Edited by Belaid Rettab · Kamel Mellahi Practising CSR in the Middle East Practising CSR in the Middle East Belaid Rettab • Kamel Mellahi Editors Practising CSR in the Middle East Editors Belaid Rettab Economic Research and Sustainable Business Development Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry Dubai, United Arab Emirates Kamel Mellahi Centre for Responsible Business Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry Dubai, United Arab Emirates ISBN 978-3-030-02043-9 ISBN 978-3-030-02044-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02044-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960937 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Introduction 1 Belaid Rettab and Kamel Mellahi Part I CSR in the Middle East: Theoretical, Conceptual, and Empirical Issues 9 2 Corporate Social Responsibility: An Outline of Key Concepts, Trends, and Theories 11 Jędrzej George Frynas and Camila Yamahaki 3 CSR in the Middle East: From Philanthropy to Modern CSR 39 Kamel Mellahi and Belaid Rettab 4 CSR Logics in the Middle East 53 Dima Jamali and Mohamad Hossary v vi Contents Part II CSR Practices in the Middle East 81 5 SWFs and Corporate Social Responsibility 83 Christine Bischoff and Geoff Wood 6 CSR and Corporate Performance with Special Reference to the Middle East101 Belaid Rettab and Kamel Mellahi 7 Supporting National Responsibilities in the Quest to Achieve an International Agenda: An Exploratory Case Study from the UAE119 Kamal Al Yammahi, Vijay Pereira, and Yama Temouri 8 Gender Equality and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Middle East161 Nicolina Kamenou-Aigbekaen 9 CSR in the Middle East: From a Philanthropic Model to a Social Investment Approach—The Case of Manzil185 Ayesha Saeed Husaini Index205 List of Contributors Kamal Al Yammahi University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Christine Bischoff Wits City Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Jędrzej George Frynas Open University Business School, Milton Keynes, UK Mohamad Hossari American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Ayesha Saeed Husaini MANZIL, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dima Jamali Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Nicolina Kamenou-Aigbekaen College of Business, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Kamel Mellahi Centre for Responsible Business, Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Vijay Pereira University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Belaid Rettab Economic Research and Sustainable Business Development, Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Yama Temouri Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates vii viii List of Contributors Geoff Wood Essex Business School, Colchester, UK Camila YamahakiCentre for Sustainability Studies at Fundaỗóo Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Notes on Contributors Kamal Al Yammahi started his career as a military employee for five years, during which he pursued his education studying civil engineering in the higher colleges of technology Since 2009, he has been working in the UAE federal government in areas related to strategic planning, organizational development, organizational excellence, and policymaking He is working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in the area of international cooperation policy Al Yammahi holds a masters in International Business from the University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD) and is pursuing his doctorate degree in the same university Christine Bischoff is Manager and Researcher, Wits City Institute, University of the Witwatersrand She holds a Master of Arts in Industrial Sociology from the University of the Witwatersrand and her articles have been published widely in journals such as the International Labour Review and Work and Occupations, contributing various chapters to books on COSATU, including COSATU in Crisis: The Fragmentation of an African Trade Union Federation (2015) and Labour Beyond COSATU: Mapping the Rupture in South Africa’s Labour Landscape (2017) Jędrzej George Frynas is Professor of Strategic Management at the Open University Business School in the UK. George has written extensively on topics in corporate social responsibility (CSR), strategic management, and international business He has a passion for research on developing/emerging economies and has a specialist interest in the oil and gas sector He is the author or co-author of five books, including Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility—Oil Multinationals and Social Challenges (Cambridge University Press, 2009) and Global Strategic Management (3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2014), and his articles have been published in leading scholarly journals such as the Journal of Management, Strategic Management Journal, International Journal of Management Reviews and African Affairs He provided expert advice to firms and public sector organizations, including Oxford Analytica, Ernst & Young, and the UK’s Department for International development List of Contributors ix Mohamad Hossary is a graduate student at the American University of Beirut, specializing in business analytics, the domain that focuses on data science, machine learning, as well as their business impact His professional work includes several projects that apply data science techniques to several domains including cryptocurrency, road safety, data-oriented digital marketing, and logistics In the academic world, Mohamad has contributed to several textbooks and case studies, as well as research papers that deal with strategy, management, and education These publications are supplemented by the research support work that Mohamad has done as a graduate assistant at the American University of Beirut Ayesha Saeed Husaini is the Founder and Director of Manzil, a Sharjah-based non-profit centre focusing on the educational, social, and vocational inclusion of persons with disability Husaini holds a PhD from the University of Sheffield, UK. She has over two decades of experience of working with disability and has in-depth knowledge of assessing and working with individuals with a range of learning differences Husaini is a regular speaker at numerous conferences and exhibitions She has also played a pivotal role in the set-up and development of a number of social initiatives Husaini serves as a member in the Dubai Community Development Authority Advocacy Committee and the Advisory Board of AccessAbilities Expo 2017, besides serving on the advisory boards of a few educational institutions Dima Jamali is Professor of Management and Kamal Shair Endowed Chair in Responsible Leadership at the Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut She holds a PhD in Social Policy and Administration from the University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. Her research and teaching revolve primarily around CSR and social entrepreneurship (SE) She is the author and/or editor of three books (CSR in the Middle East; SE in the Middle East; and CSR in Developing Countries), and over 50 international publications, focusing on different aspects of CSR and SE in the Middle East, all appearing in top journals, including Journal of Business Ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly, and British Journal of Management She is the winner of the 2010 Shoman Prize for best young Arab researcher and a member of the Eisenhower Fellows, a global network of leading professionals committed to collaborate for a more prosperous, just, and peaceful world Dima served as an expert consultant on projects funded by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Economic and Social Commission of Western Asia (ESCWA), the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the International Development Research Centre of Canada (IDRC) x List of Contributors Nicolina Kamenou-Aigbekaen is a professor of International Human Resource Management and has been employed at the College of Business at Zayed University since August 2016 Before that, she was employed at HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh, UK, since 2002 In 2014, she was seconded to Heriot-Watt’s Dubai campus (January 2014–August 2016) She also worked in the Scottish Government as a senior research officer in the Social Justice department (as a secondment from Heriot-Watt University) in 2005 She was a lecturer and tutor at Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, UK, whilst conducting her PhD studies (1999–2002) Nicolina’s research interests lie in the areas of international human resource management, diversity management, cross-cultural management, human rights, career management, and organisational sociology She is looking at cross-cultural issues surrounding HR policies and practices and conducting research on work-life balance and gender in the Middle Eastern context She is an academic fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) in the UK and a reviewer for a number of HRM journals as well as an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) grants reviewer Kamel Mellahi is a Senior Manager at Dubai Chamber—Centre for Responsible Business He is an expert on CSR strategies in emerging markets economies He has received many accolades and honours for his work on CSR. He has authored/edited eight books including Global Strategic Management (Oxford University Press), The Ethical Business (Palgrave), The Oxford Handbook Talent Management (Oxford University Press), Human Resource Management in the Middle East (Routledge), and over 100 scientific papers in top-tier scientific journals such as Strategic Management Journal, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Management, and Journal of Management Studies He serves as a Senior Editor for the Journal of World Business and Consulting Editor for the British Journal of Management He is a previous (co)-Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Management Reviews Vijay Pereira is Associate Dean of Research and Professor of Strategic and International HRM at the UOWD, UAE. He is also the Associate Editor (Strategic Management and Organisation Behaviour), Journal of Business Research Pereira is an adjunct at Portsmouth University, UK, and a visiting scholar at Manchester University, UK. He has wide-ranging exposure in industry, consultancy, and academia, has exposure working in several countries in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, and has been a consultant to the UK and Indian governments Pereira’s efforts have been recognized by the United Nations (UN) recently Index1 A Abu Dhabi, 84, 92 Accountability, 13, 14, 55, 69, 132, 189 Africa, 17, 19, 46, 89, 92 Agency theory, 26, 29, 105 Algeria, 42 Algerian, 41 Altruistic-driven philanthropy, 40 Anglo-Saxon, 17 Arab Institute of Business Leaders, 65, 67 Argentina, 17 Asia Pacific, 12 Assumptive Logics, 5, 57–60, 75 A’taa, 40 B Bahrain, 62, 64, 65, 172 Belgium, 17 Beneficence, Benevolence, 2, 3, 41 Brazil, 25 Brent Spar, 17 Business angel, 88 The Business Case Logic, 68, 69 Business model, 24, 25, 106, 135, 136, 140 C Cadbury, 12 Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct, 22 Capitalism, 13, 15 Capital markets, 16, 203 Central Asia, 172 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2019 B Rettab, K Mellahi (eds.), Practising CSR in the Middle East, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02044-6 205 206 Index Chief Executive Officer (CEO), 19, 29 Chinese, 57, 89, 92, 107, 130 Christian, 12 Citigroup, 25, 92 Climate change, 12, 13, 19, 21, 120, 121, 163 CO2 emissions, 63 Community, 3, 4, 6, 17, 20, 27, 29, 30, 42, 43, 47–50, 54, 55, 64–66, 69, 70, 74, 76, 102, 106, 111, 113, 120, 128, 129, 134, 135, 139–141, 143, 147, 153, 155, 163, 165, 186–188, 190, 191, 194–196, 198–199, 201–203 Community Development Authority (CDA), 64 Companies, 12–14, 16–28, 30, 41–44, 46–49, 54–56, 68, 70–74, 92, 94, 106, 122–124, 131, 135, 136, 140, 145, 147–149, 155, 163, 168, 173, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195, 199–203 Concepts, 2–5, 12–30, 43, 45, 54, 56, 68, 72, 105, 125, 162, 170, 175, 186–189, 192, 193 The Confederation of Moroccan Enterprises, 67, 71 Coordinated market economy, 15, 16, 28 Corporate citizenship (CC), 6, 13, 14, 55, 56, 71, 103, 163, 186, 188–192, 195–198, 200–203 Corporate irresponsibility, 103 Corporate performance, 15, 102–114 Corporate reputation, 102, 104, 105, 112 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), 2–6, 12–30, 40–50, 54–76, 84–96, 123–126, 123n4, 129, 131, 135, 136, 140, 145, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 162–178, 186–203 CSR-Corporation, 58 CSR-Family, 58 CSR-Market, 58 CSR-Profession, 58 CSR-Religion, 58 CSR reporting, 12, 16, 74 CSR-State, 58 Corporate social responsiveness, 14 Corporate strategy, 22–25, 43, 45–47, 104 Corruption, 2, 3, 46, 57, 66 Crowdfunding, 84 CSR, see Corporate Social Responsibility D Diversity, 25, 57, 61, 74, 109, 162–170, 172, 174, 176, 177, 193, 198 Divest, 95 Dubai, 6, 44, 48–50, 64, 74, 87, 102, 103, 109, 113, 190, 193, 194, 200, 201 Dumyé, 44 Dutch, 17, 18 E Eastern Europe, 172 Eco-friendly, 23, 24 Index Economic crisis, 89, 94, 198 Economic growth, 56, 66, 87, 104, 107, 122n3, 132, 144, 154 Egypt, 41, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73 Emerging economies, 12, 24, 88–90, 104, 105, 107–114 Emirati, 44, 192 Empathy, 2, 192, 193 Employee commitment, 102, 104, 110–112 Environmental disclosure, 27, 29 Environmental management, 12, 18, 20, 21 Environmental reporting, 65 Environmental sustainability, 24, 122, 197 Equal opportunities (EO), 165–167 Ethical, 6, 12, 16, 26, 55, 56, 84–88, 90, 93–95, 163, 169, 187, 189, 196 Ethical code of conduct, 12 Ethics, 59 Ethiopia, 89 Etisalat Group, 13, 30 European Commission, 13, 54 European Union, 13 F Fairness, 2, 169 FDI, 66 FDI metrics, 66 Financial crisis, 17, 89, 91 Financial performance, 55, 102, 104, 105, 107–110, 168, 169, 174, 197 207 France, 15–17, 41 G GCC, 5, 42, 44, 46, 61–65, 70, 73–76, 107 Gender, 6, 63, 121, 121n2, 129, 132, 136, 141, 144, 154, 156, 162–178 Gender equality, 63, 132, 141, 144, 154, 162–178 Generalized Assumptive Logics, 57, 58, 60 Germany, 15, 16, 144 Global Compact, 20, 21, 67, 134, 139 Global gender gap report, 172 Globalization, 55, 73, 88 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 18, 20, 21, 30 Greek, Greenpeace, 18 Gross national product (GNP), 122 H Hamoud Boualem, 41 Hedge funds, 84, 86, 88, 90 HRM, see Human Resource Management Human Development Index (HDI), 5, 61–63, 65–67, 69–76 Human Resource Management (HRM), 22, 23, 162, 163, 166, 175, 178 Human rights, 13, 20–22, 91, 92, 94, 120, 125, 142, 188 208 Index I Iftar, 44 India, 12, 25, 57, 107, 130 Inequality, 3, 66, 106, 121, 121n2, 132, 170, 171, 175, 194 Institutional theory, 26–28, 76, 105, 123, 125 International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), 22 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 20, 21, 30 Invisible hand, Iran, 61, 65, 70, 72, 74, 75 Iraq, 62, 67 Islam, 3n1, 72–74, 173 Islamic, 3n1, 12, 30, 40, 41, 73, 74 Islamic endowments (Waqf ), 41 Islamic ethical values, 16 Islamic philanthropic CSR, 73 J Japan, 15, 16 Jordan, 65, 69, 73–75 K KPMG, 12, 46 Kuwait Investment Authority, 84 Liberal market economy, 15, 28 Libya, 42, 62, 70 M McKinsey Global Survey, 19 Meta-Analysis, 108, 168 Microsoft, 64, 65, 195 Middle East, 3–6, 13, 19, 30, 40–50, 54–76, 84, 102–114, 156, 162–178, 186–203 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 5, 55, 58, 59, 61–69, 71–76, 172 Middle Eastern, 3, 5, 6, 40–47, 50, 54, 55, 58, 59, 63, 72, 74, 84, 163, 164, 170, 173, 176, 177 Millennium Development Goals (MGDs), 121, 121n2, 122, 129, 133, 140, 142, 171 Morality, 2, 166 Morocco, 46, 62, 67, 71, 72, 74–76 Mozambique, 89 Multinational company (MNCs), 12, 13, 18, 27, 28, 68–71, 74, 75, 173, 174, 188 Muslim, 3, 3n1, 73, 74, 173, 176 N L Latin America, 19, 172 Lebanon, 16, 57, 65, 66, 69, 73, 75 Legal system, 16, 67, 163 Legitimacy theory, 26, 28 National business systems (NBS), 57, 58 NGO, see Non-Governmental Organizations, 65 NGPF‐G, 93, 94 Nigeria, 16, 17, 57 Index 209 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 22, 45, 46, 65, 67, 70, 71, 102 Non-renewable energy, 120 Norway, 17, 85, 86, 93–95, 177 Norwegian Central Bank, 93 Private equity, 84, 86, 88, 90 Procter & Gamble, 25 Profit maximization, 3, 104, 163 Public Investment Corporation, 84, 87 O Q Oman, 61, 62, 64, 65, 70, 73, 75 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 21, 122 Organizations, 6, 14, 18–21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 40, 42–47, 49, 57, 59, 61, 63–65, 73, 110, 123–126, 128–134, 137, 144, 145, 150, 154, 162, 163, 166, 167, 169, 173–178, 189, 191, 194–196, 198–203 Qur’an, 16 P S Palestine, 62, 67, 76 Partnership, 64–66, 121, 121n2, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 153, 154, 189, 191, 193–198, 200, 202 Patents, 23, 24 Philanthropy, 5, 17, 20, 23, 27, 29, 40–47, 50, 65, 72–74, 102, 103, 113, 135, 140, 186, 188–190, 194, 202, 203 Poverty, 3, 13, 20, 24, 25, 56, 64, 66, 70, 121, 121n2, 122, 128, 131, 132, 137, 140, 142, 143, 171 SABIC, 13, 30 Sadakat, Santiago Principles, 91 Saudi Arabia, 62, 71, 73, 75, 173, 174 Saudi Aramco, 18 Saudi Public Investment Fund, 92 Self-interest, 2, 3, 46, 188 Selfish, 2, Sharia, 3, 3n1, 73, 74 Shell, 18 Singapore, 85, 89 R Ramadan, 44 Regulations, 14, 16, 55, 65, 67, 73, 74, 90–91, 107, 123, 124, 135, 137, 169, 171, 200 Regulatory regime, 16 Resource-based view, 26, 29 Resource dependence theory (RDT), 26, 29 210 Index Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), 17, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76 Smith, Adam, Social constructionist, 164, 177 SONATRACH, 42 South Africa’s Public Investment Corporation, 84, 87 South Korea, 12, 15–17 Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), 6, 84–96 Stakeholder, 2, 3, 15, 16, 18, 19, 26, 27, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 68–70, 75, 84, 85, 95, 96, 102, 105, 106, 108–110, 112, 113, 123, 132, 143, 144, 146, 147, 154, 155, 162, 163, 168, 174, 187, 189, 191, 192, 194, 197, 201, 202 Stakeholder theory, 3, 26, 27, 105 Standard Chartered Bank, 25 State led market economy, 15, 16 Sudan, 67 Sultanate Oman, 61, 62, 64, 70, 73, 75 Sustainability, 4, 6, 13, 17–19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 46, 47, 49, 65, 66, 69, 85, 106, 120, 122, 128–143, 145, 147–156, 163, 186, 189, 193, 195, 197, 202, 203 Sustainable development, 6, 14, 22, 64, 66, 70, 89, 104, 122, 122n3, 128, 131–133, 137, 138, 140, 156 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 121–129, 131–151, 153–156, 171 T Technological innovation, 23 Theories, 3–5, 12–30, 76, 105, 123, 125 Tunisia, 62, 65, 67 Turkey, 61, 62, 65, 70, 72, 74, 75 U UAE Ministry of Economy, 64 Unilever, 25 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 4, 6, 44, 45, 47, 62, 64, 65, 71, 102, 103, 107, 109, 120–156, 172, 186, 189–194, 196, 197, 200, 202, 203 United Kingdom (UK), 15, 17, 44, 86, 156, 165, 165n1, 173, 177 United National Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs), United Nation Millennium Declaration, 121 United Nations (UN), 20, 21, 47, 67, 121, 121n2, 122, 126, 129, 133–135, 139, 142, 145, 154, 171, 189 United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), 20, 21, 134, 139, 140, 145, 150, 154 United States of America (USA), 15, 24, 85, 89, 91, 165, 177 V Volunteering, 47, 49, 186, 190, 192, 195 Index W Western Assumptive Logics of CSR, 5, 75 Work-life balance, 20, 29, 170 Workplace, 6, 49, 106, 113, 162, 164–170, 172, 174–176, 193, 196 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 54 World Giving Index, 44 Y Year of Giving, 190 Z Zakat, 3, 3n1, 41 211 ... books (CSR in the Middle East; SE in the Middle East; and CSR in Developing Countries), and over 50 international publications, focusing on different aspects of CSR and SE in the Middle East, .. .Practising CSR in the Middle East Belaid Rettab • Kamel Mellahi Editors Practising CSR in the Middle East Editors Belaid Rettab Economic Research and Sustainable Business Development... steam in the region The chapter discusses the significant developments in the field of CSR since the early 2000s Chapter by Dima Jamali and Mohamad Hossary examines CSR Logics in the Middle East They