Colonial rule and social change in korea, 1910 1945 (center for korea studies publications)

Center for Korea Studies Publications The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture Edited by Sun Joo Kim Reassessing the Park Chung Hee Era, 1961–1979: Development, Political Thought, Democracy, and Cultural Influence Edited by Hyung-A Kim and Clark W Sorensen The Center for Korea Studies Publication Series published by the University of Washington Press is supported by the Academy of Korean Studies Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (AKS–2011–BAA–2101) 2012 (AKS-2012-BAA-2101) The Center for Korea Studies Publication Series is dedicated to providing excellent academic resources and conference volumes related to the history, culture, and politics of the Korean peninsula Clark W Sorensen | Director & General Editor | Center for Korea Studies Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910– 1945 Edited by HONG YUNG LEE, YONG CHOOL HA, and CLARK W SORENSEN A CENTER FOR KOREA STUDIES PUBLICATION UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS SEATTLE & LONDON Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910–1945 Edited by Hong Yung Lee, Yong Chool Ha, and Clark W Sorensen © 2013 by the Center for Korea Studies, University of Washington Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publisher CENTER FOR KOREA STUDIES Henry M Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington Box 353650, Seattle, WA 98195-3650 http://jsis.washington.edu/Korea UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS P.O Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A www.washington.edu/uwpress LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Colonial rule and social change in Korea, 1910–1945 / edited by Hong Yung Lee, Yung Chool Ha, and Clark W Sorensen p cm — (A Center for Korea Studies publication) “A Center for Korea Studies publication.” Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-295-99216-7 (pbk : alk paper) Korea—History—Japanese occupation, 1910-1945 Korea—Social conditions—1910–1945 Social change—Korea—History —20th century National characteristics, Korea I Lee, Hong Yung, 1939– II Ha, Yong-ch'ul, 1948– III Sorensen, Clark W., 1948– DS916.55.C65 2012 951.9'03—dc23 2012031647 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39, 48-1984 ISBN-13: 978-0-295-80449-1 (electronic) Colonial Rule and Social Change 1910–1945 is dedicated to Mr Kim Chong Un (1920–2000) Mr Kim served as president of the Korea Research Foundation from March 1995–1998 He was a renowned specialist on English literature and taught at Seoul National University He served as president of Seoul National University from 1991–1995 Contents Acknowledgements List of Illustrations Introduction: A Critique of “Colonial Modernity” HONG YUNG LEE Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea: The Paradox of Colonial Control YONG CHOOL HA Politics of Communication and the Colonial Public Sphere in 1920s Korea YONG-JICK KIM Expansion of Elementary Schooling under Colonialism: Top Down or Bottom Up? SEONG-CHEOL OH and KI-SEOK KIM National Identity and Class Interest in the Peasant Movements of the Colonial Period DONG-NO KIM The 1920 Colonial Reforms and the June 10 (1926) Movement: A Korean Search for Ethnic Space MARK E CAPRIO Japanese Assimilation Policy and Thought Conversion in Colonial Korea KEONGIL KIM “Colonial Modernity” and the Hegemony of the Body Politic in Leprosy Relief Work KEUNSIK JUNG Colonial Body and Indigenous Soul: Religion as a Contested Terrain of Culture KWANG-OK KIM The Korean Family in Colonial Space—Caught between Modernization and Assimilation CLARK W SORENSEN Bibliography Contributors Index Acknowledgments This book has had an unusually long history from its inception to its publication Scholarly attention has long been directed at Japan's experiences with rapid economic development; in the 1990s, increasing evidence of South Korea's remarkable economic success, combined with widespread scholarly interest in Japan's colonization of Korea, resulted in a trend towards attributing South Korea's economic development to Japan's colonial legacy This scholarly trend led Hong Yung Lee to write a paper on and organize a panel around the subject of appraising the Japanese colonial legacy in Korea at the Association of Asian Studies annual meeting Meanwhile, Yong chool Ha was working a paper that examined the origins of high school ties in Korea Finding no materials on the topic, Ha felt the need to further research into the colonial era, the period when high schools first opened in Korea Realizing that our research interests dovetailed into one another, we agreed about the need to study the social legacy of the colonial era, not only in terms of the Korean economy, but also in terms of Korean institutions and modernization as a whole One glaring absence in U.S and European scholarly debates about the Japanese colonial legacy has been the perspective of Korean scholars from Korea; as such, we decided to launch a project that would introduce non-Korean audiences to research being done by Korean scholars on these issues Unfortunately, the difficulty of accessing the work of Korean scholars on Korea persists to this day— so while late in coming, this publication is still very much worthwhile For making this project possible, we would like to acknowledge the late Jong Woon Kim, former President of the Korea Research Foundation Mr Kim understood the importance of this project from the outset and was extremely generous in providing support for it Without his understanding and encouragement, this book would never have taken shape We would thus like to dedicate this volume to him Funding provided by the Korea Research Foundation enabled Ha to organize a research group consisting of ten scholars, most of whom have authored chapters in this volume A series of regular discussion sessions were held at Seoul National University between 1996 through 1999, and the first international workshop was held on July 15, 1997, with Korean scholars presenting their first drafts at the University of California, Berkeley The second international workshop was held in Seoul in 2001 for which Clark W Sorensen served as discussant, and who agreed to add his contribution and to bring the papers to publication On the Korea side, Myung Gyu Park has for many years been instrumental in not only organizing the group, but also in coordinating its discussions The contributions that he has made to this project are greatly appreciated At UC Berkeley, the Center for Korean Studies has provided generous support in accommodating various workshops associated with this project over the years Many of the scholars who participated in those workshops have made numerous valuable contributions over the years Among them are: Ken Jowitt, Peter Duus, and Lowell Dittmer Their kind but critical comments and questions have been extremely helpful in honing and polishing these papers Over the years, the editors of this volume have accumulated quite a debt of gratitude to the numerous students, administrators, and editors who have worked on it Yumi Moon, now an assistant professor at Stanford, worked as the initial coordinator for this project, and Sunil Kim, JeongWhan Lee, and Kyung Jun Choi have all helped us at different stages Without their tireless support, this project would never have come to fruition The Center for Korea Studies at the University of Washington took over the task of polishing and editing the papers for publication under the direction of Clark W Sorensen The complicated origin of this manuscript has made this final editing task unusually laborious We have spent much time smoothing out differences between Korean and American world processing systems, and citation practices Thanks go to the Korea Librarian of the University of Washington, Hyokyoung Lee, for helping us track down illusive Korean and Japanese language citations To make the articles from Korean contributors more accessible to English-speaking audiences, we have endeavored to reorganize articles to conform to American academic writing expectations and smooth the English into as natural-sounding a form as possible Josh Van Lieu, Cindi Textor, and Hyokyoung Lee at the University of Washington provided yeoman service tracking down and standardizing Korean, Japanese, and Chinese Romanization Special thanks go to Tracy Stober, the managing editor of this volume, who was tireless in communicating with and keeping track of contributors in Korea, Japan, and various parts of the United States The Associate Director of the Korea Center, Youngsook Lim, was helpful in tracking some of the more elusive contributors down Wayne de Femery has been a talented typesetter for the publications of the Center for Korea Studies And finally, we must thank the staff, students, and collaborators at the Center for Korean Studies—Joseph Buchman, Laura Burt, Amy Courson, Stephen Delissio, Jeremiah Dost, Teresa Giralamo, Alexander Martin, Janet Fisher, Karen Lavery, Jan Mayrhofer, Jeanna McLellan, Julie Molinari, Susan Pavlansky, Nelli Tkach, and Barbara Wagamon—who provided three rounds of proofreading for the entire manuscript before it went to press List of Illustrations TABLES Table 1.1 Korean High Schools (Non-Vocational) in 1937 Table 1.2 Student Strikes by Province, 1921–28 Table 1.3 Secret Student Organizations in North Kyŏngsang Province Table 3.1 Schools for Koreans by Level and Foundation, 1912–42 Table 3.2 Students by Level and Ethnicity, 1912–42 Table 3.3 Local Education Finance for Public Primary School Construction, 1924–38 Table 4.1 Peasant Rebellions in the Late Nineteenth Century Table 4.2 General Trend of Tenant Disputes in the Colonial Period Table 4.3 Causes of Tenant Disputes Table 6.1 Survey on the Conversion of Korean Offenders, November 1, 1933 Table 6.2 Conversion Trends of Korean Convicted Offenders,1934–38 Table 6.3 Conversion Motives of Convicted Offenders Table 7.1 Leprosarium Administration Styles Table 7.2 Leprosarium Normalization Types FIGURES Figure 0.1 Gi-wook Shin and Michael Robinson's View on the Relationship Among National, Colonial, and Modern Figure 0.2 Charterjee and Schmid Representation Figure 3.1 Number of Students in Primary Education per 10,000 Inhabitants, 1912–42 Figure 3.2 Number of Students in Secondary Education per 10,000 Inhabitants, 1912–42 Figure 3.3 Number of Students in Postsecondary Education per 10,000 Inhabitants, 1912–42 Figure 3.4 Common School Enrollment Rate for Koreans, 1912–42 Figure 3.5 Common School Entrance Competition, 1927–40 Figure 3.6 Secondary Education Entrance Competition, 1927–39 Figure 4.1 Relationship between the State and the Korean Peasant Community in the Traditional and Colonial Periods DONG-NO KIM is a professor of sociology at Yonsei University He has written many articles and books on modern Korean history including: Kŭndae wa singmin ŭi sŏgok (Prelude to modernity and colonialism, 2009); and “The Transformation of Familism in Modern Korean Society,” International Sociology no.4 (1990) KEONGIL KIM is a professor of sociology at the Graduate School of Korean Studies, Academy of Korean Studies He is concerned with issues on historical sociology, labor history, feminist history, Korean modernity, and East Asian solidarity He is the author of several books including: Kundae ui gajok, kundae ui yosong (Modern family, modern women), Sŏul: Pureun-yeoksa, 2012; Yŏsŏng ŭi kŭndae, kŭndae ŭi yŏsŏng (Women's modernity, modern women, 2004); Han'guk kŭndae nodongsa wa nodong undong (Modern Korean labor history and the labor movement, 2004); Pioneers of Korean Studies (2004); Yi Chae-yu, na ŭi sidae na ŭi hyŏngmyŏng (Yi Chae-yu, my era my revolution, 2007); and Cheguk ŭi sidae wa tong Asia yŏndae (The Age of Empire and East Asia Era, 2011) KI-SEOK KIM is a professor at Seoul National University Dr Kim serves as the chief executive for Educators without Borders and is the author of Kyokyuk yŏksa sahoehak (Historical Sociology of Education, 1999) KWANG-OK KIM is a professor of anthropology at Seoul National University He is the author of Issues of Development in the Yellow Sea Region (1997); and “Rice Cuisine and Cultural Practice in Contemporary Korean Dietary Life,” Korea Journal 50 no (2010) He works on the anthropology of China, as well as Korea YONG-JICK KIM is a professor of political science at Sungshin University SEONG-CHEOL OH is a professor for the Department of Primary Education at Seoul National University He is the author of Kyoyuk kwahaksa: Singminji ch'odŭng kyoyuk ŭi hyŏngsŏng (History of the science of education: The formation of primary education, 2000) Index Accommodation/resistance axis, in colonial space model, 49–52, 73n19 adoption customs, 67, 321, 325–26, 328–29 Africa, colonial experience models, 42–44, 72n8 agricultural policies: class structure impact, 161–64, 171n48; education curriculum, 131, 133–34, 135; in Rural Promotion program, 282–84 See also tenant disputes entries Akiba Takashi, 283, 286 All Faction Leaders League, 101–2 Allen, H N., 260n11 Amaterasu Ōmikami, 286–87, 306 American Northern Church, 237 An Ch'angho, 91 An Pyŏngjik, 10–11 ancestor worship, 270–71, 284, 324, 327–28 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture Anderson, Benedict, 85 Andong region, indigenous religion See indigenous religion, as contested culture annexation announcement, 185–86, 203n52 Asianism, 220–25, 231n55, 232n64, n68 Asŏng magazine, 85 assimilation policy See specific topics, e.g., cultural rule policy; education systems; family organization, Japanese role Australian Presbyterian Church, 237 Ayugai Husanoshin, 109n21 Balandier, Georges, 42–43, 72n8 Barley (Kim Namch'ŏn), 223–24 Barlow, Tani, 234 bell tower, Andong region, 268 Bellah, Robert N., 207 benefit-cost treatment, as methodological problem, 23–25 British model, colonial rule, 10, 25, 315–16 Buddhist temples, 274 Call to Righteousness, Tonghak Peasant Movement, 147–49 calm stages, colonial peasant movements, 150, 169n16 capitalism, in colonial space model, 51, 73n18 See also economic entries; tenant disputes, peasant movements Caprio, Mark E.: biographical highlights, 365; chapter by, 173–205; comments on, 34, 316, 329 cemetery systems, 270–71, 309n13 Censor-General, Office of the, 79 censorship strategies, newspapers/publications, 110n31, 118, 190, 203n65 Chang Ch'asun, 311n50 chariot fights, prohibitions, 285 Charity Hospital See Sorokto asylum Chatterjee, Partha, 16–18, 27, 32, 315 Cheam-ni massacre, 80 Cheguk sinmun newspaper, 80 child bride custom, 322, 333n26 children out-of-wedlock, 334n33 China: in Asianism movement, 220–21, 232n64; and colonial legacy implications, 3–4, 28–30; Korean immigrants/exiles, 268–69, 276–77, 281–82, 309nn10–11, 310n35; war with Japan, 22, 148, 241 Chinju area, peasant uprisings, 146, 160 Cho Mansik, 98 Chōsen Jinja (shrine), 286, 288 Chōsen magazine, 181, 187 Chōsen Sin'gung, See Chosen Jinga Ch'oe Cheu, 147 Ch'oe Namsŏn, 85 87, 102, 286 Ch'oe Rin, 87, 102 Ch'oe Yŏng, 293–95, 311n52, 313n69 Choi Hŭngjong (assistant to Wilson, RM), 241, 250 Chŏlla Province, precolonial peasant rebellions, 146, 148, 169n13 Chŏn Pongjun, 147–48 Ch'ŏngch'un magazine, 85 Chŏngmo, Yun, 262n46 Chongno police station, bombing, 86 Chŏnju Yu lineage, 269 Chosŏn chi kwang journal, 88 Chosŏn chungang newspaper, 85 Chosŏn ilbo newspaper: circulation statistics, 85; home rule idea, 106; ideology perspectives, 103–4; name change reporting, 312n58; publication permission, 194; staff changes, 101; suspensions, 87, 88, 91, 92, 104–5 Chosŏn Leprosy Protection Association (CLPA), 241–42, 244, 248 Chosŏn tongnip kyŏnggo mun, KCP manifesto, 190–91 Christian missionaries: education facilities, 116; family structure impact, 316–17; regulations, 274; shamanism opposition, 305 Christian missionaries, leprosy treatment: overview, 258–59, 263n69; asylum statistics, 261n24; beginning work, 237–38; ideology, 238–39; WWII impact, 242, 247 See also leprosy asylums, comparisons Christians, as thought conversion targets, 212–13 Ch'unch'ŏn High School, 61 Chung Chul, 202n42 Ch'ungch'ŏng Province, precolonial peasant rebellions, 146, village school founding, 128–29 Civil Codes, 67, 319–20, 321, 326, 330, 333n22 class relationships, in colonial space model, 64–70 See also land ownership survey; peasant movements, identity themes; yangban class clothing, as cultural resistance, 271–72, 282 CLPA (Chosŏn Leprosy Protection Association), 241–42, 244, 248 Coercion, Capital, and an European States (Tilly), 168n3 colonial disequilibrium, 43–44 Colonial Functional Space category, 46–53, 63, 66 colonial modernity scholarship: limitations of explanations, 14–16, 71n1, 72n2, 140–44, 234; theories summarized, 10–14, 39–41; value for current diplomacy frameworks, 3–4, 28–30 colonial modernity scholarship, methodological problems: cost-benefit treatment, 23–25; cultural traditions question, 20–21, 37n45; extrapolation tendencies, 25–28, 39–42; historical inevitability question, 6–7, 16–20; totality vs fragmented perspectives, 4–6, 21–23, 42–45, 70–71 Colonial Social Space category, 46–53, 63, 66 colonial space model: overview, 32, 45–46, 72n12; accommodation/resistance axis, 49–52, 73n19; education system change, 52–57; family system nonchange, 52–53, 64–70; structural categories, 46–49; student uprisings/networking analysis, 57–64, 74n46 Colonial Superstructure Space, 46–53, 63, 66 communist movements: June 10 contribution, 176–77, 180, 190–91; peasant alliances, 164–65; public sphere restrictions, 85–86, 88, 97–98, 110n28; student organizations, 58, 60–61 See also thought conversion policy, Japan's concubines, status change, 323–24, 333n29, n31 Confucian tradition: ancestor dreams, 271; clothing, 271; co-optation of, 275, 279, 281–82; as cultural foundation, 265–66; Korean exiles, 268–69, 309nn10–11, 310n35 Convention of Public Officials, 102 corporate taxation system, 158–61 corruption: with kyŏlbuje tax system, 159; as precolonial rebellion theme, 146–49 cost-benefit treatment, as methodological problem, 23–25 court system, changes, 318–20 cremation, 270 cultivation rights, land surveys, 157 Cultural Policy, 218 cultural relationships category, modern nation-states, 144–45 cultural rule policy: control tactics, 98–99; hegemony building component, 82–84, 89–90, 93–94, 101–4, 109nn16–17; introduction of, 76–77, 81–82, 109nn11–12; publications revival, 84–85 cultural traditions question, as methodological problem, 20–21, 37n45 Cumings, Bruce, 12 curriculum characteristics, education systems, 73n27, 131–34, 210, 272, 288–89 Death space, 270–71, 309n13 Decree on Civil Affairs, 319, 325–26, 328 Deliberative Council, Kabo Reforms, 332n8 dependency theory, 11–12 “The Devil” story, 290, 311n48 diplomacy framework problem, current, 3, 28–30 discipline, school, 133–34 discrimination patterns, overview, 24 See also education systems Divine Box, school curriculum, 133, 138n19 divorce, changes, 321 dog labels, as a means of resistance, 226, 244, 274, 301, 312n64 Domestic Security Law, 63 dōzoku label, 265 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture dress, as cultural resistance, 271 Duncan, John B., Duus, Peter, 203n51 East Asian League, 220 Eckert, Carter, 22–23, 25–28 economic system category, modern nation-states, 144, 169n6 economics issues, as methodological problems, 10–12, 14–15, 21–25, 27 See also agricultural policies; labor/employment; poverty conditions; tenant disputes, peasant movements education policies, leprosy asylums, 250–53 education systems: overview, 33; in colonial space model, 51, 52–57, 68–69; in cultural rule reforms, 194; curriculum characteristics, 73n27, 131–34, 210, 272, 288–89; enrollment patterns, 8–10, 54–56, 73n30, 119–25, 130; expansion process, 125–31; goal conflicts, 8–9, 114, 131, 134–37; institutions for, 57, 111n37, n39, 115–19, 267–69; and yangban changes, 65–66 Ekeh, Peter P., 48–49, 72n16 elementary education See education systems entrance examination, primary schools, 124, 126 Evergreen Association, 61 extrapolation tendencies, as methodological problem, 25–28 False conversion tactics, as policy resistance, 225–27 family organization, Japanese role: overview, 35, 315–18, 330–31, 332n8; with administrative fiat, 323–24, 333n29; in colonial space model, 49, 52–53, 64–70; concubine status, 323–24, 333n29, n31; inheritance system, 321, 324, 327–28; with legal system changes, 318–20; marriage customs, 67, 320, 321–23, 325–29; name change controversy, 296–98, 324–30; post-colonial changes, 314–15, 329–30; registration system, 320–21; research reports, 319–21 Federation of Workers and Peasants in Korea, 97 Federation of Youth in Korea, 97 festival restrictions, 284–85 Field, Norma, 229n7 Fletcher, A G., 237, 256 folk religion label, 265 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture food, as cultural resistance, 272, 282 Forsythe, W H., 237 Foster, Phillip, 136 fragmented vs totality perspectives, as methodological problem, 21–23, 42–45, 70–71 French model, colonial rule, 25, 93–94 frugality teachings, in Rural Promotion program, 279–80, 283–85 funding, education system expansion, 128–30 Fuzino Yutaka, 263n62 Gender patterns, education system, 115, 123 geomancy, 270, 288 Goffman, Erving, 52, 73n19 Grajdanzev, Andrew, 69 Gramsci, Antonio, 89 graveyards, 270–71, 309n13 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 47, 213, 221, 223–25, 232n64 Greater Korean Independence Party, 190 “Green Grapes” (Yi Yuksa), 310n35 Gussow, Zachary, 238, 260n10, 261n17 Ha, Yong chool: biographical highlights, 364; chapter by, 39–75; comments on, 25, 32 Habermas, Jürgen, 78, 108n2 Hagyŭn, Pak, 182 hair curling ban, 211 Hamada Kenji, 185 Hamano Kikuo, 263n69 Hamhŭng Public High School, 59–60 Han Haŭn, 259, 263n69 Han Woo-keun, 176 Hanai Zenkichi, 252–53, 262n42 Hanminjok tongnip undongsa, 181 Hansen's disease See leprosy entries haori jackets, resistance to, 271 Hara Kei (Japanese Prime Minister 1918–21), 82, 89 Hasegawa Yoshimichi (Governor-General 1916–19), 195 haunted memories, verbalization resistance, 267, 309n8 Hawai'i, leprosy policy, 243 Hayashi Fusao, 217, 230n31 Hayashi Yoshinobu, 242 Henderson, Gregory, 54–56, 63 high schools See secondary education historical inevitability question, as methodological problem, 16–20 home rule idea: Japanese support, 94, 101, 106, 113n87; Tonga editorials, 99–100, 102, 112n57 See also cultural rule policy Hosumi Tatsuka, 230n23 house headship, 327, 334n36 Hŭnghakhoe, 128–29 Hyŏngp'yŏng movement, 204n70 Hyŏptong Hakkyo, 269 “I Wonder Whether Spring Comes Even to the Robbed Land” (Yi Sanghwa), 310n35 Ikegami Shiro, (Administrative Superintendent 1927–29), 136–37 imperial line, eternity belief, 210–11, 229n21, 230n23 Imperial Portrait, school curriculum, 133, 138n19 Independence Club, 80, 183 independence movements See communist movements; June 10 movement; March First Independence movement India, 315–16 indigenous religion, as contested culture: overview, 35, 264–67, 305–8; death space control, 270–71; material life symbols, 271–72; Mind Cultivation program, 281–83, 284–85; Rural Promotion program, 279–81, 282–84, 310n33; Shintoism incorporation attempt, 286–89; spatial occupation process, 267–69; stigmatization/suppression tactics, 273–77, 289–96, 309n23; village administration structure, 277–79 industrialization process See economics entries Industry First movement, 104 inevitability question, as methodological problem, 16–20 Infectious Disease Prevention Act, 260n15 Information Committee, Saitō administration, 83, 109n21 infrastructural power, state, 171n42 Ingold, M B., 260n11 inheritance system, Japanese role, 321, 324, 327–28 Inoue Kaoru, 332n8 insanity pretenses, 298–302 Inspector-General, Office of the, 79 institutions See colonial space model; education systems; leprosy asylums, comparisons interactions paradigm, focus of, 41–42 Iriomoteshima asylum proposal, 261n18 Ishiwara Kanji, 220 Itō Hirobumi, 183–84, 185, 201n15, 203n51, 305 Itoh, Abito, 310n33 Iwashita Takeki, 205n89 Japan Times, 178, 180–81, 203n52 Jonsei Hospital, 263n64 June 10 movement: arrests/containment strategies, 181–82, 191, 203n65; in colonial space model, 58; historical interpretations of, 175–76; and March First Independence movement, 173–75, 182–83; opportunity conflicts summarized, 34, 173–74, 199–200; origins, 177–82; planning/preparations, 182–83, 189–93, 203n65, 204n72; role of cultural rule reforms, 193–99, 204n81 Jung, Keunsik: biographical highlights, 365; chapter by, 234–63; comments on, 34–35 Kabo reforms: education, 116, 317; family structure, 317, 322, 332n8; yangban system, 65 Kaebyŏk magazine, 85, 88, 92, 104–5 Kang Munsu, 219 Kang Taryŏng, 191 Kang Tongjin, 108n5 KCP (Korean Communist Party), 190–93 See also communist movements Keijŏ Imperial University, 9, 111n39, 115 Keijō shinpo newspaper, 203n52, 205n87 Kikuchi Kenzō, 109n21 Kim Ch'ŏlchung, 89 Kim Chŏmnye, 311n50 Kim, Christine, 185 Kim, Dong-No: biographical highlights, 365; chapter by, 140–72; comments on, 12, 33–34 Kim Hoil, 176, 180 Kim Hongjip, 332n8 Kim Hŭngnak, 310n36 Kim In Ho, 22 Kim Kaenam, 147 Kim, Keongil: biographical highlights, 365–66; chapter by, 206–33; comments on, 365–66 Kim, Ki-Seok: biographical highlights, 366; chapter by, 114–39; comments on, 33 Kim Kŭnbae, Kim, Kwang-Ok: biographical highlights, 366; chapter by, 264–313; comments on, 35 Kim Myŏngsik, 91 Kim Namch'ŏn, 223–24 Kim Nosun, 288–89, 311n47 Kim Punŏ, 312n54 Kim Sangman, 205n84 Kim Sangok, 86 Kim Sŏngil, 309n11 Kim Sŏngsu, 22, 27–28, 87, 112n70 Kim Tongsam, 309n11, 310n35 Kim Tujŏng, 223 Kim Yonghwan, 282, 310n36 Kim, Yong-Jick: biographical highlights, 366; chapter by, 76–113; comments on, 33 Kim Yongnae, 128–29 kin councils, changes, 321 kinship system, 325–29, 334nn33–34 See also family organization, Japanese role Kojong, King: abdication/flight, 183–84, 188, 332n8; death/funeral, 34, 180, 203n64, 312n67; prestige of, 199; shaman for, 305; in shaman's interrogation, 303–4 kokutai social system, 210–11, 229n21 “Kongjingi” story, 294, 312n54 Kongju battle, 148 Kongmin, King, 292, 311n49, 313n69 Korea Between Empires (Schmid), 18–19 Korean Communist Party (KCP), 190–93 See also communist movements Korean Educational Ordinances, 115 Korean Leprosy Prevention Act, 261n21 Korean Products Promotion movement, 87, 98 Korean Self-Rule movement, 218–20 Korean Students' Scientific Research Association, 192 Korean Thought Criminals' Protection and Supervision Law, 214 kungmin symbol, 92–93, 111n49 Kŭrisŭdo sinmun newspaper, 80 kut ritual, 271 Kwangju leprosarium, 235, 244–45, 250 Kwangju student uprising, 58, 175, 204n73 Kwangmu land survey, 157 Kwansu Common School, 181 Kwŏn family, Manchuria emigration, 275–77 Kwŏn Osŏl, 303–5 Kwŏn Sunim, 312n53 Kwŏn Taehyŏng, 190–91 Kyōto School, 232n68 kyŏlbuje system, 158–59, 171n37 Kyŏngguk Taejŏn, 319, 322 Kyŏngsang, precolonial peasant rebellions, 146 Kyŏngsŏng Textile Company, 22–23, 27–28 Labor/employment, 51, 137, 139n34, 253–55 See also agricultural policies; poverty conditions; tenant disputes, peasant movements land confiscation, Japanese, 150, 169n16 land ownership survey: class division development, 161–66; purposes, 156–58; social community impact, 161, 171n43; tax system changes, 34, 158–61, 170n32, 171nn36–37; village governance impact, 159–61, 171nn41–43 See also tenant disputes, peasant movements landlord associations, 165–66, 172n60 landlords, in colonial space model, 64–68, 73n18 language, Korean: acquisition arguments, 196–97, 205n87, n89; bans on, 271–72, 280; education policies, 73n28, 132, 194; as shaman resistance tactic, 280–81, 297–98, 304 Lee, Hong Yung: biographical highlights, 364; chapter by, 3–38 Lee, Ki-baik, 176 Lee Wanyong, 202n42 legal system, changes, 318–20 leprophobia, 237–38, 260n10, 261n17 leprosy asylums, comparisons: overview, 34–35, 234–36, 257–59; admission/discharge policies, 243–45; chronology summarized, 243, 261n28; isolation approaches, 237–43, 260n15, 261nn21–22, n29, 262n46, 263n62, n68, n72; management styles, 243–50, 262n42, nn46–47; medical treatment, 250–51; patient statistics, 242, 261n24; social normalization, 252–57 literati communications, political function, 79–80 MacCarthy, D M P., 44 Mackenzie, J N., 237 madness pretenses, 298–302 Maeil sinbo newspaper: circulation, 80, 85; cultural movement editorials, 93, 111n50; ideological perspective, 90, 92; international relations reports, 94; political organization editorials, 102; Sunjong coverage, 186–87, 203n52 Mainichi shinbun newspaper, 193 Manchukuo regime, 218–19 Manchuria See China Mann, Michael, 171n42 “Manse Kwisin” story, 292–94, 311n50, 312n53 March First Independence movement: overview, 76; arrests/casualities, 81, 182, 202n36; in colonial space model, 58–59; legacy, 174–75, 182–83, 192–93, 200n2; and primary school enrollment, 55–56, 122, 135 marriage customs: Japanese impact, 67, 320, 321–23, 325–29; leprosy asylum policies, 255–56 Marx, Karl, 169n6 McKenzie, F A., 184 media See newspapers/publications medical policies, as conflict space, 234–35 See also leprosy entries Meiji Constitution, 229n21 Mercier, P., 43–44 Min Chŏngsik, 187 myŏnŭri custom, 322, 333n26 Min, Queen, 183–84, 304–5, 312n68, 313n69 Min Wŏnsik, 84 Mind Cultivation program, 281–85 minjung symbol, 92–93 Minobe Tatsukichi, 230n23 minzoku kyōwa movement, 218–19 minzoku label, 265 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture Mission To Lepers, 237 Mitsuda Kensuke, 240, 242–43, 255, 261n18, n21 Mizuno Rentarō (Administrative Superintendent 1919–23), 83, 195–96 modern period, nation-state features, 143–45 mourning dress, as cultural resistance, 272 Movement to Establish a People's University, 87, 111n39 Murata (health bureaucrat), 240, 261n19 Murayama Chijun, 273, 283, 286 myŏn units, village administration, 67, 161, 171n43 Myŏnhū, Yu, 182 Nabeyama Sadachika, 212, 223 Nagashima asylum, 242, 261n18 Nakai Kamekichi, 179 name change controversy, 296–98, 324, 325–30 Namsan Shinto shrine, 286–87, 311n43 Nanzan Jinja, See Namsan Shinto shrine “Narannim” story, 294–96, 312n55 Nashimoto Masako, 184, 187, 201n15 National Association, petitions, 102, 106 national identity See specific topics, e.g., colonial modernity scholarship, methodological problems; peasant movements, identity themes National Mobilization Act, 214 National Society, 84, 100, 112n58 nation-state, origin theories, 143–44, 168n3 “Nephew” story, 290–92, 311n50 New Civil Code, 330 New Life magazine, 86 New Thought Research Association, 97 Newspaper Law, 80, 88 newspapers/publications: assimilation expectations, 89–90, 195, 198–99, 205n83; censorship/containment strategies, 88, 110n31, 190, 203n65; communist/socialist restrictions, 85–86, 110n28; coverage of Sunjong's illness/death, 177–78, 181, 197; in culture rule reforms, 76–77, 83–85, 194–96, 204n81, 205n84; international relations reports, 94–95; June 10 movement uses, 189–90; name change reporting, 312n58 Nishigawa Yoshigata, 239–40 Nodong sinmun newspaper, 177 Noguk, Princess, 292, 311n49, 313n69 North Star Society, 97 North Wind Society, 97 Norway, leprosy policy, 243 O Sihyŏng, 223–24 Ŏm, Lady, 183 Ōtori Keisuke, 332n8 occupational therapy, leprosy asylums, 253–55 offender ratios, thought conversion, 214–15, 225–26 Office of Special Advisors, 79 Office of the Censor-General, 79 Office of the Inspector-General, 79 Oh, Seong-Cheol: biographical highlights, 366; chapter by, 114–39; comments on, 33 Ōkaki Takeo, 109n21 oppression/paternalism contradiction See thought conversion policy, Japan's Oriental Development Company, 90 Otani Fuzio, 261n28, 263n68 Pae Sŏgyong, 128–29 p'aeraengi hat, as cultural resistance, 272 Pak Pansul, 311n48 Pak Suri, 311n52 Pak Tŏk, 301–2, 312n65 Pak Yŏnghyo, 111n42 Palais, James, 21 parental rights, changes, 321 partition rights, 321, 324, 328, 330 paternalism/oppression contradiction See thought conversion policy, Japan's patrilineal bloodlines, surnames, 325–29, 334nn33–34 Patriotic Awakening movement, 116, 135 Peace Preservation Law, 88, 104, 182, 211 peasant class, in colonial space model, 64–70 peasant movements, identity themes: overview, 166–68; as alternative colonial experience perspective, 33–34, 140–41; calm stages, 150, 169n16; colonial period stages summarized, 150–52; methodological issues, 142–45; precolonial period, 145–49, 169nn13–14 See also tenant disputes, peasant movements Peattie, Mark R., 94 peddlers, 83, 110n23 police portrayals, 274, 301–2, 310n26 political system category, modern nation-states, 144 post-secondary schools: enrollment patterns, 54–55, 119, 120t, 123f, 125; institutions for, 115, 117–19 poverty conditions, 64, 68, 162, 275–76, 282–83 power axis, in colonial space model, 49–52 Presbyterian Churches, 237 primary education: curriculum characteristics, 131–34; enrollment patterns, 54–55, 56, 73n30, 119–25, 130, 138n8; expansion process, 125–31; goal conflicts, 134–37; institutions for, 115–19 private schools, 116–19 Promote Korean Products movement, 87, 98, 112n67 Public Order Maintenance Law, 61 public sphere, colonial model: overview, 33, 107–8, 108n2; decline of, 104–7; defined, 108n2; international relations reports, 94–95, 112n54; military rule stage, 76, 80–81; nationalist culturalism ideologies, 90–94, 101–4; political activism ban, 91, 93, 111n48; political news problem, 95–96, 112nn57–59; reappearance/development phases, 85–90, 110n26; societal function, 77–79; traditions, 79–80, 109n7 See also newspapers/publications Publication Law, 80, 88 Pusan leprosarium, 235, 237, 242, 250–51 Red Peasant Union movement, 150, 165 registration systems, 156–61, 170n32, 320–21 Regulations for Private Schools, 116 Regulations for Technical Schools, 115 religion: as censorship justification, 91; leprosy asylum policies, 237–39, 249, 252–53; school curriculum, 133, 138n19 See also Christian entries; Confucian tradition; indigenous religion, as contested culture rent grievances, in tenant disputes, 152–56, 162–64, 170n25 Report on the Investigation of Customs, 319–20, 322 resistance strategies, thought conversion policy, 225–27 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture resistance/accommodation axis, in colonial space model, 49–52, 73n19 Revision Research Committee, family customs, 320–21 revisionist paradigm See colonial modernity scholarship entries rice production, 24, 162–63, 171n48 Robinson, Michael E., 12–13, 16, 77, 86, 203n65, 205n83, 234 Root, Elihu, 200n2 ruiji label, 273 See also indigenous religion, as contested culture Rules by Heart, Sorokto asylum, 247–48 Rural Promotion program, 279–81, 282–83, 310n33 Russo-Japanese War, 333n15 Saitō Makoto (Governor-General 1919–27, 1929–31): cultural rule introduction, 76, 81–82, 96, 106, 109nn11–12, 271–72; hegemonybuilding strategy/tactics, 82–84, 101, 109n13, nn16–17; Sunjong's death, 181, 188; Tonga editorial about, 110n30 sajok, governance power, 159–60 Sakai Naoki, 232n68 sanitization of religion, 273–77, 279–80, 283 Sano Manabu, 212–13, 218, 231n31 Schmid, Andre, 7, 18–19 secondary adjustments, in colonial space model, 52, 73n19 secondary education: enrollment patterns, 54–55, 56, 119–21, 122f; entrance competition, 124–25, 127f; institutions for, 57, 115–19; student uprisings, 58–64; and yangban changes, 65–66 Secret History of the Yi Palace, 175 Seoul National University, 9, 111n39 Seoul Press newspaper, 187, 203n52 Seoul Youth Association, 191 shamanism: as cultural foundation, 265–66, 306–8; insanity treatment, 298–302; name change controversy, 297–99; restless spirit role, 271, 311n51; Shintoism incorporation attempt, 286–89; suppression of, 35, 273–77, 279–81, 283, 285, 289–96, 303–5 Shiga Kiyoshi, 251, 255 Shilling, Chris, 248 Shimōka Jūji (Administrative Superintendent 1924–25) 104 Shin, Gi-Wook, 12–13, 16, 77, 234 Shin Yong Ha, 10 Shintoism, 268, 279, 306 Shisei shanjunenshi, 127–28 Shunsuke Tsurumi, 207 Sidae ilbo newspaper, 179, 194 Sin ch'ŏnji magazine, 97 Sin saenghwal magazine, 86, 97, 110n28 Sin'ganhoe, 104, 176 Sinu Tongmaeng, 61 Sisa sinmun newspaper, 84 Skocpol, Theda, 168n3 sŏdang, 116–19, 121–22, 138n8, 269 social relationships category, modern nation-states, 144 Sollin High School students, 74n46 Song Chinu, 87, 89 Song Hwajung, 147 Sorensen, Clark W.: biographical highlights, 365; chapter by, 314–34; comments on, 35 Sorokto asylum: admission/discharge policies, 244–45; establishment purposes, 235, 239–40, 241–42; management style, 245–50, 262n42, nn46–47; medical treatment, 251; patient statistics, 261n24; social normalization policies, 252–54 Soviet Union, 314, 333n15 spatial occupation process, Andong region, 267–69 Special Advisors, Office of, 79 state power, despotic vs infrastructural, 171n42 Statecraft editorial, Tonga ilbo, 88, 99–100, 103, 112n70, n77 States and Social Revolutions (Skocpol), 168n3 Steinhoff, Patricia Golden, 229n21 student protests, 57–64, 175, 204n73 See also June 10 movement subsistence threats: in land ownership survey, 157; in tenant disputes, 74n48, 153–56 Suho Masaki, 241, 242, 253 Sun Yat-sen, 94, 112n54 Sunch'ŏ asylum: establishment of, 235; management style, 245–46, 249–50; medical treatment, 251; social normalization policies, 252–54, 256–57; transfer to Japanese control, 242 Sunjong: enthronement process, 183–85, 203n51; exploitation of, 185–89; funeral/mourning period, 173–74, 175–76, 178–82, 188; illness/death, 173, 177–78, 201n14; public opinion of, 183–84, 188–89, 202n40, n42; successor, 201n15, n18 Supreme Court, Japanese, 229n21 surname change controversy, 296–98, 324, 325–29 Suryŏn, 305 Suwŏn massacre, 200n2 Terauchi Masatake, 186 Taedong Minuhoe, 221–23, 231n55 Taegu Asylum, 235, 237, 242, 256 Taegu students, 60–61 Taehan maeil sinbo newspaper, 80 Tama asylum, 242 Tan'gun, 286–87 taxation: land ownership survey, 34, 156–61, 170n32, 171nn36–37; precolonial peasant movements, 146, 149 technical schools, 55, 115, 117, 125, 131, 133–34 Tenancy Arbitration Ordinance, 151–52 tenancy contracts, 157–58, 163–64, 170n34 tenant disputes, in colonial space model, 74n48 tenant disputes, peasant movements: overview, 150–52; causes, 152–56, 161–64, 170n25; organizational alliances, 164–66, 172n60; participation statistics, 150t, 170n19 See also land ownership survey tenkō, defined, 206–7, 228n1 tennō ideology, school curriculum, 133, 138n19 Terauchi Masatake (Governor-General 1910–16), 186, 36n5, 110n30 textile industry, 22–23, 27–28 thought conversion policy, Japan's: overview, 34, 206–9, 227–28, 228n1, 229n7, n12; motives/intentions, 209–15, 230n35; national identity politics, 217–25, 231nn55–56, 232n64, n68; offender ratios/motives, 214–17, 230n41; prisoner recidivism, 230n31; resistance to, 225–27 Tilly, Charles, 168n3 Tōkyō asahi shinbun newspaper, 177–78, 181, 201n14 Tokyo Foreign Student Friendship Society, 87 Tonga ilbo newspaper: circulation statistics, 85; decline of, 101, 105–6; ideological perspectives, 90–91, 93, 98, 101–2, 110n30, 111n45, 195; international relations reports, 94–95, 112n54; land exploitation article, 74n48; literati conflicts, 91, 111n42; name change reporting, 312n58; political news problem, 95–96, 99–100, 105, 112n57, n59, 113n85; politicizing effort, 99–100, 113n72, n74, n77; publication permission, 194; Statecraft editorial, 88, 99–100, 103, 112n70, n77; suspensions, 87, 89, 91–92, 111n43 Tonghak Peasant Movement, 146, 147–49, 169n13 Tonghak Rebellion, 80 tongje ritual, 285 Tongnip sinmun newspaper, 80 totalitarian control, defined, 72n12 totality vs fragmented perspectives, as methodological problem, 21–23, 42–45, 70–71 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 309n11 Treaty of Korea-Japan Annexation, 185–86 tree rituals, 284–85 Tsurumi Shunsuke, 207, 227 Tuesday Society, 97 Ŭisŏng Kim lineage, 269, 309n11 Ŭn, Prince: education, 185, 201n15; marriage, 184, 203n60; parentage, 183; succession potential, 178, 187–89, 201n18; during Sunjong's illness, 177, 187–88 unemployment rate, 137, 139n34 Unggi Public Common School, 179 United Coalition of Peasants and Workers of Korea, 164 University of California, 9–10 uxorilocal marriage, 317, 323–24, 326–27, 330 Vasectomy policies, leprosy asylums, 249, 255–56, 263n62, n64 vernacular press See newspapers/publications village communities: administration changes, 160–61, 171nn42–43, 277–79; in colonial space model, 64–70; corporate taxation system, 159–60 vocational schools, 55, 115, 117, 125, 131, 133–34 Wang Sunbong, 219 Wartime National Thought Service Federation, 214 Watson, Thomas E., 200n2 Weber, Max, 159, 169n6 Wilson, Dr (Sunch'ŏn asylum): management style, 245–46, 247; medical treatment approach, 250–51; social normalization philosophy, 253, 255–56 Wilson, R M (Kwangju asylum), 237 women's roles, change attempts, 280 work activity, leprosy asylums, 253–55 Yamamoto, Junichi, 263n62 Yamamoto, Professor (Kyōto University), 94 Yang, Hyunah, 315 yangban class, 64–68, 83–84, 159–60, 278–79 Yi Chit'ak, 191 Yi Kwangsu: name change, 312n58; nationalist agenda items, 87, 88, 91–92; Statecraft editorial impact, 99, 112n70; thought conversion motives, 221, 231n56 Yi Mallyŏ, 312n53 Yi Nŭnghwa, 286 Yi Pangja, 184, 187, 201n15 Yi Sanghwa, 310n35 Yi Sanghyŏp, 101 Yi Sangyong, 268–69, 309n10 Yi Tonghwi, 191 Yi Yuksa, 310n35 Yim Chongnye, 312n53 Yim Kyŏngŏp, 276, 310n28 Yimgong-dang shrine, 276, 277 Yŏ Unhyŏng, 194 Yoshino Sakuzō, 82 Yu Kiljun, 332n8 Yuasa Kurahei, (Administrative Superintendent 1925–27), 178 Yun Ch'iho, 193, 241 Yun Sŏksu, 176, 181, 191 Zojoji Temple, 181 ... Change in Korea, 1910 1945 Edited by HONG YUNG LEE, YONG CHOOL HA, and CLARK W SORENSEN A CENTER FOR KOREA STUDIES PUBLICATION UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS SEATTLE & LONDON Colonial Rule and Social. .. U.S.A www.washington.edu/uwpress LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING -IN- PUBLICATION DATA Colonial rule and social change in Korea, 1910 1945 / edited by Hong Yung Lee, Yung Chool Ha, and Clark W Sorensen... the continuity of Korean history prior to and through the Japanese colonial period, instead of viewing the pre -colonial and the colonial periods as two disjointed and distinctive stages in Korean