European integration and transformation in the wester balkan

European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans This book investigates the scope and limitations of the transformative power of European Union enlargement in the Western Balkans The extension of EU enlargement policy to the region has generated high expectations that enlargement will regulate democratic institution-building and foster reform, much as it did in Central and Eastern Europe However, there is very little research on whether and how unfavourable domestic conditions might mitigate the transformative power of the EU This volume investigates the role of domestic factors, identifying ‘stateness’ as the missing link between the assumed transformative power of the EU and the actual capacity to adopt EU rules across the region Including chapters on Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina, leading scholars in the field offer up-to-date comparative analysis of key areas of institutional and policy reform; including state bureaucracy, rule of law, electoral management, environmental governance, cooperation with the International Court of Justice, economic liberalization and foreign policy Looking to the future and the implications for policy change, European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans provides a new theoretical and empirical focus on this little understood area The book will be of interest to scholars and students of EU politics, comparative democratization, post-communist transitions and Balkan area studies Arolda Elbasani is Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy Routledge / UACES Contemporary European Studies Edited by Federica Bicchi, London School of Economics and Political Science, Tanja Boărzel, Free University of Berlin, and Mark Pollack, Temple University, on behalf of the University Association for Contemporary European Studies Editorial Board: Grainne De Bu´rca, European University Institute and Columbia University; Andreas Føllesdal, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, University of Oslo; Peter Holmes, University of Sussex; Liesbet Hooghe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; David Phinnemore, Queen’s University Belfast; Ben Rosamond, University of Warwick; Vivien Ann Schmidt, University of Boston; Jo Shaw, University of Edinburgh; Mike Smith, University of Loughborough; and Loukas Tsoukalis, ELIAMEP, University of Athens and European University Institute The primary objective of the new Contemporary European Studies series is to provide a research outlet for scholars of European Studies from all disciplines The series publishes important scholarly works and aims to forge for itself an international reputation The EU and Conflict Resolution Promoting peace in the backyard Nathalie Tocci Central Banking Governance in the European Union A comparative analysis Lucia Quaglia New Security Issues in Northern Europe The Nordic and Baltic states and the ESDP Edited by Clive Archer The European Union and International Development The politics of foreign aid Maurizio Carbone The End of European Integration Anti-Europeanism examined Paul Taylor The European Union and the Asia-Pacific Media, public and elite perceptions of the EU Edited by Natalia Chaban and Martin Holland The History of the European Union Origins of a trans- and supranational polity 1950–72 Edited by Wolfram Kaiser, Brigitte Leucht and Morten Rasmussen International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law Anchoring democracy? Edited by Amichai Magen and Leonardo Morlino Minority Nationalist Parties and European Integration A comparative study Anwen Elias 10 European Union Intergovernmental Conferences Domestic preference formation, transgovernmental networks and the dynamics of compromise Paul W Thurner and Franz Urban Pappi 11 The Political Economy of State-Business Relations in Europe Interest mediation, capitalism and EU policy making Rainer Eising 12 Governing Financial Services in the European Union Banking, securities and post-trading Lucia Quaglia 15 The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics Edited by Ruădiger K W Wurzel and James Connelly 16 Diversity in Europe Dilemmas of differential treatment in theory and practice Edited by Gideon Calder and Emanuela Ceva 17 EU Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Roles, institutions and policies Edited by Eva Gross and Ana E Juncos 18 The European Parliament’s Committees National party influence and legislative empowerment Richard Whitaker 19 The European Union, Civil Society and Conflict Nathalie Tocci 20 European Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Balkan Accession Sovereignty contested Gergana Noutcheva 13 European Union Governance Efficiency and legitimacy in European commission committees Karen Heard-Laure´ote 21 The European Union and South East Europe The dynamics of Europeanization and multilevel governance Andrew Taylor, Andrew Geddes and Charles Lees 14 European Governmentality The liberal drift of multilevel governance Richard Muănch 22 Bureaucrats as Law-Makers Committee decision-making in the EU Council of Ministers Frank M Haăge 23 Europeanization and the European Economic Area Iceland’s participation in the EU’s policy process Johanna Jonsdottir 24 The Cultural Politics of Europe European capitals of culture and the European Union since 1980 Kiran Klaus Patel 25 European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans Europeanization or business as usual? Edited by Arolda Elbasani European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans Europeanization or business as usual? Edited by Arolda Elbasani First published 2013 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Ó 2013 Arolda Elbasani for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors their contribution The right Arolda Elbasani to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data European integration and transformation in the western Balkans: Europeanization or business as usual? / edited by Arolda Elbasani pages cm.—(Routledge/UACES contemporary European studies) Includes bibliographical references and index European Union—Balkan Peninsula Europe—Economic integration I Elbasani, Arolda, editor of compilation HC240.25.B28E858 2013 337.1#4209496—dc23 2012037094 ISBN: 978-0-415-59452-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-38606-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Book Now Ltd, London Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements ix xi xiii PART I Europeanization travels to the Western Balkans Europeanization travels to the Western Balkans: enlargement strategy, domestic obstacles and diverging reforms AROLDA ELBASANI The Stabilization and Association Process: a framework for European Union enlargement? 22 DAVID PHINNEMORE PART II Europeanization in consolidated states The trials and triumphs of Europeanization in Croatia: the unbearable weight of structure and state-building? 37 39 MIECZYSqAW P BODUSZYN´ SKI EU political conditionality towards Serbia: membership prospects vs domestic constraints 54 ´ JELENA STOJANOVIC EU conditionality as a transforming power in Macedonia: evidence from electoral management JESSICA GIANDOMENICO 70 viii Contents EU administrative conditionality and domestic obstacles: slow, hesitant and partial reform in post-communist Albania 85 AROLDA ELBASANI Where does the European Union make a difference? Rule of law development in the Western Balkans and beyond 101 MARTIN MENDELSKI PART III Europeanization in contested states State-building without recognition: a critical retrospective of the European Union’s strategy in Kosovo (1999–2010) 119 121 DIMITRIS PAPADIMITRIOU AND PETAR PETROV Building environmental governance in potential candidate countries: environmental impact assessment processes in Bosnia-Herzegovina 138 ADAM FAGAN 10 Secessionism, irredentism and EU enlargement to the Western Balkans: squaring the circle? 157 RAFAEL BIERMANN Conclusions 171 11 When Europeanization hits limited statehood: the Western Balkans as a test case for the transformative power of Europe 173 ă RZEL TANJA A BO Bibliography Index 185 208 Illustrations Tables 1.1 7.1 7.2 8.1 9.1 Status of relations between the EU and Western Balkan countries Selected indicators of judicial capacity Selected indicators of judicial impartiality UNMIK: international and local personnel Comparison of activities between Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) and CEE countries using REC questionnaire data 9.2 Annual budget of ENGOs in BiH from REC questionnaire 9.3 Binary logistic regression analysis of funding sources and types of activity versus annual budget for Bosnian ENGOs 9.4 Binary logistic regression of funding sources, annual budget and activities versus EIA involvement for Bosnian ENGOs 110 111 127 143 144 145 146 Figures 8.1 The structure of UNMIK 11.1 Statehood capacity, willingness and EU relations with the Western Balkans 126 180 Bibliography 201 —— (2004) Legal Sector Report for Albania Available online at http://www.osce.org/ albania/23963 (accessed February 2011) —— (2007) Parallel Structures in Kosovo 2006–2007 Available online at http://www osce.org/node/24618 (accessed 10 March 2011) OSCE/ODIHR (2002) Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Parliamentary Elections, 15 September 2002, Final Report, Warsaw, 20 November 2002 —— (2004) Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Presidential Election 14 & 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deficient working of new legal models 96–7; EU leverage 93–6; half-hearted reforms 96–9; institutional relations upgrade 95–6; targeting and monitoring 93–4; and weight of past 88–93 Analytika 80 Anti-Corruption Monitoring Group 113 Anti-Corruption Plan (ACP) (Albania) 113 ‘Arab Spring’ 184 Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo 132 Austria 49 authoritarianism 10, 39, 41–3 autonomy conflicts 160 Badinter Commission 164 Balkan Wars (1912–13) 161, 164 Balkanization 159 ballot stuffing 77–8, 79 Banking and Payment Authority (Kosovo) 121 Barroso, Jose´ Manuel 32 Belgrade Agreement 164 Bobetko, Janko 48 Bosnia-Herzegovina 138–53; corruption 152; Croat autonomy 162; environmental governance see Bosnian environmental governance; ethnic Croats in 47; EU High Representative 167; EU as institution-builder 182; EU membership prospective 184; and Kosovo recognition 163; mediation 164–5; population transfers 163; potential candidate status 138; power-sharing 161; secessionist sentiment 163, 167; segregation 157; Serb autonomy in 162; state capacity weakness 142, 149–52; status of relations between EU and 4; trade links with Kosovo 131 Bosniak–Croat Federation (FBiH) 149–51 Bosnian environmental governance 138–53; EIA process 141–9; research Index 209 interviews 147–9, 154–6; see also REC questionnaire data Brammertz, Serge 49 Brioni Agreement 164 Bulatovic´, Rade 64 Bulgaria: corruption 114–15; EU admission as premature 33; exclusion from EU enlargement 30; funding for judicial reforms 104; judicial capacity indicators 109, 110; judicial capacity reform 107; judicial impartiality indicators 111, 115; judicial impartiality reform 114–15; media 115; organized crime 114–15; twinning projects 108 ‘Bulgarian train’ 80 bureaucracy: Weberian model 87, 92 candidate status: definition 34n4; introduction 22 capacity-building 102–3, 128, 139, 146, 180–3 CARDS programme 27, 94, 105, 131, 181 CEE countries: environmental governance comparison with Bosnia-Herzegovina see REC questionnaire data; EU accession 22, 30, 124, 176–7; SAP compared with experience with 23–31 Cˇ ermak, Ivan 50 CESD 147–8 change agents 105 Civil and Criminal Procedure Code (Romania) 114 Civil Service Commission (Albania) 98 civil service law 90, 92, 94, 96–8 clientelism 12–13, 19–20, 182; components 81; conditionality and 82–3; Croatia 42; decline 83; ethnic divisions and 81–2; logic of 80–1; Macedonia 79–83, 182 Commission Liaison Office (Kosovo) 128, 135 Common Foreign and Security Policy 25, 164 Common Security and Defence Policy 164 Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) 27, 94, 105, 131, 181 competition policy 43 conditionality 5, 19, 124; administrative 85–100; clientelism and 82–3; domestic influences vs 7–9; and elections 74–5; importance given to 24; policy toward Croatia 49; policy toward Serbia 49, 54; positive 95, 180; and secessionism risk 166; tightening of requirements 33, 124; working logic 71 conflict: causes of 160; recurrence 165 Congress of Berlin 157 consociational confederation 149 Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo 132 constitutional frameworks 161 constitutional reform 26 Contact Group 123, 129 ‘convertibility of claims’ 160, 168 Copenhagen Criteria 5, 8, 25, 86, 173–5; clash with nationalist beliefs 177; fleshed out 104; resonance with reform agenda 177 Copenhagen documents Copenhagen European Council 24, 28 corruption: Albania 113; BosniaHerzegovina 152; Bulgaria 114–15; Croatia 41–3, 45, 50; Kosovo 132, 133; Macedonia 82, 84n7; Moldova 116; Romania 114; Serbia 112; Ukraine 116 Criminal Procedure Code (Bulgaria) 115 Croatia 39–52; authoritarianism 39, 41–3; borders disputes 33, 46, 50; candidate status 29; clientelism 42; cooperation with ICTY 45, 46, 48–50, 179; corruption 41–3, 45, 50; democratic opposition emboldenment 176; differential empowerment 179; economic crisis 42; EU accession 29, 39, 43, 52, 173; EU benchmarks 30; EU consensus on non-recognition 165; EU membership application 29; Euro-scepticism 44–5, 51–2; European future 50–1; foreign policy orientation 46–8; Independent State of 45, 53n10; initial conditions of transition 41; judiciary 43, 50; legacies impeding reform 40; nationalism 39, 47–9, 51, 52; population transfers 163; preoccupation with nation 45–6; public sector 44; refugee return 46, 47, 50; and regional cooperation 46–8; secession 162, 167; Second World War 45; stateness 46–51; status of relations between EU and 4; structure 40–5; trade links with Kosovo 131; unemployment 41, 42, 44, 45 Crvenkovski, Branko 75 Cvetkovic´, Mirko 67 Cyprus 22, 167 210 Index Dacˇic´, Ivica 68 Dayton Peace Agreement 57, 65, 161, 162, 163; implementation 167 de facto states 122, 159, 160, 162 Del Ponte, Carla 49, 65–6 Democratic Party of Albanians (Macedonia) 76, 81, 82 Democratic Union for Integration (Macedonia) 76, 81, 82 Department of Public Administration (DoPA) (Albania) 94, 95, 97 Directorate General for Enlargement 24 Djindjic´, Zoran 58–9, 61, 67, 109 Djordjevic´, Vlastimir 63 domestic change: as process of redistribution of resources 175–6; as process of socialisation and learning 176–7 domestic contexts: unpacking 9–12 domestic influences: conditionality vs 7–9 domestic responses 18–20 Donors’ Conference 59 DoPA (Department of Public Administration) (Albania) 94, 95, 97 DOS (Democratic Opposition of Serbia) 58–60 DP (Democratic Party) (Albania) 89–90, 97 DPA (Macedonia) 76, 81, 82 Drobnjak, Vladimir 30 DS (Democratic Party) (Serbia) 58, 62–4, 66, 67–8 DSS (Democratic Party of Serbia) 58, 60, 62, 64–5, 66–7 DUI (Macedonia) 76, 81, 82 education: and EIA involvement 146 Eko Jasenica 147, 148 Eko Viking Association 144 Eko Zeleni 149 Ekotim 148, 149 electoral administration: importance 73–4 Electoral Boards (EBs) 76–7, 78, 79–80, 81, 82 Electoral Code 72–3, 76–7, 82–3; implementation and respect 78–9 electoral law: implementation 71–4; transposition 71–2 employment: temporary 99 ENGOs see environmental NGOs ‘enlargement fatigue’ 31, 32, 121 environmental governance: definition 139–40 environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes 138–9; Bosnian 141–9; EU norms 140–1 environmental NGOs (ENGOs) 139; activities 143–4; cooperation between 148–9; funding 144–6; interviews 147–9, 154–6 Environmental Permits 141 ethnic heterogeneity 11 ethno-nationalism 157 EU: ambiguous commitment to Western Balkan countries 27–9 EU administrative criterion see administrative criterion EU conditionality see conditionality EU domestic allies: strength 9–10 EU enlargement: CEE countries admission 22, 30, 124, 176–7; inducement vs coercion mechanisms 167; narrative 33–4; supply side 31–4 EU Monitoring Mission (EUMM) 127 EU role assessment 13–15; methodological approach 13–14 EU rules 14–15; legal adoption 14; substantive compliance 14–15; verbal adoption 14 EULEX Rule of Law mission 122, 123, 128, 132–5, 167 Euro-scepticism: Croatia 44–5, 51–2; Kosovo 122 Europe Agreements 24 European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR) 106, 127, 128, 135 European Commission: monitoring by 24; supranational activism 32 European Integration Partnerships 181 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 104, 184 European Partnership Plan (Kosovo) 128 European Partnerships 25; Albania 93, 95 ‘European perspective’ 28–9 European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 128 European Union see EU European Union Planning Team (EUPT) 128 Europeanization 5–6; by enlargement 6–9; factors mediating transformative power of Europe 175; secessionism and 165–8; ‘shallow’ 177 ‘Europeanization East’ 174 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) 57, 59–61, 63 federal systems 166 Feira European Council 24, 28 Index 211 Fischer, Joschka 32 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) 84n1; see also Macedonia Fouere, Erwan 75 France: EIA process in 141 Fuăle, Stefan 32, 51 Germany: and EU enlargement 31–2 Goldstone, Richard 58 Gotovina, Ante 48, 49–50, 65–6, 179 governance: models of 157 Greece: and Macedonian name issue 31, 33, 74, 84n1 Habsburg Empire 41, 47 Haekerupp, Hans 131 Hahm, Hongjoo 44 HDZ (Croatian Democratic Union) 41–3; ‘Christian-Democratized’ 49; democratization 176; and EU membership 49, 51; and Homeland War 48; and ICTY 50; and Krajina Serbs 46; and market reforms 44 Helsinki European Council 28, 124 Homeland War 48–9 Hoxha, Enver 182 HSS (Croatian Peasant Party) 44 Hudson, David 66 Hungary: EIA process in 141 implementation 15, 25, 71–4, 78–9, 97, 183 Index of Economic Freedom 44 infrastructure weakness 12–13 Institute of Hydrology (Sarajevo) 147 institution-building 102, 131–3 institutionalism: rational choice 175–6; sociological 175–6 institutions: formal supporting 175 Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) 5, 27, 94, 131, 181 Instrument for Stability 131 integration capacity 32–3 International Civilian Office (ICO) 128 International Civilian Representative (ICR) 132 International Criminal Court (ICC) 160 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), cooperation with 25; Croatia 45, 46, 48–50, 179; Montenegro 61, 66; Serbia see Serbian cooperation with ICTY International Monetary Fund: and Kosovo 131 Iraq 134 irredentism: in Balkans today 161–2; conceptualizing 159–60; escaping 161; redeeming 161 Italy: EIA process in 141 Jandrokovic´, Gordan 51 JHA 22, 24, 25 Josipovic´, I v o50 JSO 60, 61 judicial capacity 102, 103; change in 106–9; indicators (by country) 110; measurement 102 judicial impartiality 103; indicators (by country) 111; measurement 103; persistence in 109–17 Judicial Reform Strategy (Serbia) 106 Judiciary Chapter 49–50 Jurcˇic´, Ljubo 44 justice and home affairs (JHA) 22, 24, 25 K-FOR 128 Karadzˇic´, Radovan 61, 67 Kok, Wim 61 Kontakt Plus 147, 149 Kosor, Jadranka 43, 50 Kosovo 121–36; Albanians in 133; conceptualizing role of EU in 124–5; Constitution 132; Constitutional Framework 126, 132; corruption 132, 133; as de facto state 162; declaration of independence 68, 121, 122, 132, 159, 163; economic recovery 130–1; elections 133; ethnic Serbs in 132, 133; EU consensus on non-recognition 165; EU membership prospective 184; EU presence in 121–4, 127–9, 182–3; Euro as currency 121, 130; Euroscepticism 122; foreign presence in 125–7; funding for judicial reforms 104; indictments for conflict in 62; institutionbuilding 131–3; law enforcement 132–3; limits of EU’s role as state-builder 129–35; mediation 164–5; organized crime 132, 168; political stability 133–4; population transfers 163; Protection Corps 128; recognition issue 122, 163; refugee return 127; riots (2004) 127, 161; secession 158, 160, 167; secessionist sentiment 163, 167; security provision 134–5; Serbia and status of 54, 67, 68, 135, 163; situation 212 Index deterioration 57; status of relations between EU and 4; ‘supervised independence’ 167; trade links 131; unemployment 130 Kosovo Assembly 132 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) 128 Kosovo Police Service 125 Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 134 Kosovo Trust Agency (KTA) 126, 130 Kosˇtunica, Vojislav 55, 58–9, 60, 62–4, 66–7 Krajina 41, 46, 162 Kruljac, Mladen 43 Kuchma, Leonid 116 League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) 57 legacies: historical 9, 10 Liaison Offices (Kosovo) 128 Lokalna Inicijativa Razvoja (LIR) 147, 149 Lisbon: Treaty of 32, 33 Ljubljana Bank 50 lobbying 145 Lukic´, Sreten 64 Luxembourg European Council 28, 33 Macedonia 70–84; Albanian autonomy in 162; armed conflict (2001) 74, 161; candidate status 29, 74, 173; clientelism in politics 79–83, 182; corruption 82, 84n7; elections see Macedonian elections; ethnic Albanians in 74, 76, 81; EU accession negotiations 29; EU coercion 168; EU membership application 29, 74; mediation 164, 167; power-sharing 161; secessionist sentiment 167; ‘Spillover Mission’ 163; status of relations between EU and 4; trade links with Kosovo 131; unemployment 80 Macedonian elections 70–84, 182; domestic obstacles 75–9; electoral administration 77–8; Electoral Code implementation and respect 78–9; EU conditionality and 74–5; irregularities 77–8; legal framework 76–7 Madrid European Council 86 Magistrates’ School (Albania) 107 Malta 22 Markacˇ, Mladen 50 mediation 164–5 member state preferences 31 Milosˇovic´, Slobodan 55, 57–9, 68, 106, 161; end of regime 100, 106; EU stance against regime 176; extradition 59 Ministry of Interior (Albania) 99 Mitrovica 133, 158, 161, 165, 168 Mladic´, Ratko 61, 66, 67–8, 179 Moldova: corruption 116; funding for judicial reforms 104; judicial capacity indicators 108, 110; judicial capacity reform 107; judicial impartiality indicators 111, 115; judicial impartiality reform 115–16; organized crime 116 Montenegro: candidate status 29, 173; cooperation with ICTY 61, 66; EU accession negotiations 29; EU membership application 29; independence 69n3, 166; mediation 164; secession 158, 160, 162, 167; status of relations between EU and Moratinos, Miguel Angel 51 Municipal Election Councils (MECs) 76–7, 78, 80, 81, 82 narrative: surrounding enlargement 33–4 nation: preoccupation with 45–6 National Council for the cooperation with the ICTY 63 National Judicial Reform Strategy (Serbia) 106 National Judicial Training Institute (Serbia) 106 National Pact on Justice (Albania) 108 National Strategy for the Fight Against Organized Crime (Serbia) 112 nationalism 10, 11; Croatia 39, 47–9, 51, 52 Nations in Transit report 113 NATO: air campaign against Serbia 57, 58; and Kosovo 121, 122, 128, 133, 134; and Macedonia 167 neoliberal economic policies: limits 43–5 Netherlands 49, 61–2, 67, 68 norm entrepreneurs 176 Northern Mitrovica 133, 163, 165 OECD: official development assistance database (ODA) 104 Ohrid Framework Agreement 74, 76, 161, 162–3, 164, 167 Orange Revolution 108–9, 115–16 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 82; commitments and Index 213 standards 70, 75, 79; and Kosovo 123, 125–6; Long-term Mission to Macedonia 163; ODIHR 72, 76, 77–8 organized crime 11; Albania 113; Bulgaria 114–15; Kosovo 132, 168; Moldova 116; Romania 114; Serbia 109, 112, 168 PDSRSG 125–6 personnel management rules 87, 90–1, 93 PHARE programme (Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their Economies) 24, 94, 104 Piran Bay 50 PISG see Provisional Institutions for Self Government post-communist transformation 6–9 potential candidate status 28 power-sharing systems 166 Principal Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General 125–6 privatization 42 Prodi, Roman 32 Progress Reports 24–5; Croatia 50, 52; Serbia 56 Provisional Institutions for Self Government (PISG) 121, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131–2 public opinion: shifts in support for enlargement 33 pyramid schemes 91 Racˇan, Ivica 47–8 REC questionnaire data 142–9; activities 143–4; concerns with 142–3; factors 143; funding 144–6; qualitative data 147–9 Reding, Viviane 43 reformist elites: strength 9–10 refugee return 25; Croatia 46, 47, 50; Kosovo 127 regional approaches 5, 47, 56 regional cooperation 25; Croatia and 46–8 Regional Environmental Centre (REC) 139; see also REC questionnaire data Rehn, Olli 32, 66, 75 reinforcement by reward 5, 175, 180 Republika Srpska (RS) 149–51, 158, 161, 163, 164 reunification of Europe 26, 33 Roads Directorate (RS) 151 Romania: corruption 114; EU accession negotiations 29; EU admission as premature 33; exclusion from EU enlargement 30; funding for judicial reforms 104; judicial capacity indicators 109, 110; judicial capacity reform 107; judicial impartiality indicators 111; judicial impartiality reform 114; organized crime 114; twinning projects 108 Rugova, Ibrahim 133 rule internalization 105 rule of law development 101–18; arguments against EU approach 117–18; defining dimensions of rule of law 102–4; degrees of EU conditionality on 104–5; EU role 104–5; donors’ role 104; see also judicial capacity; judicial impartiality Russia: and Moldova 116; and Serbia 163 Sanader, Ivo 43, 49 Sandzˇak 161, 163 Schengen area: visa-free access to 27, 68 SDP (Social Democratic Party) (Croatia) 44, 50 SDSM (Socijaldemokratski sojuz na Makedonija) (Macedonia) 76, 81 secession: violence and 164 secessionism 13, 20, 157–68; challenge in Balkans 160–5; conceptualizing 158–60; as conflict cause 160; Europeanization and 165–8; factors favourable to Europeanization 160–2; factors impeding to Europeanization 163–5; way ahead 168 Security Information Agency (BIA) 64 Serbia 54–69; candidate status 29, 56; Constitutional Charter 65; cooperation with ICTY see Serbian cooperation with ICTY; corruption 112; diasporas 165; differential empowerment 179; domestic constellations of power 60–1; EU allies’ strengthening 67–8; EU coercion 167–8; EU membership application 29, 56, 68; EU sanctions against 57; financial institutions membership 59; funding for judicial reforms 104; Interim Trade Agreement 67–8; international media 112–13; judicial capacity indicators 109, 110; judicial capacity reform 106–7; judicial impartiality indicators 109, 111; judicial impartiality reform 109, 112–13; NATO air campaign against 57, 58; organized crime 109, 112, 168; secessionist sentiment 167; State Security Forces 60; status of relations 214 Index between EU and 4; uniting of opposition 58–9 Serbian cooperation with ICTY 54–69, 179; 1993–2000 57–8; 2000–3 58–62; 2003–8 62–7; 2008–12 67–8; analytical framework 55–6; compliance facilitation 60–2; increased leverage and increased compliance 65–7; non-cooperation 57–8; reluctant cooperation 62–5; specific condition for 55–6; uneasy relationship 58–9 Sˇ esˇelj, Vojislav 59 ‘shadow of hierarchy’ 139, 140, 150, 153 shipbuilding 43–4 SIGMA 87, 97, 100n2 SIPAR 92 Slavonia 162 Slovenia: and Croatia accession 31, 50; EU consensus on non-recognition 165; mediation 164; referendum on border with Croatia 33; secession 159, 162, 167 SMI (Socialist Movement for Integration) (Albania) 98 SNP (Serbian Progressive Party) 67, 68 SNP (Socialist Peoples Party) (Montenegro) 59 Socialist Movement for Integration (SMI) (Albania) 98 Sohlstrom, Torbjorn 128 Solana, Javier 128 South Korea 44 Southeast Europe (SEE) 20n1 Southern Serbia 158, 161, 162–3, 164, 165, 168 sovereignty: contested 12, 20, 159, 166; domestic 178; international 178 SP (Socialist Party) (Albania) 91, 97 Special Operations Unit (JSO) 60, 61 Specialised Prosecutor for Organised Crime 112 Special Representative of the Secretary General 125–6 SPS (Socialist Party of Serbia) 57–8, 59, 62, 67, 68 Srebenica 61, 164 SRS (Serbian Radical Party) 59, 62, 64, 66–7, 68 SRSG 125–6 stability: promotion 184 Stability Pact 59, 181 Stabilization and Association Agreements (SAAs) 3, 22, 181; Albania 93–4, 95; Croatia 42, 49; Macedonia 74, 167, 182; as modelled on European Agreements 24; Montenegro 65, 66; Serbia 54, 55, 62, 65–6, 67–8 Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) 3, 22–34, 104, 181; experience with CEE countries 23–5, 174–5; cooperation with ICTY and 56; dangers of comparison with CEE 25–31; enlargement supply side shifts 31–4; implementation assessment 26–7 Stabilization and Association Process Dialogue (SAPD) Stabilization and Association Process Tracking Mechanism (STM) 4, 128 Standards for Kosovo 131 state: constitutive features 166; weakness 13, 20, 142, 150, 166 state-building 13, 174; EU in 180–3 state-capacity 17, 54–5, 140, 149, 174 State Election Commission (SEC) 72, 76, 77, 78–9, 82–3 statehood see stateness stateness 6, 177–80; breaks of 11–13; Croatia 46–51; moving beyond formal adoption 178–9; and progress towards EU accession 179–80 Strategy for Recovery and Growth (Albania) 92 Strategy for State Institution and Public Administration Reform (SIPAR) 92 structure: Croatia 40–5; weight of 10–11 supranational activism 32 Supreme Cassation Court (Serbia) 106 Tadic´, Boris 63, 64, 68, 165 TAIEX 181 Thessaloniki Agenda for the Western Balkans 25, 27, 121, 127–8, 136; key elements 25 Thessaloniki European Council 24, 28 Topolanek, Mirek 75 Treaty of Lisbon 32, 33 Tud-man, Franjo 41, 46, 47, 48, 161, 176 Turkey 22, 28, 49; referenda on accession 33 twinning 25, 104, 181 Ukraine: corruption 116; funding for judicial reforms 104; judicial capacity indicators 108, 110; judicial capacity reform 107; judicial impartiality indicators 111, 115; judicial impartiality reform 115–16; media 116; Orange Revolution 108–9, 115–16 Index 215 UN: and Kosovo 122 UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) 122, 125 unemployment: Croatia 41, 42, 44, 45; Kosovo 130; Macedonia 80 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 140 United Nations Mission in Kosovo see UNMIK United States see US UNMIK 121, 123, 125–7, 128, 129–33, 135; structure 125–6 US: influence in Kosovo 128–9 US Agency for International Development 129 Van Rompuy, Herman 39 Verheugen, Guănther 32 veto players 105, 116, 117, 175, 1767 violence 10, 11; inter-ethnic 127; secession and 164 visa facilitation 27 Vojvodina 161, 163 Voronin, Vladimir 109 vote-buying 80 voter intimidation 79, 81, 82 War Crimes Prosecutor 112 war politics 42 Western Balkan countries: progress towards EU membership 29–31; status of relations between EU and Western Balkans: definition 20n1 Western Macedonia 158, 161, 163, 165 Wigwam 147 World Bank: and Albania 92, 96–7; and Kosovo 131; Rule of Law aggregate indicators 101 Youth Association of Scientific Research of Republika Srpska 147, 148, 149 Yugoslavia (former): disintegration 10 Zagreb Summit (2000) 28 .. .European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans This book investigates the scope and limitations of the transformative power of European Union enlargement in the Western Balkans... for the European Integration Office, Government of the Republic of Serbia Acknowledgements The idea of investigating the impact of the European Union in the new candidates in the Western Balkans... strategy in the Western Balkans By drawing parallels with the frame of enlargement utilized in CEE, the chapter emphasizes the ambiguous nature of the EU commitment in the Western Balkans, and the increasing