SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Showcasing Tomorrow MIKE BARLOW CORNELIA LÉVY-BENCHETON Copyright © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the Web at www copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/ permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993, or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is Available: ISBN 9781119516187 (Hardcover) ISBN 9781119516217 (ePDF) ISBN 9781119516200 (ePub) Cover Design: Burt Myers Cover Image: © mikkelwilliam/iStockphoto Printed in the United States of America 10 For Janine, Paul, and Elliot CONTENTS ix Foreword Di-Ann Eisnor Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xxi Thomas Müller Chapter Cities of Our Dreams Chapter Data Cities 29 Chapter Cities in Motion 51 Chapter Forces of Attraction 77 Chapter Human-Centered Design 97 Chapter Citizens in the Loop 115 Chapter We Decide 125 Chapter Smart Nation 145 Chapter Paint a Bull’s-Eye on Them 161 Chapter 10 Finding a Balance 181 Chapter 11 Deceptive Complexity 199 Appendix A Organizations and Councils 217 Appendix B Conferences and Events 231 vii viii SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Glossary 235 Recommended Reading 243 Meet Our Expert Sources 247 About the Authors 289 Index 291 FOREWORD Authors Mike Barlow and Cornelia Lévy-Bencheton have distilled hundreds of ideas, sources, technologies, and dreams into a thoughtful showcase of tomorrow Much of the information is widely available, but their analysis, synthesis, and narrative make this a foundational guide for all of us And we need it Within the next 20 years, 70 percent of the world’s population will be living in cities The exponential change will be staggering Designing and operating smarter cities is not just a movement—it is the inevitable shape of our future and the culture we are capable of building together It will take an ecosystem—government, citizens, companies, and academics—to make sure that we this right and hold each other accountable We have an opportunity to reimagine our cities and our lives in a way that is more equitable, more just, more sustainable, and just plain happier But we need to it now and make sure that new exponential technologies and governing bodies are of service and enhance the quality of life of our citizens As with all change, it will be uncomfortable Citizens will demand transparency, higher levels of service, and quality ix x SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE of life And they will be able to compare their services to their neighbors and to residents of other cities across the globe Today, lack of trust is one of the largest barriers to massive collaboration We assume that each person and entity has an agenda We’ve learned that it is hard to trust across borders or outside of our groups But one of the most exciting aspects of transformative technologies is the ability to delegate trust across decentralized networks It will become much harder to incentivize people for actions that are not in the common interest When we don’t have to worry about trust, we can focus on what we can achieve That level of collaboration has never been seen before and will be a powerful force in design and co-creation We are seeing an emerging cultural shift in which technology is the supportive tool set The key questions are: How we make tools that allow all of these cities and citizens to improve quality of life, and how we scale citizen engagement and participation, so we can define and measure quality of life? That’s what really matters Governments, private companies, and citizens will all need to work together to design these platforms, and to provide knowledge, outreach, and tools that are distributed, decentralized, and available to all The work that lies ahead is hard and it requires radical adaptability As an entrepreneur, urbanist, and investor, I’m inspired by the seeds of the platforms outlined in this book They SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE xi speak to supporting citizens, citizen experience, and human-centered design DigiTel, Tel Aviv’s innovative citizen information platform, is a good example of the kind of people-focused technology we need The goal of DigiTel is helping people to become more engaged with their city and its services It helps residents form deeper and stronger emotional connections with the urban environment around them As a dreamer, I knew from the opening page that I would love this book I don’t think Blade Runner, I think Shambhala If we imagine it, we can build it And I nodded vigorously at every chapter, especially the book’s opener… El Dorado, Atlantis, Shambhala, Avalon, Xanadu, and Shangri-La Those fabled places inspire our dreams They are fantasies that nourish our imagination, spark our curiosity and embolden us to envision what could be… This book approaches the smart city from the perspective of the human spirit … This is a book for dreamers and visionaries We invite you to dream along with us and to imagine the world your children and grandchildren will inhabit As a technologist, I know that our future urban systems will bridge data, provide insights, and be more efficient and transparent, but I feel a heavy responsibility to be a wise steward of these technologies and ensure that they are working for the people and designed with the people I started the US office of Waze nine years ago, underestimating the impact we would have on mobility and ultimately xii SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE on city operations One Friday night in 2012, I got a call from the White House during Superstorm Sandy There was a fuel shortage on Staten Island, N.Y Motorists were waiting in lines for three to four hours The government asked for our help in collecting citizen data For the first time ever, we sent a push notification to all Wazers in the area asking for information on which gas stations had power, which had fuel, and how long the lines were By the next day, we had thousands of responses that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) could use to figure out where to send fuel trucks That fundamentally changed my perception of what we were creating It inspired the launch of the Waze Connected Citizens program to share data on incidents, traffic, events, and construction between Waze and city partners Since then, we’ve worked with over 650 cities, trying to help them use data as infrastructure Our data has been used to improve emergency response times (e.g., in the United States, 70 percent of crashes are reported through Waze before they’re reported through 911), close the loop on citizen problems, such as potholes and speed limit changes, redefine waste management and snowplow routes, and reduce congestion In harnessing the insights of millions of Wazers, we have evolved from a traffic app to a change agent in traffic and mobility innovation One of our biggest successes came during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro The city needed to accommodate a million visitors in an area that was already famously congested We created an ad hoc team of Waze 292 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE B Barandiaran, Xabier E Fernández, 127–129, 248–249 Barcelona, 135, 142, 200 22@District, 140–142 chamfered corners, 12f City Council Social Rights Area, Vincles BCN program, 136–137 Decidim, 126–129 Fira Barcelona, 232 Laboratory for Democratic Innovation, Decidim development, 126 projects, execution (dimensions), 132–133 Smart City Expo World Congress, 125 status quo, elimination, 129–131 technopolitics, 131–132 Barcelona (Hughes), 244 Barcelona en Comú, 276 Barlow, Mike, 243, 289 Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia, 141–142 Basque Declaration, 228 Bee smart city, 203 Behavioral Design Team (BDT), creation, 100–103 Behavioral science, blending, 100–103 Bellamy, Edward, 245 Berlin, hacking activity, 34–36 Berlin Partner for Business and Technology, 218 Berlin, Smart Country Convention, 233–234 Beyond Transparency (Goldstein/Dyson), 244 Bicing, 236 Big Brother, 85–86 Big data, 61–63, 131, 233 Bikesharing schemes, 212 Bitcoin (cryptocurrency), 181, 236 Blatt, Jeffrey, 195, 250–251 Bliss, Laura, 57 Blockchain, 236 Blockchain Cities Alliance, formation, 65 Blockchain technology, usage, 151 Bloomberg Philanthropies, 137 Booz Allen Hamilton, 267 Bored, The (cyberattacker type), 162–163 Boston Consulting Group, AV study, 60 Botnets, 161 Bragging rights, impact, 78 Brave New World (Huxley), 246 Bria, Francesca, 130–131, 251 British Standards Institution (BSI Group), 218 Brooklyn Technology Triangle, 262 Brown, Anne Elizabeth, 57 Brynjolfsson, Erik, 243 Building and Dwelling (Sennett), 245 Building Research Establishment (BRE), 218–219 Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), 236–237 Buildings, 23 plans, thermal imaging (combination), 38 Buillitt Center (Seattle), 241 Burdett, Ricky, 21, 245 Bureaucreacy, conversion, 147–148 Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), 226 C Cameras, monitoring function, 195 Capital expenditures, involvement, 18 Capital Tower (Singapore), 241 Caro, Robert A., 243 Cars, 58–61 carsharing schemes, 212 Cary (North Carolina), 42–44, 278 Caseworkers, 44–46 Caves of Steel (Asimov), 245 Center for Bits and Atoms (MIT), 222 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Center for Geospatial Innovation of the Fund for the City of New York, 37, 266 Center for Urban Science and Progress (NYU CUSP), 40, 219, 228, 259–260, 262 Cerdà, Ildefons, 11–13, 243 Chamfered corners, 12–13 Change-management procedures, CISO adherence, 176 Chester, Simon, 200, 202 Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 219 Chicago Forum on Global Cities, 231 Chief information officer (CIO), roles, 174–175 Chief information security officer (CISO), roles/procedures, 174–176 Children, protection, 43–46 China Center for Urban Development (CCUD), 219 China Resources Headquarters, 286 Circle Economy, 219 Circular economies, 86–89, 237 Cities, 9–10, 132–133 See also Smart cities 911 visualization systems, operation, 202 budget data, value (increase), 184 change, drivers, 80–81 data mixture/combination, 62–63 energy production, transformation, 210–211 government, scientific approach, 132 health care, provision, 84–85 megacities, number (increase), motion, 51 opportunities/learning experiences, 4–5 smallness, asset, smart status, strategies, 204–206 social dynamism, 25 success, defining, 80–81 video feeds, usage, 202 293 work, future, 90–93 world population concentration, Citizens, 115, 133, 189 citizen-centric focus, impact, 205–206 duties/responsibilities, 196 situational awareness, 165 City Is Not a Tree, A (Alexander), 243 City Protocol, 220 City Tech (UI Labs), 220 City University of New York (CUNY), Accelerated Study in Associate Programs initiative, 100–101 Civic obsession, 30 Civic pride, importance, 67 Clean energy, 237 Climate Capitalism (Cohen), 252 Clinton, Bill/Hillary, 81 Clos, Joan, 245 Cloudera, 62, 277, 282 Co-creation initiatives, 206 Cohen, Boyd, 64–65, 204, 209, 252 Collaborative government, 132–136 Collaborative process, components, 208 Common Object Requirements Broker Architecture (COBRA), 226 Communication technology, rise, 128 Community mobility, 260 Comoodle, 138 Complacency, battle, 65–67 Complete Guide to Knowledge Management (Pasher/Ronen), 245 Complete streets, 66, 237 Conferences, 231–234 Confidentiality, integrity, and availability (C-I-A), 170 Confidentiality, integrity, availability, and safety (C-I-A+S), 170 Congestion, 54–55, 237 monitoring, 202 ridesharing, impact, 55–56 Connectivity, focus, 131 Continuous improvement, 25 294 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Cooperative Cyber Security Defence Centre of Excellance, establishment (NATO), 156 Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (Sydney), 52 Cops, data scientists (impact), 46–48 Councils, list, 217–229 Cradle-to-cradle models, 237 Cradle to grave, 237 Crime, prevention/surveillance, 193–194, 197 Cryptocurrencies, data creation, 181 Cultural changes, support, 211 Currid, Elizabeth, 4, 243 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software, 266 Cyber assets, protection, 170–171 Cyberattacks, 155–156, 172–173 Cybercrime, 162, 178 Cyber-physical infrastructure, design, Cybersecurity, 170–171, 233, 273 challenges, 165–168 management, 168 practices, following, 175–176 Cybersecurity breaches, 161 Cybersecurity by design, 172–174 Cybersecurity Center (NYU), 262 Cybersecurity Program Development for Business (Moschovitis), 273 Cyberspace, concepts/importance, 165, 168 Cyberwarfare capabilities, importance, 168 D Dallas Entrepreneur Center, 279 Dallas Innovation Alliance (DIA), 16, 200, 279 Smart Cities Living Lab, 17, 18 Dash (cryptocurrency), 181 Data, 33, 42–46, 181 See also Big data; Open data balance, 181 centers, integration, 169 city mixture/combination, 62–63 collection/monitoring, usage, 187 collection, questions, 188 data-driven processes, benefits, 33 encryption, 169–170 exchange platform, requirements, 152 feed, 202 impact, 168–170 open-data platforms, usage, 211 people, value (contrast), 170–172 privacy issues, 195 smart cities, relationship, 187–189 Data cities, 29 Data-Distribution Service (DDS), 226 DataDive, usage, 20 Data for good, 182–184 DataKind, 19–20, 182, 183 Data science, 10, 39–40, 44 rise, 39–42 terminology, impact, 33 Data scientists, impact, 46–48 D-CENT (EU) project, 130 Death and Life of Great American Cities, The ( Jacobs), 238, 244 Deceptive complexity, 199 Decidim, 126–129, 131–132, 159 Defense Business Board, 261 Defense, protection (ability), 164 Democracy, updating, 127–129 Desalination plants, water supply, 14 Design thinking, 11, 99f Desperate, The (cyberattacker type), 163 Detroit, initiatives (success), 69 Development Activity Model, creation (Melbourne), 38–39 DevOps, 9, 237 Dickens, Charles, 65 Dick, Phillip K., 246 DigiDog, 123 Digital government (trust), email (usage), 154 Digital inclusion, increase, 211 Digital information, rise, 128 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Digital natives, expectations (shift), 80–81 Digital Social Innovation (DSI), 251 Digital technologies, impact, 24, 240 DigiTel, 122–123, 159 bottom-up innovation, 118 information platform, 116, 117f Residents Club, 281 Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, 167 Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack (Estonia), 155–156 District Action Plan (PAD), 132 District of Columbia, Public Defender Service, 254–255 District-wide trash detection, operation, 202 Do Androids Deam of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 246 Do-it-yourself (DIY) solutions, 200 Drivers, multitasking, 61 Dyson, Lauren, 244 E EBZ Business School, 258 Ecological transition, 133 Ecosystem, creation, 209 Edge, The (Amsterdam), 241 Edition Collective, 279 Education options, implementation, 213 E-government, 146–147 leadership, 148–150 system, impact, 157–158 Eisnor, Di-Ann, 252 EIT Digital, 220 Electromagnetic sensors, usage, 130 Electronic services, usage, 211 Eligibility screener, usage, 106 Ellen MacArthur Foundation, circular economy model, 87 Emergence of the Urban Entrepreneur, The (Cohen), 252 Emergent Research, shared work space study, 92–93 295 Energy efficiency, 6–7 production, transformation, 210–211 Enigma Smoke Signals project, open data, 20 Entrepreneurial activities, climate, 210 ESI Design, 110 Esri (third-party source), 63, 184–185 ESRI Presidential Award, 267 Estonia, 145, 200 bureaucracy, control, 147–148 distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, 155–156 e-Governance Academy, 152 e-government, 146–159 government services, online percentage, 146 honesty, importance, 153 once only policy, 154–155 trust, 152–154 X-Road, 150–152 Estonian e-Governance Academy, 158 Etherium (cryptocurrency), 181 Eubanks, Virginia, 243 EU D-CENT, 130, 251 Eurocities, 220 European Commission on Future Internet and Innovation Policy, 251 European Energy Efficiency Fund, 221 European Institute of Public Administration, 221 European Patent Office, 221 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 221 European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA), 222 European Union (EU), D-CENT project, 130 Events, 231–234 Evidence-based policymaking, 98 296 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE F Fab Academy, coordination, 222 Fab Lab Barcelona, 222 Facial recognition, artificial intelligence (combination), 41 Federal Automated Vehicles Policy, autonomy definition, 59 Feedback loop, creation, 147 Ferguson, Andrew Guthrie, 193, 196, 243, 253–255 Fiasco, Lupe, 253 Fifth-generation (5G) wireless broadband, 235 Fira Barcelona, 232 Fire Department of New York (FDNY), BDT (interaction), 103 Firefighters, data scientists (impact), 46–48 First-generation smart-city strategies, 205 First mile/last mile transportation, 58 Florida, Richard, 244 Fooled by Randomness (Taleb), 245 Foot traffic, measurement, 17 Fourth-generation smart city, approach, 213–214 Franken, Christina, 31–33, 256–257 Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form, completion, 101 Funds, allocation, 98 Future Cities Catapult, 222 Futurescoping, 226 Futurism, iconography, 11 G Garvin, Alexander, 15–16, 244 Gaudí, Antoni, 141–142 Gelsin, Alexander, 203, 257 General Theory of Urbanization (Cerdà), 243 Geographic information systems (GISs), 184–187, 238, 266 Geography of Transport systems, The (Rodrigue), 52 Geopolitical stability, 168 Geospatial information, 201 Gibson, William, 246 Gig economy, 240 Gilgamesh (Mitchell), 246 GISMO See New York City Geospatial Information System and Mapping Organization GitHub, 128–129, 167–168 Glaeser, Edward, 244 Global Coworking Unconference Conference, shared work space study, 92–93 Global Federation of Competitiveness Councils, 261 Global Futures Group, 77 Global justcie, 133 Global markets, competition, 80–81 Global Social Venture Competition (UC Berkeley), 78 Global urban population growth, 3f Goldstein, Brett, 244 Good living/governance, 133 Gorysnki, Bart, 203, 258 Governance, importance, 133 Government, 130–139 data science, 39–41 digital government (trust), email (usage), 154 language, usage, 105–106 national bureaucracy, conversion, 147–148 Graphic information systems (GISs), 36–38 Gratz, Roberta Brandes, 244 Gray Area Foundation for the Arts, 253 Green Desk, 92 Ground Zero, mapping, 37 Guardianship, 165 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE H Hackathons, 34–36 Hadoop data lake, usage, 46 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 11–13 HERE (third-party source), 63 Herzog, Pete, 162–165, 173, 258–259 Hierarchies, 175–176 HIFLD, 267 High technology, smart cities (relationship), 13 History of the Internet (Moschovitis), 272 Holland, Mike, 40, 259–260 Home Fire Risk Map (American Red Cross), 19–20 Hsu, Kevin Fan, 10, 260–261 Hub@GCT (Urbantech NYC launch), 90–91 Hughes, Robert, 244 Hultin, Jerry MacArthur, 77, 81–82, 90, 261–262 Human-centered design, 11, 97, 107, 238, 260 problems, targeting, 99–100 smart city usage, 98 Human-centric focus, 209 Human Cities Initiative, 10 Human Development Index, 15 Human drivers, impact, 59 Human needs, technology (subservience), 207 Huxley, Aldous, 246 I ICLEI Europe, 228 ideas42, New York City Office of Operations (partnership), 100–101 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 149 Imperial College Business School (London), 22@District study, 140 Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), 232, 268 297 Industrial IoT World, 233 Industrial water, production, 14 Information, 169–1701, 247 digital information, rise, 128 geospatial information, 201 power translation, 30 sharing, 45 technology services, consolidation, 81 web, 42–43 Information Technology Management Group (TMGR), 272 Infrastructure, 18, 260 Innovation, 89, 211 INRIX study, 57 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC), 222–223 Integrated proactive intermodal travel assistants (IPITAs), 64 Intelligent Transportation Society of American (ITSA), 283 International Association of Public Transport (UITP), 223 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 223 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 223 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 224 Internet of Mobility (IoMob), 64–65, 252 Internet of Things (IoT), 62, 177, 212, 282 IoT Blockchain Summit, 233 Internet of Things Solutions World Congress (IoTSWC), 231–232 Interoperability, 25, 201–202, 238 IREBS Institute, 258 Israel, shared responsibility, 121 Israel Smart Cities Institute (ISCI), 224 J Jacobs, Jane, 6, 238, 244 Jennings, Jon, 5, 72, 262–264 298 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, 269 Johor, water import (Singapore contract), 14 K Kalra, Ash, 275 Katy Freeway, widening, 53 Katz, Bruce, 244 Kennan, Ariel, 104–111, 264 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, records aggregation, 63 Klein, Matt, 98–102, 264–265 Knowledge champions, impact, 121–122 data points, translation, 43 power translation, 30 Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, 285 Kõiva, Martin, 145–146, 148, 265–266 Koonin, Steven E., 259 Koppel, Ted, 244 Kropotkin, Peter, 244 L Lacy, Peter, 87, 244 Language, usage, 11 Large problem set, 46–47 Large problem space, usage, 47 Las Ramblas, development, 136 Last mile, 58, 239 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 239 Leading Cities, 224 Learning to Love Data Science (Barlow), 243 Legacy system, 46 Leidner, Alan, 37, 266–267 Leon, Nick, 141 Lévy-Bencheton, Cornelia, 289–290 Lieberman, Josh, 200–202, 268 Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), 239 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), usage, 17–18 Lights Out (Koppel), 244 Li, I-Ping, 53, 267–268 Linear growth model, 88 Lob, Jacques, 246 Local government data science, usage, 44 squeaky-wheel effect, minimization, 134–135 Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), 224 Local open dataset, usage, 33 Location, 184–187 London, bike lanes/congestion, 54–55 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 245 Loss aversion, 101 Lyft, 55–57, 240, 275 Lyft Government Relations, 275 M Machine learning space, 62 Madrid, bicycle-sharing services, 13 Malware, usage, 167–168 Manchester, William, 244 Manhattan See New York City Mapbox, 31 Mapbox Cities, 256 Marine Corps, intranet, 81–82 Mashariki, Amen Ra, 184–186, 268–270 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Bits and Atoms, 222 Material resources, services requirement, 89 May Mobility, Bedrock (partnership), 68 Mayor’s Office for Economic Opportunity (NYC), 264 Mayor’s Office of Data Analytics (MODA), 268 impact, 185–187 Mayor’s Office of Operations, 265 McAfee, Andrew, 243 McKelvey, Miguel, 91, 93 Meeting of the Minds, 64, 225 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE MeetUp, Inc., 253 Megacities, number (increase), Megvii, 41 Melbourne Development Activity Model creation, 38–39 Smart Cities Expo World Forum, 232–233 MetaDecidim, 129 Metropolitan habitats, impact, Meyerrose, Dale, 165–168, 270–272 MeyerRose Group, 270 Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), 282 Michigan, Mobility Transformation Center (MTC) External Advisory Board (EAB), 284 Miéville, China, 246 Migration, velocity (increase), 2–3 Minority Report (movie), 193 Mirai (botnet), 161 Mistrust, impact, 167 Mitchell, Stephen, 246 Mobility, 67–681, 212, 260 See Big data Mobility Transformation Center (MTC) External Advisory Board (EAB), 284 Mobi Solutions, 285 Monero (cryptocurrency), 181 “Monsters on Maple Street,” 167 Morgenthau, Robert, 276 Morrill’s Corner (Portland), road bottleneck, 71–72 Mortal Engines (Reeve), 246 Moschovitis, Chris, 162, 164, 176, 272–273 Moscow Agency of Innovations, 225 Müller, Thomas, 203, 273–274 Mulqueeny, Emma, 33–36, 274–275 Multidisciplinary experience, need, 111 Multimodal mobility, 63–65 299 Multinational mobility, competition, 64–65 Municipal Action Plan (PAM), 132 Mutual Aid (Kropotkin), 244 MyDoom (botnet), 161 N Nanny state, 85–86 National bureaucracy, conversion, 147–148 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 225 National League of Cities (NLC), 225 Navy, intranet, 81–82 Navy Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI), 262 project, completion, 82 Neighborhood parking space systems, operation, 202 Neighborhood Start Fund, 253 Nesta, 226 Network, 45, 169, 175–176 communications, difficulty, 81–82 Networked systems, usage, 210–211 Neumann, Adam, 91 Neuromancer (Gibson), 246 NEWater, Singapore introduction, 14 New localism, smart cities (co-synchronicity), New Localism, The (Katz/Nowak), 244 New York City Economic Development Corporation, 91 New York City (Manhattan), 4, 16 Behavioral Design Team (BDT), creation, 100–101 Central Park, automobile traffic ban, 13 Civic Service Design Tools & Tactics, 105f Department of Homeless Services, Service Design Studio (partnership), 108–109 300 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE New York City (Manhattan) (Continued) Mayor’s Office for Economic Opportunity, 264 Mayor’s Office of Data Analytics (MODA), 185–187, 268 Mayor’s Office of Operations, 265 Media Lab, 262 Service Design Studio principles, 110f Vision Zero, adoption, 67 New York City Geospatial Information System and Mapping Organization (NYC GISMO), 37, 267 New York University, Polytechnic University (merger), 262 NextChallenge: Smart Cities (competition), 78 Ng, Peter Joo Hee, 14 NMCI See Navy Marine Corps Intranet Nordic Smart Cities Conference & Expo, 232 Nowak, Jeremy, 244 NYSeed, 262 O Object Management Group (OMG), 226 O’Connor Group, 272 Office Nomads, shared work space study, 92–93 Okpaku, Joseph, 56–57, 275–276 Once only policy, 154–155 O’Neil, Cathy, 189–190, 245 Open & Agile Smart Cities (OASC), 226 Open-by-default systems, usage, 32, 256–257 Open cities, smartness, 32 Open data, 18–21, 30–34 Open-data platforms, usage, 211 Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 226–227, 268 Open innovation, encouragement, 211 Open Knowledge International, 31 Open source, 239–240 Open-source data analytics, 62 Open-source location data platform, 31 Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (Herzong), 259 Open-source software projects, 128 Open standards, 25, 201–202 Organizations, 86–89, 217–229 Orwell, George, 157, 246 Overconsumption, worry (absence), 88 P Palantir, 91 Paris, 11, 12f Parsons School of Design, 110 Pasher, Edna, 245 Penetration tests, performing, 176 Pentagon, back-office operations, 83 Pentland, Alex, 245 People data, value (contrast), 170–172 people-centered strategy, transition, 120 People’s Atlas, The, 252 Personallyi identifiable information (PII), 33 Peterson Institute for International Economics, 286 Phishing, usage, 167–168 Pin Ferrando, Gala, 126 Pin, Gala, 276 Planning, defining, 15 Plataforma de Afectadospor la Hipoteca (PAH) platform, 276 Platial, 252 Plautz, Jason, 70 Plural economy, 133 Pocopay, 285 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Pollution (monitoring/management), networked systems (usage), 210–211 Polytechnic University, New York University (merger), 262 Portland, 262–263 Morrill’s Corner, road bottleneck, 71–72 Portland (Oregon), running trails, 13 Porway, Jake, 182–184, 277 Post-Capitalist Entrepreneurship (Cohen), 252 Power Broker, The (Caro), 243 Predictive analytics, usage, 46 Predictive maintenance solution, usage, 63 Predictive modeling, 45 Predictive policing, 193–194 Privacy, smart city respect, 195–196 Private-sector jobs, public-sector jobs (comparison), 84 Private vehicles, usage, 212 Progressive development, 203–204 Projects, 132–133, 134f Proposals, prioritization (votes), 133 Public-private partnerships (PPPs), 15–18, 233, 240 promoting/enabling, 85 301 Research-based digital technologies, market uptake (acceleration), 220 Resiliency, 25 Resource management, cradle-to-cradle models, 237 Resources, decrease, 80–81 Reverse osmosis (RO), usage, 14 Ridesharing services, impact, 55–57 RIDGE-LANE Limited Partners, 270 Ridge, Thomas J., 270 Ripple (cryptocurrency), 181 Rise of Big Data Policing, The (Ferguson), 243, 253–254 Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 244 Risk, 171 factor, weighted scoring, 45 Robinson, Jennifer, 29–30, 44, 46, 278 Robotics, laws (proposal), 191 Robotic workers, norm, 89 Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, 52 Ronen, Tuvya, 245 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 82 Rutqvist, Jacob, 87 S Q Quadruple helix, creation, 207 Qualitista, 265 Quality, race, 78–81 Quintuple-helix (Q-helix), 224 Quito Papers and the New Urban Agenda, The (Sennett/Burdett), 21 R Radar sensors, usage, 5, 71 Raja, Vijay, 62, 277–278 Recycling, alternative, 87 Reeve, Philip, 246 Representative democracy systems, invention, 127 SAE International, autonomy definition, 59 Saia, Inc., 253 San Clemente, transportation access, 56 Sanders, Jennifer, 16, 18, 279–280 San Francisco Bicycle Coalition, 281 Saratoga Springs school system, predictive maintenance solution (usage), 63 SAS, 29, 278 Sassen, Saskia, 245 Scalable Urgan TRAffic Control (Surtrac), 235 Schwartz, Eytan, 116, 280 302 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Search-engine marketing programs, optimization, 183 Second-generation smart-city strategies, 205 Second Machine Age, The (Brynolfsson/McAfee), 243 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) connections, termination (impact), 172 Security by design, 172 Security, planningEffort (requirement), 173 Segmentation, 138–140 Self-driving mode, transition, 61 Self-driving shuttle service (Ann Arbor), 68 Self-driving transit services, 69 Sennett, Richard, 21, 245 Senor, Dan, 245 SenseTime, 41 Sensors, 7, 51–53, 62–63, 85, 240 cost, 171 electromagnetic sensors, usage, 130 focus, 131 integration, 169 monitoring function, 195 placement, 130 radar sensors, usage, 5, 71 webs, 201 Service Design Studio, 106, 110f agile methodology, usage, 108 human-centered design, usage, 107 NYC Department of Homeless Service, partnership, 108–109 NYC launch, 103–108 Seveneves (Stephenson), 246 Shahum, Leah, 66–67, 280–281 Shape of Things to Come, The (Wells), 246 Shared work spaces, encouragement, 90 Sharing economics, 88 Sharing economies, 88, 240 Sharkey, Patrick, 245 Sharon, Zohar, 118–124, 281–282 Short-distance travel, self-driving transit services, 69 Shuman, Dave, 62, 282 Sidewalk Labs, 264 Siemens City (Vienna), 241 Singapore, 13–15 Capital Tower, 241 NEWater, introduction, 14 Singer, Saul, 245 Situational awareness, 165, 173 Skolkovo Foundation, 227 Skolkovo Innovation Foundation, 227 Skyscraper Museum, 287 Slammer (botnet), 161 Smart Africa Alliance, 227 Smart buildings, 212, 240–241 Smart Chicago, formation, 220 Smart cities action fields, 209 bee smart city, 203 challenges, prioritization, 208 change, drivers, 80–81 CISOs, 174–178 competitions, 78–79 data, relationship, 187–189 defining, 5–7 design thinking principles, 11 development, progressive setages, 203 dream, 23–26 dystopias, 85 economic developmenet strategies, 78 ecosystems, 202 energy efficiency, 6–7 first-generation smart-city strategies, 205 fourth-generation smart city, approach, 213–214 growing pains, 24 high technology, relationship, 13 human-centered design, 11 improvement, 77 indicators, 203f, 209, 209f SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE initiatives, 16, 139 innovative services, development/delivery, 88–89 money, saving, 82–85 movement, impact, 21–22 new localism, cosynchronicity, opportunities, 25, 208 privacy, respect, 195–196 problems, 7–8, 106–108 process, defining, 207–208 projects, development/ implementation (acceleration), 16 rethinking, 130 risk, modeling, 171 role models, 7–9 second-generation smart-city strategies, 205 solar-powered smart trash bins, usage, solutions, ecosystem creation, 209 status quo, determination, 207–208 success, defining, 80–81 surveillance, 165, 194–96 sustainable growth, 88 third-generation smart-city strategies, 205–206 traction, increase, 23–24 urban problems/solutions, 21–23 user-centric model, adoption, 206 vendor community, dependence, 200 Smart Cities (Townsend), 245 Smart Cities Alliance for Malaysia, 261 Smart Cities Challenge (Canada), 78 Smart Cities Connect Conference & Expor, 232 Smart Cities Council, 227 Smart Cities Dive, 70 Smart Cities Expor World Forum (Melbourne), 232–233 Smart Cities Innovation Summit Asia, 233 Smart Cities Living Lab, 17, 18, 279 303 Smart Cities Mega Challenge (IEEE), 78 Smart Cities Mission (India), 79 Smart Cities Summit, 233 Smart Cities Wheel (Cohen), 209 Smart City Challenge, 78 Smart City Expo World Congress (Barcelona), 125, 232, 281 Smart City Interoperability Reference Architecture (SCIRA), 200–201 Smart communities, data collection/integration/analysis, 47f Smart Country Convention (Berlin), 233–234 Smart economy, 210 Smart environment, 210–211 Smart government, 211 Smartivist, 206–207 Smart living, 211–212 Smart mobility, 212 Smart nation, 145 Smart people, 212–213 Snowpiercer (Lob/Rochette), 246 Social Credit System (China), 195 Social dynamism, 25 Social fabric, usage, 118–120 Social innovation, projects, 136–137 Social Physics (Pentland), 245 Social platforms/solutions, usage, 211 Social problems (solution), data (usage), 46 Social ties, strengthening, 136–138 Socioeconomic drivers, stability, Somalia, story-telling culture, 36 Sounds of New York City (SONYC), 228 Soviet Union, collapse, 149–150 SpaceX, 91 Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique (SCOOT), 52, 235 Squeaky-wheel effect (minimization), Decidim (impact), 134–135 Stakeholders, 207, 209 Start-up government, 122–123 304 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Start-Up Nation (Senor/Singer), 245 Start-ups, 90, 210, 220 State government, data science (usage), 44 Status quo, determination/elimination, 129–131, 207–208 Steem (cryptocurrency), 181 Stephenson Neal, 246 Steudle, Kirk, 68–69, 282–284 Stevens Institute of Technology, 262 Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), 283 Streetlamps, light-emitting diodes (usage), 17 Studio See Service Design Studio Stuxnet (botnet), 161 Subways, 52–53, 177 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits loss, prevention, 102 Surtac, 71 Surveillance, 194 crime, relationship, 197 systems, usage, 165 Sustainable Cities Program, 228 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 241–242 Sydney, Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System, 52 Symons, Tom, 42 SynAthina, 138 Systems Modeling Language (SysML), 226 Systems of systems, 25, 201 Systerm administrators (sysadmins), situational awareness training, 173–174 T Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 245 Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), 65 Tallinn, free public transit, 13 Technology, 166, 205 blockchain technology, usage, 151 communication technology, rise, 128 harnessing, 211 impact/integration, 10–11 innovation, nurture/ encouragement, 123–124 protection, ability, 164 risk, 42 social role, 194 subservience, 207 trust, helpfulness, 153–154 vendors, AI (presence), 191–192 Technopolitics, 131–132 Tel Aviv (“Nonstop City"), 115 DigiTel, usage, 117–118, 281 government hatred, 119 information platform, usage, 121 initiatives, 200 lessons, 142 technology innovation, nurture/encouragement, 123–124 Tel Aviv Global, 280 Telematics, usage, 63 The City & The City (Miéville), 246 Third-generation smart city, 205–206, 208 Three-dimensional maps, creation, 36 Tools & Tactics guide, Studio creation, 104 Top-down government planning, impact, 130–131 Townsend, Anthony M., 245 Traffic, 65–67 congestion, reduction, fatalities, elimination, 19, 19f monitoring, 51–52 Transformative Actions Database, 228 Transit, jobs/access, 69–70 Transparency increase, 157 open-by-default systems, usage, 32 trust, relationship, 153 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Transporation, 51–54 first mile/last mile transportation, 58 infrastructure, planning, 68 public good/benefits, 69–70 services, cost reduction, 212 Transport flow/congestion, monitoring, 202 Triumph of the City (Glaeser), 244 Trust, transparency (relationship), 153 U Uber, 55, 240 Ultrafiltration/microfiltration, usage, 14 Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, usage, 14 Uneasy Peace (Sharkey), 245 Unified Modeling Language (UML), 226 United States Conference of Mayors (USCM), 228 United States Constitution, amendments, 255 United States presidential election, Russia (impact), 168 University of Minnesota, Center for Transportation Studies, 70 University of Tartu (Estonia), 265 Upcycling, 237 Urban challenges, 70 Urbanism, term (coinage), 11–12 Urbanization, trend, 2–3 Urban Land Institute, 260 Urban land, value, 3–4 Urban mobility, transformation, 55–56 Urban planning, 8, 21–22 Urban transit apps, usage, 64 Usability, design, 111–112 US Department of Homeland Security, 270 User-centric focus, 209 User-centric model, adoption, 206 305 US National Map, 268 US Office of Personnel Management, 269 V Varick Street Incubator, 262 Vehicle emissions, decrease, Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) measurement, 69 Vendor community, impact, 200 Video feeds, usage, 202 Viik, Linnar, 152–153, 284–285 Villainous, The (cyberattacker type), 163–165 Vincles BCN (social innovation project), 136–137 Virtual Warsaw, 138 Vision Zero, 19, 19f, 67, 183, 280 Vision Zero Network, 66 Von Klemperer, James, 22, 285–287 Vulnerabilities, management, 172 W Walt Disney Imagineering, 260 WannaCry (botnet), 161 Warhol economy, 242 Warhol Economy, The (Currid), 4, 242, 243 Waste to Wealth (Lacy/Rutqvist), 87, 244 Water, saving/usage, 43–46 Water supply, 14–14 Waze (third-party source), 63, 252–253 Waze Connected Citizens Program, 252 Wealth, city generation, Weapons of Math Destruction (O’Neil), 189, 245 Wells, H.G., 246 West End District, Dallas Innovation Alliance projects (launch), 16 WeWork, 90–94, 240 Why Jury Duty Matters (Ferguson), 254 306 SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Workforce transformation, 93–94 Work, future, 90–93 Works in Progress, 140–141 World Cities Summit, 234 World Economic Forum (WEF), 60, 64, 261 World Lit Only by Fire, A (Manchester), 244 World population, city concentration, World Smart City, 228–229 X X-Road, 150–152, 158, 159 Y Young Rewired State (YRS), 33–34 Z ZOOXXI platform/initiative, 135–136 ... benefits of becoming smarter The term smart city” began as a trendy catchphrase that was used somewhat indiscriminately SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE xxiii by technology marketers Today, smart cities are... peace This book approaches the smart city from the perspective of the human spirit In the chapters ahead, you will learn Smart Cities, Smart Future: Showcasing Tomorrow, First Edition Mike Barlow... effort xxi xxii SMART CITIES, SMART FUTURE Boyd Cohen, a researcher, author, and visionary entrepreneur, describes three levels, or generations, of the smart cities movement:2 Smart cities 1.0: