Disaster policy and its practice in the united states

Create your own Customized Content Bundle  — the more books you buy, the higher your discount! THE CONTENT THE TERMS • Perpetual access for a one time fee • No subscriptions or access fees • Unlimited concurrent usage • Downloadable PDFs • Free MARC records For further information, a free trial, or to order, contact:  sales@momentumpress.net A Brief History and Analysis Andrea M Jackman • Mario G Beruvides • Gary S Nestler This book is intended as a history and survey of large-scale emergency management policy in the United States The field of emergency management is relatively new, and rapidly ­changing as new technology and technology-dependent ­societal systems emerge The impacts of past catastrophic events on policy ­development, and implications of older policy in new markets are discussed The book also explores non-governmental policies as they relate to for-profit emergency management and professional associations of practitioners For any person working in the field of emergency management who wonders “why we things the way we do?” this book is essential Dr Andrea M Jackman has her BS in meteorology and PhD in wind science & engineering, and has worked in disaster s­ cience since 2003 She currently works on the software ­development team for a national disaster mitigation model distributed ­globally by the U.S government, and conducts research on the cost and effectiveness of federal-level disaster policy Dr Mario G Beruvides is an AT&T professor of ­ industrial engineering at Texas Tech University, and director of the ­ Laboratory for Systems Solutions His ongoing research ­ specializes in ­ ­ industrial system behavior, cost of quality, isomorphological ­ ­ processes, and the application of systems ­engineering principles to emergency management Dr Gary S Nestler has 30 years experience in the emergency management field He currently maintains a license to ­practice medicine, serves as a captain in his local fire department ­working with emergency medical services, and remains as an active member of a local law enforcement SWAT team ISBN: 978-1-60650-699-8 Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States • Manufacturing Engineering • Mechanical & Chemical Engineering • Materials Science & Engineering • Civil & Environmental Engineering • Advanced Energy Technologies Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States JACKMAN • BERUVIDES • NESTLER EBOOKS FOR THE ENGINEERING LIBRARY INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COLLECTION William R Peterson, Editor Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States A Brief History and Analysis Andrea M Jackman Mario G Beruvides Gary S Nestler DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES A Brief History and Analysis ANDREA M JACKMAN, MARIO G BERUVIDES, AND GARY S NESTLER MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States: A Brief History and Analysis Copyright â Momentum Pressđ, LLC, 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—­ electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission of the publisher First published by Momentum Press®, LLC 222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017 www.momentumpress.net ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-699-8 (print) ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-700-1 (e-book) Momentum Press Industrial and Systems Engineering Collection Collection ISSN: 2372-3564 (print) Collection ISSN: 2372-3572 (electronic) Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India 10 Printed in the United States of America Abstract Emergency management and the study of disasters is a relatively young industry, beginning in its current form only after the World Wars of the previous century Yet with the ever-increasing complexity of society in the Digital Age, the management and recovery from disasters in recent years have received more attention than ever In a field traditionally belonging to the military and social sciences, the authors of this book review existing policy and standard practices within emergency management from an industrial and systems engineering perspective The book explores both the contextual history of managing disasters in the United States, both at the national and local level, and describes how these events influenced federal policy development in the latter half of the 20th century Compliance with this policy, and existing challenges with 21st century technology, is further explored, along with recommendations for future policy directions Practitioners of emergency management, and academic researchers who ask the question “is our policy working?” should find the text relevant to their endeavors KEYWORDS cost of policy, cost of quality, disaster management, emergency manage­ ment, federal government, industrial engineering, systems engineering, legislation, mitigation, planning, policy design, policy, preparedness, quality measures, recovery, response, workforce professionals Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii 1  Introduction: Why We Need to Analyze Policy in Emergency Management 1.1 Why Emergency Management? An Introduction by Andrea Jackman 1.2  About This Book 2   Emergency Management in the United States: 1800–1969 2.1  Nineteenth-Century Beginnings 2.2 U.S Disasters in the Early 20th Century 2.3 Duck and Cover! Military Influence and the Cold War 12 Websites of Interest 14 3   The 1970s: Four Phases and FEMA 15 3.1 Shifting Government Priorities and Agencies 15 3.2 Our Four-Phase Cycle: The Industry Standard 17 3.3 The New Federal Emergency Management Agency 23 Websites of Interest 24 4   The Stafford Act of 1988—Then and Now 27 4.1  The Stafford Act 27 4.2 Updates to Federal Disaster Management 28 4.3  The Stafford Act in the 21st Century 31 Websites of Interest 34 viii  •   Contents 5  DMA 2000 and September 11, 2001: A Shift from Responding to Preparing 35 5.1  Mitigation Gets Its Own Law 35 5.2  How to Comply with DMA 2000 37 5.3 Implementation Challenges for DMA 2000 39 5.4  Industry Impacts of Terrorism 44 5.5 The National Incident Management System 44 Websites of Interest 45 6  Hurricane Katrina and PKEMRA: New Challenges in a New Millennium 47 6.1 Hurricane Katrina, a Disaster of Perception 47 6.2 The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 51 Websites of Interest 54 7  Certifications, Societies, and Self-Assessments: A Look at Industry Policy 57 7.1 Process Quality in Emergency Management 58 7.2 The International Association of Emergency Managers 59 7.3  Certified Emergency Managers 59 7.4 The National Emergency Management Association and Programs 61 Websites of Interest 63 8   The Business of Disaster 65 8.1  Background and Challenges 65 8.2  Risk–Reward Ratio 66 8.3 System Constraints and Expectations 68 8.4 Expectations 69 8.5 Return on Investment—A Case in Point—Georgia 76 8.6  Analytics and Business Intelligence 80 9  Emergency Management 2020: The Current State of Research and Policy Recommendations for the Future 83 9.1  The Next Five Years 83 9.2 Future Policy and Research Directions 84 Contents  •   ix Appendixes 87 Appendix A: Glossary of Terms 87 Appendix B: Additional Reading Materials 95 Bibliography Index 99 105 Appendixes  •   97 Lindell, M.K., and M.J Meier 1994b “Planning Effectiveness of Community Planning for Toxic Chemical Emergencies.” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no 2, pp 222–36 Lindell, M.K., and R.W Perry 2003 “Preparedness for Emergency Responses: Guidelines for the Emergency Planning Process.” Disasters 27, no 4, pp. 336–50 May, P.J., and W Williams 1986 Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing Programs Under Shared Governance New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Company McLoughlin, D 1985 “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 45, Special Issue, pp 165–72 Montogomery, D.C., E.A Peck, and G.G Vining 2006 Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc NARC (National Association of Regional Councils) 2006 What is a Regional Council? Retrieved Nov 20, 2007 from Website: http://narc.org/regional-councils-mpos/what-is-a-regional-council.html Petak, W.J 1985 “Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 45, Special Issue, pp 3–7 Quarantelli, E.L 1987 “Disaster Studies: An Analysis of the Social Historical Factors Affecting the Development of Research in the Area.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5, no 3, pp 285–310 Renken, K 2016 “Economic Effects of Mitigation Spending in Emergency Management in the United States of America from 2004 to 2014.” A Dissertation in Industrial and Systems Engineering Lubbock, TX Stuart-Black, J., E Coles, and S Norman 2005 “Bridging the Divide from ­Theory to Practice.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and ­Disasters 23, no 3, pp 177–98 United States Census Bureau 2002 Census of Governments, Volume 1, Number 2, Individual State Descriptions: 2002 CC02(1)-2 U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: Author United States Census Bureau 2008 Population Data by Subject Retrieved April 14, 2008 from Website: www.census.gov/population/www/ Warfield, J.N 1976 Societal Systems: Planning, Policy, and Complexity New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Waugh, W.L., Jr 1988 “Emergency Management and the Capacity of State and Local Government” In Cities and Disaster: North American Studies in Emergency Management, eds R.T Sylves and W.L Waugh Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Waugh, W.L., Jr 1994 “Regionalizing Emergency Management: Counties as State and Local Government.” Public Administration Review 54, no 3, pp 253–58 Bibliography Albala-Bertrand, J.M 1993 “Natural Disaster Situations and Growth: A Macroeconomic Model for Sudden Disaster Impacts.” World Development 21, no. 9, pp 1417–34 Alwang, J., P.B Siegel, and S.L Jorgensen 2002 Vulnerability as Viewed from Different Disciplines Website: www.uni-hohenheim.de/symposium2002/ pa_full/Full-Pap-S1-1_Siegel.pdf Asch, S.M., M Stoto, M Mendes, R.B Valdez, M.E Gallagher, P Halverson, and N Lurie 2005 “A Review of Instruments Assessing Public Health Preparedness.” Public Health Reports 120, no 3, pp 532–42 Aufman, R.N., V.C Barker, and R.D Nation 1997 College Algebra and Trigonometry 3rd ed Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Berke, P.R 1996 “Enhancing Plan Quality: Evaluating the Role of State Planning Mandates for Natural Hazard Mitigation.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 39, no 1, pp 79–96 Blanchard, B.W 2006 The FEMA Higher Education Project Retrieved Feb 8, 2007 from The Emergency Management Institute Website: http://training fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu Boin, A 2005 “Disaster Research and Future Crises: Broadening the Research Agenda.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 23, no. 3, pp 199–214 Borden, K.A., M.C Schmidtlein, C.T Emrich, W.W Piegorsch, and S.L Cutter 2007 “Vulnerability of U.S Cities to Environmental Hazards.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 4, no 2, pp 1–21 Buckle, P., G.L Marsh, and S Smale 2002 “Reframing Risk, Hazards, Disasters, and Daily Life: A Report of Research into Local Appreciation of Risks and Threats.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20, no. 3, pp 309–24 Bryson, K.-M.N., H Millar, A Joseph, and A Mobolurin 2002 “Using Formal MS/OR Modeling to Support Disaster Recovery Planning.” European Journal of Operational Research 141, no 3, pp 679–88 Canada, J.R., W.G Sullivan, and J.A White 1996 Capital Investment Analysis for Engineering Management Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Chang, S.E 2003 “Evaluating Disaster Mitigations: Methodology for Urban Infrastructure Systems.” Natural Hazards Review 4, no 4, pp 186–96 Chen, H.-T 1990 Theory-Driven Evaluation Newbury Park: SAGE Publications 100  •   Bibliography Comfort, L.K 1985 “Integrating Organizational Action in Emergency Management; Strategies for Change.” Public Administration Review 45, Special Issue, pp 155–64 Comfort, L.K 1988 “Designing Policy for Action: The Emergency Management System.” In Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives, ed K.C Louise Durham, NC: Duke Press Cooper, C 2007, January 27 “In Katrina’s Wake: Where Is the Money?” The Wall Street Journal, p A1 Daniels, R.S., and C.L Clark-Daniels 2002 “Vulnerability Reduction and Political Responsiveness: Explaining Executive Decisions in U.S Disaster Policy during the Ford and Carter Administrations.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 20, no 2, pp 225–53 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, Pub L No 106–390, 114 Stat 1552 (2000) Downton, M.W., and R.A Pielke Jr 2002 “Discretion Without Accountability: Politics, Flood, Damage, and Climate.” Natural Hazards Review 2, no 4, pp. 157–66 Drabek, T.E 1990 Emergency Management: Strategies for Maintaining Organizational Integrity Ann Arbor, MI: Springer-Verlag Ender, R.L., and J.C.K Kim 1988 “The Design and Implementation of Disaster Mitigation Policy.” In Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives, ed L.K Comfort Durham, NC: Duke Press Farber, D.A., J Chen, R.R Verchick, and L.G Sun 2015 Disaster law and policy FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 1999 Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Brochure-Desk Reference (No 345) Jessup, MD: Author FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2002 How-To Guide for State and Local Mitigation Planning (No 386) Jessup, MD: Author FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) April 27, 2006 A ­ merican Morning [Television New Program] Retrieved May 21, 2007 from ­Lexis-Nexis at transcripts.cnn.com FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2007a Approved Multi-­ Hazard Mitigation Plans Retrieved 9/1/08 from https://fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-plan-status FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) 2007b Design Guide for Improving Critical Facility Safety from Flooding and High Winds (No 543) Jessup, MD: Author Freeman, P.K 2004 “Allocations of Post-Disaster Reconstruction Financing to Housing.” Building Research & Information 32, no 5, pp 427–37 Ganderton, P.T 2004 Cost Benefit Analysis of Disaster Mitigation: A Review (Working Paper) http://gandini.unm.edu/research/Papers/BCA_MitFIN.pdf Ganderton, P.T 2005 “‘Benefit–Cost Analysis’ Of Disaster Mitigation: Application As a Policy And Decision-Making Tool.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10, no 3, pp 445–65 Garrett, T.A., and R.S Sobel 2002 “The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments.” Working Paper No 2002-012B, The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bibliography  •   101 Glade, T., P Albini, and F Frances 2001 “An Introduction to the Use of Historical Data in Natural Hazard Assessment.” In The Use of Historical Data in Natural Hazard Assessment, eds T Glade, P Albini, and F Frances Netherlands: Springer Graham, D.A 1981 “Cost-Benefit Analysis under Uncertainty.” American Economic Review 71, no 4, pp 715–25 Hatry, H.P., R.E Winnie, D.M Fisk 1981 Practical Program Evaluation for State and Local Governments 2nd ed Washington D.C: The Urban Institute Press Hazard Mitigation Planning and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program; Federal Emergency Management Agency; Interim Final Rule, 44 Federal Register, 67 (26 February 2002), pp 8844–54 Horwich, G 1993 The Role of the For-Profit Sector in Disaster Mitigation and Response.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 11, no. 2, pp 189–205 Jackman, A 2008 An Analysis of the Cost of Hazard Mitigation Planning Policy in Local and Regional Government A Dissertation in Wind Science and Engineering Lubbock, TX Jackman, A.M., and M.G Beruvides 2013a “Hazard Mitigation Planning in the United States: Historical Perspectives, Cultural Influences, and Current Challenges.” In Approaches to disaster management- Examining the implications of hazards, emergencies and disasters, ed J Tiefenbacher, pp 55–79 InTech Jackman, A.M., and M.G Beruvides 2013b “Measuring the Quality of ­Emergency Management.” Proceedings of the 34th American Society of Engineering Management National Conference, Minneapolis, MN Jackman, A.M., and M.G Beruvides 2013c “Federal Funding through Hazard Mitigation Plans: A Preliminary Estimation of State-Level Completion from 2004 to 2009.” Journal of Emergency Management 11, no.2 Jenkins, L 2000 “Selecting Scenarios for Environmental Disaster Planning.” European Journal of Operational Research 121, no 2, pp 275–86 Kartez, J.D., and W.J Kelley 1988 “Research-Based Disaster Planning: Conditions for Implementation.” In Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy ­Perspectives, ed L.K Comfort Durham, NC: Duke Press Kiernan, V 2005 Writing Your Dissertation with Microsoft Word: A Step-by-Step Guide Alexandria, VA: Mattily Publishing Kreps, G.A 1990 “The Federal Emergency Management System in the United States: Past and Present.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8, no 3, pp 275–300 Kunreuther, H., R Meyer, and C Van den Bulte 2004 Risk Analysis for Extreme Events: Economic Incentives for Reducing Future Losses NIST GCR 04-271 Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology Leedy, P.D., and J.E Ormond 2005 Practical Research: Planning and Design 8th ed Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall Lindell, M.K 1994 “Are Local Emergency Planning Committees Effective in Developing Community Disaster Preparedness?” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 12, no 2, pp 159–82 102  •   Bibliography Lindell, M.K., and M.J Meier 1994b “Planning Effectiveness of Community Planning for Toxic Chemical Emergencies.” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no 2, pp 222–36 Lindell, M.K., and R.W Perry 2003 “Preparedness for Emergency Responses: Guidelines for the Emergency Planning Process.” Disasters 27, no 4, pp. 336–50 May, P.J., and W Williams 1986 Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing Programs under Shared Governance New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Company McLoughlin, D 1985 “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 45, Special Issue, pp 165–72 Mileti, D.S 1999 Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press Montogomery, D.C., E.A Peck, and G.G Vining 2006 Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Nelson, C., N Lurie, J Wasserman 2007 “Assessing Public Health Emergency Preparedness: Concepts, Tools, and Challenges.” Annual Review of Public Health 28, pp 1–18 Noll, R.G 1996 “The Complex Politics of Catastrophe Economics.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 12, nos 2–3, pp 141–46 Pelling, M 2002 “The Macro-Economic Impact of Disasters.” Progress in Development Studies 2, no 4, pp 283–305 Petak, W.J 1985 “Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 45, Special Issue, pp 3–7 Pidd, M., F.N de Silva, R.W Eglese 1996 “A Simulation Model for Emergency Evacuation.” European Journal of Operational Research 90, no 3, pp 413–19 Quarantelli, E.L 1987 “Disaster Studies: An Analysis of the Social Historical Factors Affecting the Development of Research in the Area.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 5, no 3, pp 285–310 Renken, K 2016 “Economic Effects of Mitigation Spending in Emergency Management in the United States of America from 2004 to 2014.” A Dissertation in Industrial and Systems Engineering Lubbock, TX Rose, A., J Benavides, S Chang, P Szczesniak, and D Lim 1997 “The Regional Economic Impact of an Earthquake: Direct and Indirect Effects of Electricity Lifeline Disruptions.” Journal of Regional Science 37, no 3, pp 437–58 Rose, A 2004 “Economic Principles, Issues, and Research Priorities in ­Natural Hazard Loss Estimation.” In Modeling the Spatial Economic Impacts of ­Natural Hazards, eds Y Okuyama and S Chang Heidelberg: Springer Rose, A 2006 “Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience to Disasters.” Disaster Prevention and Management 13, no 4, pp 307–14 Rose, A., K Porter, N Dash, J Bouabid, C Huyck, J Whitehead, D Shaw, R. Eguchi, C Taylor, T McLane, and L.T Tobin 2006 Benefit-Cost Analysis fo FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grants Working Paper: July 25, 2006 Schilderman, T 2004 “Adapting Traditional Shelter for Disaster Mitigation and Reconstruction: Experiences with Community-Based Approaches.” Building Research & Information 32, no 5, pp 414–26 Bibliography  •   103 Schroeder, A.D., and G.L Wamsley 1996 “Escalating in a Quagmire: The Changing Dynamics of Emergency Management Policy Subsystem.” Public Administration Review 56 Skidmore, M., and H Toya 2002 “Do Natural Disasters Promote Long-Run Growth?” Economic Inquiry 40, no 4, pp 664–87 Spence, R 2004 “Risk and Regulations: Can Improved Government Action Reduce the Impacts of Natural Disasters?” Building Research & Information 32, no 5, pp 391–402 Steen, M 2012, March 28 “Professionals Debate the Need for Emergency Management Certification.” Retrieved April 26, 2013 from www.emergencymgmt.com/training/Professionals-Debate-Emergency-Management-Certification.html Stuart-Black, J., E Coles, and S Norman 2005 “Bridging the Divide from ­Theory to Practice.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and ­Disasters 23, no 3, pp 177–98 Thompson, P., and H John 1996 “Economic Assessment of Disaster Mitigation.” Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, ANU Turabian, K.L 1996 A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations 6th ed Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press United States Census Bureau 2002 Census of Governments, Volume 1, Number 2, Individual State Descriptions: 2002 CC02(1)-2 U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: Author United States Census Bureau 2008 Population Data by Subject Retrieved April 14, 2008 from Web site: http://www.census.gov/population/www/ Warfield, J.N 1976 Societal Systems: Planning, Policy, and Complexity New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Warfield, J.N 1993 ISM [computer software] Virginia: George Mason University Waugh, W.L., Jr 1988 “Emergency Management and the Capacity of State and Local Government” In Cities and Disaster: North American Studies in Emergency Management, eds R.T Sylves and W.L Waugh Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Waugh, W.L., Jr., R.J Hy, eds 1990 Handbook of Emergency Management: Programs and Policies Dealing with Major Hazards and Disasters Westport, CT: Greenwood Press Waugh, W.L., Jr 1994 “Regionalizing Emergency Management: Counties as State and Local Government.” Public Administration Review 54, no 3, pp 253–58 West, C.T., and D.G Lenze 1994 “Modeling the Regional Impact of Natural Disaster and Recovery: A General Framework and an Application to Hurricane Andrew.” International Regional Science Review 17, no 2, pp 121–50 Zeckhauser, R 1996 “The Economics of Catastrophes.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 12, nos 2–3, pp 113–14 Index A Advanced analytics, 80–81 African-Americans, 10, 12 ArcGIS software, 39–40 Awareness, lack of, 69 B Big Data, 80–81 C CEM See Certified Emergency Manager Certified Emergency Manager (CEM), 59–61 The Civil Defense Preparedness Agency (1972), 23–24 Collaboration, 71 D Data overload, 69 Decision support and consequence analysis, 70 Department of Defense (DOD), 24 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 24 DHS See Department of Homeland Security Digital asset management, 80–81 Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), 31, 36 aftermath of, 43–44 implementation challenges for, 39–44 Disaster Relief Act of 1974, 16, 23 Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act See Stafford Act Disasters in 20th century, 8–12 DMA 2000 See Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 Documentation, DMA 2000 and, 37–39 DOD See Department of Defense E Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 16 EMAC See Emergency Management Assistance Compact EMAP See Emergency Management Accreditation Program Emergency management abolition of, 24 academic research in, 17–23 background and challenges, 65–66 certification for, 59–61 Cold War, 12–13 commercial products for, 80–81 disaster in 1970s, 15–25 disasters in 20th century, 8–12 federal-level, 23–24 frameworks for, 80–81 funding vehicles for, 29–30 106  •   Index future policies, 84–86 Galveston hurricane, 8–12 introduction to, 1–4 new FEMA, 23 in nineteenth century, 7–8 phases of, 18–22 policies, 57–62 qualities, 58–59 return on investment, 76–80 risk-reward ratio, 66–68 shifting government priorities and agencies, 15–17 in 20th century, 8–14 in 2020, 83–86 updates in, 28–31 workforce professionals Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP), 61 Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), 61 Emergency managers See also Emergency management certified, 59–61 expectations, 69–76 functionality, 72–76 system constraints, 68–69 F Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), assessments and recommendations, 29–30 audits by OIG, 49 changes within, 51 documentation, 37–39 How-To Guide for State and Local Mitigation Planning, 38–39 impacts of Katrina and, 49–50 Individual Assistance and, 30 Interim Final Rule, 36–37 legal foundation for, 36–37 Public Assistance and, 29 PKEMRA and, 51–54 predecessors to, 23–24 in 1979, 24 FEMA See Federal Emergency Management Agency Fugate, Craig, 51 G Galveston hurricane, 8–12 Great Depression, 12 Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, 8–12 H Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), 36 Interim Final Rule and, 36–37 Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP), 37–38 actions for multi-jurisdictional, 89–91 “Core Four” of, 38–39 HMGP See Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) HMP See Hazard Mitigation Plan Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs), 44 Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 24 HSPDs See Homeland Security Presidential Directives HUD See Housing and Urban Development Hurricane Katrina, 24, 33, 47–51 I IA See Individual Assistance IAEM See International Association of Emergency Managers Incident and event management, 71 Incident Command System (ICS), 44 Individual Assistance (IA), 29 Index  •   107 Insight, lack of, 69 Insurance coverage, 29 International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM), 59 L LEPCs See Local toxic chemical emergency planning committees Local toxic chemical emergency planning committees (LEPCs), 41 Logistics and first responder, 71 M Man-made disaster See also Emergency management Bhopal chemical explosion (1984), 27 Challenger explosion (1986), 27 Chernobyl meltdown (1986), 27 Mitigation phase, 17, 18–22, 92–94 DMA 2000 and, 37–38 efforts, 29 Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council, 35 N National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), 17, 61–62 National Governor’s Association (NGA), 17 National Incident Management System (NIMS), 44 Natural hazards, definitions of, 87–89 NEMA See National Emergency Management Association NGA See National Governor’s Association NIMS See National Incident Management System O The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (1958), 23 The Office of Emergency Preparedness (1961), 23 Office of Inspector General (OIG), 49 P PA See Public Assistance Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA) of 2006, 31–32, 51–54 effectiveness of, 51 legislation breakdown, 52 Pre-Disaster Mitigation grants (PDMs), 36 Preparedness phase, 17, 18–22 Public Assistance (PA), 29 Q Quality in emergency management, 58–59 R Recovery phase, 17, 18–22, 92–94 Research, emergency management in technical fields, 85–86 mitigation, 85 professionalization of workforce, 86 sustainability and resiliency, 84–85 Resource management, 70 Response phase, 17, 18–22, 92–94 Return on investment, 76–80 Risk assessment, 71 Risk-reward ratio, 66–68 S SARA Title III, 41 Self-governance, 15 September 11, 2001 attack, 24, 44, 47, 84 Shared governance, 15 108  •   Index Situational awareness, 70 elements of, 68 expectations and, 69 functionality, 72–76 Stafford Act of 1988, 16 in 21st century, 31–33 overview, 27–28 updates to disaster management and, 28–31 Stafford Robert T., 27 T Terrorism, industry impacts of, 44 Trauma, 30 U University of Delaware, 17 OTHER TITLES IN OUR INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COLLECTION William R Peterson, Editor Idea Engineering: Creative Thinking and Innovation by La Verne Abe Harris Cultural Influences in Engineering Projects by Morgan E Henrie Operational Risk Management by C Ariel Pinto Luna, Mylene Magpili, and Raed M Jaradat Momentum Press is one of the leading book publishers in the field of engineering, mathematics, health, and applied sciences Momentum Press offers over 30 collections, including Aerospace, Biomedical, Civil, Environmental, Nanomaterials, Geotechnical, and many others Momentum Press is actively seeking collection editors as well as authors For more information about becoming an MP author or collection editor, please visit http://www.momentumpress.net/contact Announcing Digital Content Crafted by Librarians Momentum Press offers digital content as authoritative treatments of advanced ­engineering topics by leaders in their field Hosted on ebrary, MP provides practitioners, researchers, faculty, and students in engineering, science, and industry with innovative electronic content in sensors and controls engineering, advanced energy engineering, manufacturing, and materials science Momentum Press offers ­library-friendly terms: • • • • • • perpetual access for a one-time fee no subscriptions or access fees required unlimited concurrent usage permitted downloadable PDFs provided free MARC records included free trials The Momentum Press digital library is very affordable, with no obligation to buy in future years For more information, please visit www.momentumpress.net/library or to set up a trial in the US, please contact mpsales@globalepress.com Create your own Customized Content Bundle  — the more books you buy, the higher your discount! THE CONTENT THE TERMS • Perpetual access for a one time fee • No subscriptions or access fees • Unlimited concurrent usage • Downloadable PDFs • Free MARC records For further information, a free trial, or to order, contact:  sales@momentumpress.net A Brief History and Analysis Andrea M Jackman • Mario G Beruvides • Gary S Nestler This book is intended as a history and survey of large-scale emergency management policy in the United States The field of emergency management is relatively new, and rapidly ­changing as new technology and technology-dependent ­societal systems emerge The impacts of past catastrophic events on policy ­development, and implications of older policy in new markets are discussed The book also explores non-governmental policies as they relate to for-profit emergency management and professional associations of practitioners For any person working in the field of emergency management who wonders “why we things the way we do?” this book is essential Dr Andrea M Jackman has her BS in meteorology and PhD in wind science & engineering, and has worked in disaster s­ cience since 2003 She currently works on the software ­development team for a national disaster mitigation model distributed ­globally by the U.S government, and conducts research on the cost and effectiveness of federal-level disaster policy Dr Mario G Beruvides is an AT&T professor of ­ industrial engineering at Texas Tech University, and director of the ­ Laboratory for Systems Solutions His ongoing research ­ specializes in ­ ­ industrial system behavior, cost of quality, isomorphological ­ ­ processes, and the application of systems ­engineering principles to emergency management Dr Gary S Nestler has 30 years experience in the emergency management field He currently maintains a license to ­practice medicine, serves as a captain in his local fire department ­working with emergency medical services, and remains as an active member of a local law enforcement SWAT team ISBN: 978-1-60650-699-8 Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States • Manufacturing Engineering • Mechanical & Chemical Engineering • Materials Science & Engineering • Civil & Environmental Engineering • Advanced Energy Technologies Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States JACKMAN • BERUVIDES • NESTLER EBOOKS FOR THE ENGINEERING LIBRARY INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COLLECTION William R Peterson, Editor Disaster Policy and Its Practice in the United States A Brief History and Analysis Andrea M Jackman Mario G Beruvides Gary S Nestler .. .DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES A Brief History and Analysis ANDREA M JACKMAN, MARIO G BERUVIDES, AND GARY... to be on the train and indoors while my father and I stayed home 2  •   DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES As the end of the weekend got closer, the forecast changed The typhoon... still remain the case in modern emergency management, there are at least mechanisms and industry standards in place Kreps (1990) 8  •   DISASTER POLICY AND ITS PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES today,