta, Ungaro, 308 Malizia (minstrel), 308 Malpaghini, Giovanni, 38, 363n16, 450n9 Manasseh, King, 146 Mandelli, Giovanni, 189, 229, 230–31, 234 Manetti, Giannozzo, 438n57 Mann, Nicholas, 322, 340, 354n42 Manutius, Aldus, 370n4 Marcus Aurelius, 109 Marino, Giambattista, La strage degli innocenti, 454n22 Marion, Jean-Luc, 419n47 Mark, Saint, 143 Mark Anthony, 157, 316 Mars, 66 Martellotti, Guido, 106, 107, 109, 110, 173, 198, 222, 377n21, 379n24, 379n28, 379n29, 380n30, 381n38, 382n39, 383n53, 458n33 Martianus Capella, 350n16, 458n35 Martin, Saint, 189 Martin V, 23 Martin of Braga (Pseudo-Seneca), De remediis fortuitorum, 18, 245–46 Martinelli, Bortolo, 439n1, 441n6 Martinez, Ronald, 358n77, 390n5, 390n6, 459n49 Martini, Luca, 347n3 Martini, Simone, 5, 322 Martino da Signa, Fra, 176, 343 Martius (Colonna family), 166 Massinissa, 67–68 Matociis, Giovanni, 375n2 Matthew, Saint, 145 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 140 Mazzotta, Giuseppe, 134, 357n72, 359n80, 391n17, 415n11 Medici, Cosimo I de’, 347n3 Medusa, 65 Index Melanchton, Philipp, 161 Meliboeus, 169 Mercury, 268 Mestica, Giovanni, 34 Metrodorus, 272 Miccoli, Giovanni, 474n12 Michael, archangel, 339 Michele de Vanni, 342 Minerva, 317, 318 Minos, 65 Mitio See Clement VI Moggi, Moggio, 308, 466n60 Moglio, Pietro da, 264, 449n5 Mombaer, Jean, 415n8; Rosetum, 198 Mommsen, Theodor, 334, 335, 339, 345, 346 Monet See Clermont, Raymond of Monica (Saint Augustine’s mother), Monicus See Gherardo (Petrarch’s brother) Montaigne, Michel de, 179, 345 Montefeltro, Guido da, 42 Morando, Neri, 305 Moses, 188, 191 Mount Ventoux, 4, 5, 13, 14–15, 180, 207 Multivolus, 167, 173 Murphy, Stephen, 391n14 Mussato, Albertino, 104, 133, 375n3, 449n5; Ecerenis, 316 Musto, Ronald G., 391n9 Mutius Scaevola, 156 Namia, Giacinto, 389n4 Narcissus, 68 Nardi, Bruno, 450n8 Neckham, Alexander, 450n6 Nelli, Francesco (Simonide), 22, 132, 235, 260, 282, 294–95, 296, 306, 535 307, 308, 356n66, 357n69, 391n10, 457n22, 458n34, 460n53, 466n50 Nembroth, 294 Nero, 293, 316 Neumarkt, Johann von, 308 Nicoletto d’Alessio da Capodistria, 148 Nimrod, 298 Niobe (nymph), 167, 173, 174, 175 Nolhac, Pierre de, 106, 107, 136, 222, 472n25 Nota, Elvira, 322 Novati, Francesco, 394n10 Ockhamism, 264, 450n6 Octavian, 316 Opis, 268 Origen, 202 Orsini, Giordano, Ovid, 239; Metamorphoses, 37, 46, 47, 50–52, 53–54, 97, 166, 170–71, 239, 317, 389n34, 403n5, 404n16, 405n26, 405n28; Remedia amoris, 213, 214, 289, 355n50, 423n14; Tristia, 389n34 Pacca, Vinicio, 223, 428n21, 429n25, 429n31, 442n9, 452n4, 474n10 Padova, Ronaldino da, 449n5 Palladius Helenopolitanus, 411n43 Pallas See Minerva Pamphilus, 166, 168, 171 Pancheri, Alessandro, 303, 462n12, 463n17 Pantani, Italo, 389n1 Paolino, Laura, 88, 89, 90, 99, 373n24 Paruo, Johannes, 223 Pascal, Blaise, 180 Pasquini, Emilio, 373n24 Pastore Stocchi, Manlio, 30 536 Index Pastrengo, Guglielmo da, 7, 12, 25, 104, 279, 283, 308, 376n6 Paul, Saint, 11, 14, 185, 186, 188, 194, 263; First Letter to the Corinthians, 183; Letter to the Ephesians, 146; Letter to the Galatians, 145; Letter to the Romans, 145; First Letter to the Corinthians, 266; Second Letter to the Corinthians, 179 Penelope, 315, 317, 318 Penitential Psalms, 219–227 Penna, Luca da, 135, 136, 392n19 Peraldus, 153 Peron, Gianfelice, 356n59 Persius, 138, 296 Perugi, Maurizio, 297 Peter, Saint, 166, 171, 189; Second Letter of, 183 Peter I of Cyprus, 264 Peter Damian, Saint, 200; Opusculum, 186, 190 Peter the Hermit, 190 Peter Lombard, Sentences, 268 Petracco, Ser (Pietro di Parenzo, Petrarch’s father), 5, 23, 93, 135, 142 Petrarch, Francesco, and Avignon, 3, 5, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 34, 46, 93, 103, 132, 142, 167, 168, 171, 172, 230, 256, 284, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 310, 313, 350n16, 393n5, 405n18, 457n27, 460n56; and classical literature, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 25, 29, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69–70, 71–72, 105, 106, 131–40, 144, 150, 154, 158, 180, 193, 200, 212–13, 215, 224, 232, 246, 257, 263, 285–87, 288–89, 292, 298, 315, 379n24, 382n46, 384n5, 385n9, 387n19, 388n29, 392n22, 433n5, 434n10, 454n15, 454n19, 458n29; as cleric, 2, 3, 7, 12, 28, 141, 142, 402n2; as courtier, 10–11, 18, 26, 67, 90, 91–92, 131–32, 141–50, 234–35, 303–05, 308, 328, 356n59, 389n4, 392n1, 393n3, 394n8, 395n11, 402n2, 464n24; criticism of contemporary times, 1, 18–21, 25, 26, 104–05, 142, 166–68, 171, 183, 185, 188, 190, 255–62, 266–67, 270–71, 281, 291–99, 311, 317, 341–43, 440n4; and death, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27–28, 34, 43, 54–56, 57, 61, 63, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 99–100, 111, 160, 173–75, 223, 229, 233, 234, 241, 246, 253, 256, 260, 278, 280–82, 283, 292, 312, 322, 329, 333–46, 349n11, 356n66, 395n12, 396n14, 404n16, 416n22, 442n7, 453n6; and Fortune, 3, 16, 17, 19, 39, 245–53, 433n2, 435n13, 435n15; and friendship, 85–100, 179–95, 263–73, 282–83, 284, 285, 301, 309, 310–11, 312, 318, 319, 322–23, 325–26, 336, 341, 342–43, 409n8, 421n5, 466n56, 471n23; and history, 2–3, 6, 7–8, 10, 11–12,17, 68, 75–76, 83, 103–11, 151–60, 250–51, 296, 313, 318–19, 378n24, 382n39, 382n46, 388n27; and memory, 4, 11, 49, 55, 56, 63–83, 96, 105, 153, 155, 159, 180–81, 184, 190, 204, 286–87, 421n4; and number symbolism, 11, 13, 23–24, 26, 37, 42–43, 46–47, 167, 357n72, 358n74, 358n75; and Paris, 20, 28, 146, 147, 264; and philology, 5, 6–7, 8, 10, 11, 19–20, 21, 70, 134, 136–37, 233, 310, 384n4, 386n13, 392n23, 406n33, 469n5; and religion, 4, 12–16, 18, 19, 26, 28, 35–36, 43, 46, 48–49, Index 57, 86, 109–10, 145–46, 151–52, 165, 166–69, 173, 174, 175, 179–95, 197–208, 211–17, 219–227, 246, 250, 252–53, 260–61, 266, 268–70, 291, 333–46, 405n18, 418n41, 458n29; and Rome, 3, 9–10, 21, 22, 23, 109, 131, 132–33, 138, 139, 140, 142, 189, 214, 215, 231, 238, 279, 283, 284, 293, 294, 297, 298, 334, 341, 391n18, 402n2; self-fashioning of, 1–2, 4, 5, 10–11, 12, 19, 21, 28–30, 56–57, 91–92, 132, 133–34, 137, 141, 159, 188, 232, 263, 265, 266–67, 272–73, 302–04, 333–46, 391n17; and Selvapiana, 286–88, 454n13; and solitude, 4, 11, 12–13, 64, 69, 131, 153, 156–57, 179–95, 197–208, 284, 420n50, 440n2; and time, 4, 14, 22, 23, 27, 33–62, 64–65, 69, 70, 73–74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 85, 90, 92, 184, 190, 215, 249, 322, 388n27, 424n25; and travel, 13, 14, 16, 26, 28–29, 74, 181–82, 184–85, 229–41, 312–14, 340, 345, 395n11, 430n4; and Vaucluse, 12, 46, 55, 61, 64, 107, 165, 180, 181, 192, 193, 230, 284, 286, 291, 293, 294, 344; and the Virgin Mary, 36, 57, 136, 189, 337–38, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343 WORKS: Africa, 1, 2, 8–9, 11, 14, 23, 56, 65, 67, 103, 106, 107, 133, 134, 139, 142, 207, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 230, 237, 286, 288, 289, 352n26, 378n22, 378n24, 380n30, 383n53, 384n2, 388n31, 391n14, 423n13, 424n22, 424n28, 425n33, 453n7, 453n13, 454n21, 469n5; Arenga facta in civitate Novarie, 10, 141–50, 390n4; Arringa facta Mediolani, 10, 141–50, 390n4; Arenga facta Veneciis, 537 10, 141–50, 389n4; Breve panegyricum defuncte matri, 5–6, 23, 24; Bucolicum carmen, 3, 12, 23, 165–77, 207, 212, 225, 235, 289, 296, 357n72, 440n4, 442n9, 458n36, 460n56; Collatio brevis coram Iohanne Francorum rege; 10, 141–50, 390n4, 393n1; Collatio inter Scipionem, Alexandrum, Annibalem et Pyrhum, 7; Collatio laureationis, 1, 3, 9–10, 131–40, 217, 319, 393n1, 423n21, 426n40; De otio religioso, 3, 13, 110, 187, 193, 197–208, 235, 261, 345, 410n15, 442n9, 442n10; De remediis utriusque fortuna, 3, 16–18, 23, 28, 83, 142, 147, 180, 212, 215, 235, 245–53, 261, 355n46, 355n47, 355n49, 358n74, 395n11, 418n33, 424n23, 424n29, 435n14, 442n9, 442n10; De suis ipsius et multorum ignorantia, 3, 19, 135, 217, 263–73, 409n15, 416n20, 421n5, 448n1, 450n6, 451n14; De viris illustribus, 2, 7–8, 11, 67, 70, 103–11, 148, 150, 156, 159, 214, 232, 237–38, 351n19, 351n20, 378n23, 378n24, 379n29, 380n30, 381n37, 381n38, 382n39, 384n3, 449n5; De vita solitaria, 3, 12–13, 110, 179–95, 197, 198, 206, 212, 213, 261, 285, 341, 345, 417n25, 419n42, 419n44, 422n6, 424n24, 441n4, 442n9, 442n10, 463n17; ecclesiastical petitions, 7; Epistola posteritati, 1, 9, 22, 133–34, 230, 234, 286, 321, 323, 329, 393n3, 421n4, 424n25; epitaphs, 27, 359n82; Epystole, 3, 13, 15, 22, 23, 24–25, 134, 143, 212, 277–90, 296, 308, 355n58, 356n64, 358n78, 394n9, 441n4, 453n7, 453n11, 458n34, 466n54; Familiares, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13–14, 538 Index Petrarch (continued) 16, 21–22, 24, 26, 67, 87–88, 107, 131, 144, 172, 175–76, 183, 206, 207, 229, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240–41, 273, 277, 278, 285, 288, 292, 295, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309–19, 321, 328, 344, 347n2, 350n15, 353n30, 356n64, 356n66, 357n67, 357n72, 363n21, 390n5, 391n10, 392n22, 395n10, 395n11, 396n20, 402n4, 406n31, 409n15, 416n15, 417n25, 419n47, 420n49, 421n5, 421n6, 422n12, 435n10, 435n14, 437n36, 437n37, 456n7, 456n9, 457n27, 458n29, 461n4, 461n6, 462n12, 463n16, 463n17, 465n43, 465n44, 466n53, 466n54, 469n5; Invectiva contra quondam magni status hominem sed nullius scientie aut virtutis, 18–20; Invective contra eum qui maledixit Italie, 19–21, 27–28; Invective contra medicum, 3, 18, 107, 132, 207, 212, 217, 255–62, 344, 355n56, 356n60, 409n15, 416n20, 417n25, 439n1, 439n2, 440n4, 441n6, 442n8, 442n9, 442n11, 443n12, 445n22, 447n27; Itinerary to the Sepulcher of our Lord Jesus Christ, 3, 16, 189, 229–41; Lettere disperse, 3, 22–23, 24–26, 172, 301–08, 394n10, 461n7, 461n8, 462n11, 462n12, 462n16, 463n16, 463n17, 466n54; Liber sine nomine, 3, 22–23, 24, 25, 235, 239, 291–99, 393n5, 405n18, 432n31, 441n4, 442n9, 455n6, 457n22, 461n4, 466n54; Libri mei peculiares, 6; Orazione per la seconda ambasceria veneziana, 10, 141–50, 390n4, 393n1; Philologia Philostrati, 6; prayers, 3, 15–16, 354n44; Privilegium laureae Francisci petrarche, 9; Psalmi penitentiales, 3, 15–16, 23, 219–27, 339, 354n41, 354n42, 420n51; Rerum memorandarum libri, 3, 8, 9–10, 11–12, 13, 23, 67, 90, 142, 151–60, 207, 237, 352n28, 352n30, 353n32, 380n30, 399n2, 417n25; Rerum vulgarium fragmenta, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 33–62, 63, 71, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90–100, 142, 166, 179, 186, 194–95, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 277, 278, 279, 281, 284, 286, 287–88, 290, 296, 314, 384n4, 386n13, 386n18, 388n29, 393n6, 404n15, 404n16, 405n18, 441n4, 442n9, 475n21; Rime disperse, 2, 4–5, 85–100, 370n4, 393n4, 394n7; Secretum, 1, 3, 8, 14, 15, 23–24, 27, 39–40, 42, 56, 73, 103, 106, 159, 166, 173, 174, 182, 207, 211–17, 223, 227, 245, 353n36, 354n37, 354n38, 378n23, 403n6, 433n8, 435n12, 437n46, 441n7, 442n10, 453n7, 475n17; Seniles, 1, 3, 11, 20–21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 67, 85–86, 87, 88, 90, 98, 135, 136, 140, 145, 147, 149, 150, 181, 230, 302, 307, 308, 312, 321–30, 336, 339–40, 343, 347n1, 356n64, 356n66, 357n67, 371n7, 384n2, 392n19, 395n11, 397n22, 419n43, 421n5, 441n4, 447n27, 449n1, 461n4, 462n12, 462n15, 463n16, 466n53, 466n54, 469n5, 470n11, 471n15, 474n10, 475n28; Testamentum, 1, 28, 141, 148–49, 333–46, 396n19, 473n43; Triumphi, 1, 2, 4, 44, 63–83, 89, 142, 161, 177, 181, 183, 192–93, 236, 237–39, 241, 316, 364n31, 431n23, 442n9 Index Petrarca, Giovanni (Petrarch’s son), 5, 22, 260 Petrarchino, 1, 347n3, 348n5 Phaedra, 66 Phelps, Ruth Shepard, 43, 44 Philippe de Cabassoles, 12, 180, 183–84, 191–92, 305, 318, 419n43 Philippe de Vitry, 166, 176, 314 Philogeus, 167 Picone, Michelangelo, 391n12 Piendibeni, Francesco, 402n3 Pilato, Leontio, 310 Pisa, Guido da, 299, 460n57; Fiorita, 152 Pistoia, Cino da, 44, 100 Piur, Paul, 456n12, 461n6, 463n17, 466n60 Pius V, 220 Plato, 145, 192, 270; Phaedo, 434n8; Republic, 137, 215 Pliny, Natural History, 258, 259, 262, 443n14 Poliziano, Angelo, Nutricia, 177; Silvae, 68 Polyphemus, 170 Pomponius Mela, 239 Ponte, Giovanni, 378n24, 445n22 Possanza, Mark, 390n6 Pozzi, Giovanni, 225, 409n15, 410n32 Prato, Convenevole da (Petrarch’s teacher), Pseudo-Basilius, Laus eremiticae vitae, 186 Psyche, 298 Ptolemy, 232 Publicus Cornelius Scipio Emilianus, 109 Pucci, Antonio, Libro di varie storie, 152 Pyrrhus, 105, 106 Pythias See Barbato da Sulmona 539 Quintilian, 213, 318; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, Quintus Cicero, 137 Rachel, 68 Raimondi, Ezio, 298 Raimondi, Ruggero, 439n1 Randek, Markwart von, 304 Ravagnini, Benintendi, 308 Ravisius Textor, Officina, 161 Razzolini, Luigi, 105 Rebecca, 68 Rembolt, Betholdo, 223 Revelation, 183 Rhea, 268 Ricci, Pier Giorgio, 439n1 Riccobaldo da Ferrara, 104 Rico, Francisco, 410n23, 354n42, 378n24, 423n20 Rizzo, Silvia, 350n16, 389n1, 461n6 Robert of Anjou, King of Naples, 9–10, 11, 12, 24, 67, 91, 139, 157, 158, 165, 166, 169–70, 310, 380n30, 402n2, 421n5 Romance of the Rose, 20, 24, 366n44, 388n28 Romuald, Saint, 180 Romulus, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111 Rossi, Ugolino, 91 Rossi, Vittorio, 302, 461n7, 464n23 Rotondi, Giuseppe, 198 Rouillard, Philippe, 474n17 Rudolph Agricola, 161 Sabinus (addressee of Ambroses letter), 189 Sade, Jacques-Franỗois-Paul-Aldonce de, 441n6 Saint-Gregori, Guillem de, 366n43 540 Index Saint-Thierry, William de, 204; Golden Letter (Epistola ad fratres de Monte Dei), 199, 200, 201, 415n8 Sallust, 257; Bellum Iugurthinum, 424n24 Salutati, Coluccio, 12, 353n30, 397n22 Santagata, Marco, 233–34, 382n44, 382n45, 431n15, 431n23, 441n4, 458n34 Sarah, 68 Saturn, 268 Scala, Mastino della, 24, 91 Schedel, Herman, 399n2 Schneider, Carl Ernst Christoph, 105 Scholasticism, 199, 201, 208, 217, 255, 257, 258, 259, 271, 296, 361n3, 416n20, 440n2, 450n6 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 180 Scipio Africanus, 7, 8, 9, 67, 68, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 156, 191, 207, 212, 214, 215, 238, 250, 288, 322, 378n22, 379n27, 384n3, 386n13, 387n26, 388n27 Sedgwick, Eve, 324 Seleucus, 67–68 Semiramis, 294, 298 Seneca, 25, 147, 150, 180, 181, 186, 201, 250, 257, 281, 293–94, 296, 313, 316, 318, 336, 347n2; Ad Helviam, 213; Ad Marciam, 213; Ad Polybium, 213; character of Dante’s Inferno, 11; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, 6, 316; Hercules Oetaeus, 239 Letters, 30, 146, 309, 434n8, 451n19; Thiestes, 147 Serpagli, Francesco, 409n3 Servius, Commentary on Virgil, 172, 386n16, 387n19, 402n4, 403n7 Seta, Lombardo della, 105, 108, 264, 343–44, 353n30, 449n8 Sette, Guido, 23, 230, 310 Severs, Burke, 472n28 Sidney, Mary, 221 Siena, Francesco da, 356n64 Silius Italicus, Punica, 386n13 Silvanus (Petrarch), 167, 173 Silvius (Petrarca), 165, 166, 169, 207, 223 Simonetta, Marcello, 394n9 Simonide See Nelli, Francesco Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde, 146, 396n18 Smarr, Janet Levarie, 402n1, 403n4, 434n6 Socrates, 157, 186, 272, 310 Socrates See Kempen, Ludwig van Solerti, Angelo, 88, 89 Sophonisba, 67, 68 Statius, 133, 391n12 Stefano dei Tosetti, 260 Stendal, Albert, 223 Stock, Brian, 447n29 Storey, H Wayne, 364n24 Stratonice, 68 Stupeus (Petrarch), 166 Suetonius, 106, 155; Vitae duodecim Caesarum, 157, 232, 451n17 Sulmona, Barbato da, 6, 13, 24,166, 172, 235, 277, 278, 286, 301, 308, 403n5, 460n3, 466n60 Surrey, Earl of, 221 Talenti, Tommaso, 264–65, 451n11 Tasso, Torquato, Gerusalemme liberata, 290, 389n33, 454n22 Tatham, Edward H R., 349n8 Tedaldo della Casa, 152 Terence, 148, 291, 397n24, 406n29; Adelphoe, 171; Andria, 146, 296 Theocritus, 176 Theodosius, 109 Index Theophilus, 167 Theseus, 66 Tiberius, 154 Thomas Aquinas, 224 Three Crowns of Florence, 1, 2, 11, 28 Titus, 106, 111, 378n22 Titus Quintus Flaminius, 108 Tityrus, 169 Tobias, 146 Tolstoy, Leo, 180 Trajan, 105, 108 Trapp, J B., 350n18 Trinkaus, Charles, 246, 415n10, 419n41, 435n12 Tristam, 68 Tufano, Ilaria, 411n37 Ulysses, 69–70, 175–76, 240–41, 313–17, 318, 468n4, 468n5 Urban V, 20, 23, 308, 321, 334 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri, 11, 154–58, 353n32, 399n3, 400n4 Valla, Lorenzo, 161; De voluptate, 423n15 Varro, 268, 318; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, Vasari, Giorgio, 7; Portrait of Six Tuscan Poets, 2, 472n27 Vattasso, Marco, 460n2 Vecchi Galli, Paola, 371n9, 371n10, 371n11 Velli, Giuseppe, 297, 454n13, 454n15, 454n19 Vellutello, Alessandro, 37 Ventoux, 4, 14–15 Venus, 66, 72, 94, 95, 96, 98; planet, 194 Vergerio, Pier Paolo, 292, 384n1, 456n11 Verme, Giacomo del, 322 541 Verme, Luchino del, 322 Veronese, Guarino, 155 Vespasian, 75, 109, 378n22 Vettori, Francesco, 285–86 Vickers, Nancy, 367n53 Vico, Giambattista, 217 Vigilius, Stefanus, 399n2 Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum morale, 153; Speculum naturale, 450n6 Virgil, 140, 147, 190, 231, 239, 284, 318, 319, 340, 347n2, 402n4; Aeneid, 23, 70, 94, 95, 96, 97, 135, 144, 146, 167, 214, 245, 295, 313, 354n37, 384n2, 387n23, 389n33, 392n19, 447n27, 458n28; Bucolics, 23, 167, 169–70, 172, 176, 235, 358n74, 403n7, 405n22; Catalepton, 288–89; character of Divina commedia, 14, 66, 211, 216; dedicatee of Petrarch’s letter, 6; Georgics, 10, 131, 132, 134, 136, 189, 202, 417n29 Virgilio, Giovanni del, 165 Visconti, Azzone, 145 Visconti, Bernabò, 15, 24, 26, 143, 145, 304, 394n8, 394n10, 395n10 Visconti, Brizio (Zoilus), 25, 283 Visconti, Galeazzo, 15, 145, 146, 304, 356n59 Visconti, Galeazzo II, 143, 145, 394n8 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 15, 146, 222, 390n4 Visconti, Giovanni, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 305, 394n8, 395n12, 396n14, 396n15 Visconti, Luchino, 24, 394n8 Visconti, Marco, 24, 143 Visconti, Matteo I, 145 Visconti, Matteo II, 145, 394n8 Visconti, Stefano, 394n8 Vitali, Bernardino de’, 334 542 Index Vogel, Cyrille, 474n17 Volterrano See Maffei, Raffaello, 161 Volucer, 167 Vulcan, 66 Wack, Mary Frances, 470n10 Wallace, David, 470n7, 472n30 Whitman, Walt, 214 Wilkins, Ernest Hatch, 5, 38, 40, 43, 44, 131, 140, 233, 235, 293, 349n10, 349n11, 350n16, 352n25, 352n27, 354n41, 356n64, 356n65, 358n78, 359n86, 362n14, 363n19, 365n41, 366n42, 367n47, 381n38, 382n39, 392n24, 392n26, 394n10, 452n2, 464n27 Witt, Ronald, 191, 417n26 Wrigley, John, 459n43 Wyatt, Thomas, 221 Zabot (Petrarch’s dog), 359n82 Zanobi da Strada, 285, 305, 308, 310, 321 Zeno, 272 Zoilus See Visconti, Brizio ... (Arenga facta Venecijs, Arringa facta Mediolani, Arenga facta in civitate Novarie, Collatio brevis coram Iohanne Francorum rege, Orazione per la seconda ambasceria veneziana) Victoria Kirkham... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petrarch : a critical guide to the complete works / edited by Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi p cm Includes bibliographical references and...PETR A RCH PETR A RCH A Critical Guide to the Complete Works Edited by Victoria Kirkham and Armando Maggi THE U N I V ERSIT Y OF CHICAG O PR E SS Chicago and London is professor of Romance languages