geographic information system for smart cities

Geographic information system for smart cities Geographic information system for smart cities TM Vinod Kumar and Associates COPAL PUBLISHING GROUP New Delhi Published by Copal Publishing Group E-143, Lajpat Nagar, Sahibabad, Distt Ghaziabad, UP – 201005, India www.copalpublishing.com © Copal Publishing Group, 2014 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Copal Publishing Group The consent of Copal Publishing Group does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Copal Publishing Group for such copying Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe ISBN: 978-81-924733-5-2 (hard back) ISBN: 978-93-83419-03-6 (e-book) Typeset by Bhumi Graphics, New Delhi Printed and bound by Bhavish Graphics, Chennai Preface This is a collective effort of many authors from many countries who got themselves associated to research and documentation on Geographic Information System (GIS) for Smart Cities We believe that smart cities are cities of tomorrow, which is a great contribution of urban science to future of civilization The fact that smart cities have got a capability to transform nations brought these authors together to accomplish the task This is the first book on smart cities from India Again this is the first book, internationally, that establishes the relationship of GIS with smart cities At present GIS usage in the professional practice of urban planning and management has not utilized the many state-of-the-art capabilities of GIS By the very nature of smart cities, we require all capabilities of GIS for modeling planning, monitoring and management of smart cities We feel that future development of GIS will be triggered by the challenges smart cities possess to GIS Transformation of nation can only be brought about by its people The quality of the people is related to the scope of national development one can envisage Smart cities are built on the primary building block of smart people, then smart community they form and smart economy they operate Smart people are those having highest possible Human Development Index, high Graduate Enrolment Ratio, adapt in the art and science of e-democracy and e-governance, and dedicated to continuous learning process and enjoying smart environment, smart mobility and, above all, smart living Therefore the primary task of any nation is to convert their population to smart people with the attributes mentioned Hence national development is human development and smart city development is human development I would like to thank all who are directly involved in funding and supporting this venture We have not received or sought any grant for the publication of this book There are no institutions other than publisher which directly supported the work of authors leading to the production of book, but research work has been done in many institutions, indirectly making it possible to publish this work We thank all of them Finally I thank the spirit of BODHISATVA of MAHYANA BUDDHISM of all authors in making this work possible TM Vinod Kumar Authors TM Vinod Kumar has more than 40 years of experience in urban and regional planning, focusing equally to teaching, research, and professional consultancy He was Dean of Studies at School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, and was HOD of Urban Planning Although an engineer and urban planner by profession, he has broadened his research horizon by working in various social sciences research institutions M Ramachandran has a macro-level understanding of India’s urban sector as he has been Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, for about years and his urban tenure is well known for the various new initiatives including able stewardship of the mega urban initiative titled Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission His 38 years long career in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) stand out for the variety of challenging assignments successfully handled Mahavir is Professor and Head of the Department of Environmental Planning at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi He received his PhD jointly from ITC and the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands The research revolved around the concept of ‘Continuously Built-up Areas’ with the case study of the NCR, Delhi He has been in the teaching, research and practice of physical planning, remote sensing and GIS, for about 30 years Prabh Bedi is a geographer, regional planner and GIS expert She has been practicing and teaching planning, GIS applications and project management for the last 15 years She is particularly interested in information systems for planning and sustainable settlements She has worked on various projects in India, Vietnam and USA Presently, she is working towards her PhD viii Geographic information system for smart cities Priya Mendiratta is working as an urban planner for the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO), a fully Maharashtra government-owned company She is also involved in research at the Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, India, on utility of satellite images to trace and project the spatiotemporal urbanization trends of a metropolitan area Shirish Gedam is an Associate Professor with the Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, IIT Bombay He received his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India, preceded by Masters of Technology with specialization in Remote Sensing Dr Gedam is a Life Member of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing and Indian Society of Geomatics He is also actively working in the area of precision processing of GPS data and GPS meteorology Bernd Gundermann holds a Masters degree in Architecture from the School of Fine Arts in Hamburg, Germany He is currently working as Principal of Stephenson & Turner NZ Architects and Engineers in Auckland, New Zeal Bernd was appointed Guest Professor at the School of Fine Arts, Hamburg, and continues teaching as a Fellow of the University of Auckland’s School of Architecture and Planning Bernd is alumnus of the German National Academic Foundation Ashmita Karmakar is employed with M/S Nakheel, Dubai as Urban Planner (Master planning and development control, GIS) for the existing and upcoming mega projects of Dubai She has graduated in Architecture from LAD College, Nagpur, India in 1998 She completed her Masters in Town and Regional Planning from Bengal Engineering College, Howrah, India, and PhD in Environmental Planning from School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India in 2012 P P Anilkumar is Associate Professor at the Department of Architecture of NIT Calicut and has been teaching for more than 20 years He received his PhD in Sustainable Coastal Cities from Indian Institute of Technology Chennai, after his Masters in City Planning from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur His active current research interests are in sustainable cities, land-use impacts and vernacular and green architecture Vijay Neekhra is an urban, regional and transport planner, working with an international organization He received his PhD with ‘Best Dissertation Award’ in urban planning from The University of Tokyo, Japan and Master’s degree in planning from the School of Planning and Architecture, India Dr Neekhra has extensive work experience in development & planning (including urban, regional & transport planning) involving research, policy advice & planning, analysis and forecasting Bimal P holds a Masters degree in City Planning from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and Bachelors’ degree in architecture from Kerala University He had been working at JUSCO, Jamshedpur, before joining as Assistant Professor at Department of Architecture, NIT Calicut He is currently pursuing PhD in urban modeling Naseer M A received his PhD in Transportation Planning from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India in the year 2005 after completing his Masters degree in City Planning Presently, he is a faculty in Architecture at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India In addition to transportation planning, his research interests include remote sensing and GIS in urban planning Authors ix Implementing smart cities in India 391 [55] Moon, J Y., and Yang, S (2003) “The Internet as an Agent of Political Change: The case of “Rohsamo” in the South Korean Presidential Campaign of 2002” Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Information Systems [56] Olsson, T., Sandstrom, H., and Dahlgren, P (2003) “An Information Society for Everyone?”, Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 65(4–5), pp 347–363 [57] Paolillo, J C and Heald, D (2002) “Democratic participation in the discursive management of Usenet”, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 35, pp 1040–1049 [58] Papacharissi, Z (2004) “Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups”, New Media Society, 6(2), pp 259–283 [59] Rodan, G (1998) “The Internet and political control in Singapore”, Political Science Quarterly, 113(1), pp 63–89 [60] Schneider, S M (1996) “Creating a democratic public sphere through political discussion - A case study of abortion conversation on the Internet”, Social Science Computer Review, 14(4), pp 373–393 [61] Stromer-Galley, J (2002) “New voices in the public sphere: A comparative analysis of interpersonal and online political talk”, Javnost-the Public, 9(2), pp 23–41 [62] Tsaliki, L (2002) “Online forums and the enlargement of public space: Research findings from a European project”, Javnost-the Public, 9(2), pp 95–112 [63] Hill, K A and Hughes, J E (1998) Cyber Politics: Citizen Activism in the Age of the Internet Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield [64] Griffiths, M (2004) “e-Citizens: Blogging as Democratic Practice”, European Journal of E-Government, 2(3), pp 155–166 [65] Van Dijk, J (2000) “Models of democracy and concepts of communication” In: K L Hacker, and J Van Dijk (eds.) Digital Democracy, Issues of Theory and Practice, London: Sage [66] Grönlund, Å (2003) “Emerging electronic infrastructures - Exploring democratic components”, Social Science Computer Review 21(1), pp 55–72 [67] Commission, E (2002) “eEurope 2005: An information society for all,” http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2002/news_library/documents/ eeurope2 005/eeurope2005_en.pdf (current June 10, 2004) [68] Okot-Uma, Rogers W’O (2000) Electronic Governance: Re-inventing Good Governance London: Commonwealth Secretariat [69] United Nations, “A Global Survey of E-Government 2002 online newsletter, June 24, 2002: 392 Geographic information system for smart cities [70] OECD,’ Citizen as Partners’ Paris 2002 (March 12, 2002) [71] Holmes, D (2001) E-gov: E-business Strategies for Government, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing [72] Clift, S (2001) “E-Governance to E-Democracy: Progress in Australia and New Zealand”, online: [73] Clift, S (2001) “E-Governance to E-Democracy: Progress in Australia and New Zealand”, online: [74] Clift, S (2002) “The Future of E-Democracy”, Democracy Online Newswire: http://www.e-democracy.org Index 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments, 32, 70, 362, 377 A Aadhaar Project, 17–20, 366, 384 Accessibility, 3, 8, 95, 171, 174, 180, 308 Activity chains, 191, 192 Activity scheduling, 187, 188 Activity-based measures, 309 Actuators, Adaptive behaviour, 206 Adaptive urbanism, 81, 83, 91, 92 Advanced metering infrastructure, 12 Advocacy mechanism, Aerial photographs, 31, 50, 102 Agent-based models, 231 Agentification, 237 Agglomeration efficiencies, 42, 47 Agricultural land, 29, 43, 45, 53, 56, 66 Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), 316 Ambient intelligence, 295, 296 Anthropogenic impacts, 128 Anthropogenic pollution, 43 Anthropospheric system, 273, 274 Artificial intelligence, 33, 188, 226, 231, 257 Artificial islands, 80 Artificial neural networks (ANN), 14, 15 Artificial structures, 43, 80 Attabu, 119 Australian smart community, Automated meter reading system (AMR), 11 Automatic computing principles, B Below poverty line (BPL), 20, 163, 174, 179 Bicycle riders, 104 Biogeophysical parameters, 65 Biometrics, 268 Biophilic affordances, 273 Biophilic design, 266, 267 Biourban economics, 266, 269 Biourbanism, 250, 257, 263, 266, 269 Body awareness, 263 Booking agent, 212–214 Breakwater towers, 80 British colonial India, 394 Geographic information system for smart cities Broadband connectivity, Building codes, Building management systems, 22, 112 Building materials, 67, 68, 126, 215, 272 Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) mechanisms, 63 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, 312 Business-as-usual (BAU), 313, 314 C Cadastral data repository, 119 Cadastral data, 100 Cadastral management system, 118, 122 Carbon footprints, 65 Cartesian Dualism, 91 Cell phone ownership, 20 Census of India, 26, 152, 153 Census towns, 325 Central Planning Commission, 36 Change-detection matrix, 54 Characteristic components, 129–133, 143 CHI land use interaction matrix (CLIM), 138, 141 CHI values, 130, 136, 144, 145 Citizen participation, 32, 294, 345, 370, 371, 373, 378, 381 Citizenship, 294, 297, 374, 380 City planners, 8, 14, 306 Civic amenities, 29 Civil network, 108 Class structure, 151 Climate change, 45, 51, 60, 68, 73–77, 87, 89, 90 Cloud computing, 14, 246, 368 Coastal erosion, 77, 131 Coastal process indicator, 135 Coastal regulatory zone (CRZ), 140 Coastal urbanization, 128 Coastal zone Health Indicator (CHI), 124, 125 Coastal zone health, 129, 133, 134, 143 Coastal zones, 125–129, 133, 137, 138, 143, 145 Cognitive science, 294 Collective intelligence, 8, 33, 270 Collector, 210–212 Colonial governance, Colonial masters, 2, 16, 365 Comfortable mobility, 2, Commercial business district (CBD), 313 Common Alerting Protocol, 233 Common toilets, 166, 172 Communications, 7, 12, 68, 95, 206 Communitarian goal, 269 Community consensus, 276 Community Data Set Analysis (CDsA), 273 Community participation, 70, 301 Index 395 Community-oriented planning, 297 Competitive elitism, 372 Computational Process Models, 187, 188 Computer-assisted interpretation, 50 Computing abilities, 61 Connectors, 318, 319 Consciousness, 261 Consolidation, 138, 209–214, 217, 219 Consumer model of democracy, 374 Consumerism, 258, 260, 265, 279 Contour-based measure, 309 Core (worst) slums, 159 Core banking, 20 Cost-benefits analysis, 369 Critical dimensions (CDs), 129, 131 Crowd-sourcing, 234 Customer-associated systems, 12 Cyber-democratic model, 374 D Data mining, 14, 17, 294 Decision-support problems, 15 Decision-support system, 52, 57 Dehumanization, 262 Delhi–Mumbai High Speed Freight Corridor, Demand nodes, 219–224 Demand-response services, 12 Development sensitivity, 128, 137, 143, 145 Development system, 1, Developmental sensitivity, 124 Digital city, 6, 32, 33, 250 Digital communities, 33 Digital control systems, 22, 112 Digital divide, 10, 255, 380 Digital image processing techniques, 50 Digital image processing, 50, 54, 55 Digital information, 226, 230, 232, 235, 236, 246 Digital Number (DN), 50 Digital remote sensing data, 50 Digital sensors, 22, 112 Digital utility meters, 22, 112 Direct democracy, 370, 371 Disconnection, 264, 265, 277, 278 DN values, 50, 55 Drainage, 68, 88, 104, 170, 171, 181, 366 Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), 107 E e-Banking, eCognition, 54 Ecological footprint, 43, 45, 46, 60, 63 e-Commerce, 6, 11, 34, 258, 378, 387 eCompleXcity, 245 396 Geographic information system for smart cities Economic down turns, 2, 8, 21 Economically weaker sections (EWS), 155, 317, 326 e-democracy, 345, 369–376 Educational institutions, 6, 355, 385 e-Freight, 206 e-Governance, 6, 19, 83, 89, 325–331, 339, 345, 366, 378, 381, 382 Electricity usage, 11 Electro-magnetic data, 51 Electromagnetic spectrum, 50–52 Electronic democracy, 375, 382 Elitist democracy, 374 Employment generation, Employment multipliers, Encroachment, 58, 64, 134 Energy displays, 12 Environmental effects, 45, 56 Environmental Performance Index (EPI), 49 Environmental pollution, 20, 29, 132, 216, 220, 223 Environmental Sustainability Index, 48, 49 Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI), 49 e-Participation, 382, 383 e-Services, 107, 111, 335, 380 eSite application, 102 Etisalat, 107, 108 e-Voting, 383, 384, Existing land use (ELU) plan, 56, 57 Expert systems, 14, 15 F Face-to-face social system, Federal states, Five-year plans, 26, 30, 31 Flash flood, 68 Flexible activity, 191, 192 Floating communities, 80 Floating cruise terminals, 80 Floor area ratio (FAR), 57, 139 Focal public spaces, 103 Functional cities, 264 Fundamental Geographic Document Sets (FGDS), 108 Fuzzy logic systems, 14 Fuzzy logic, 14, 15 G Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) countries, 120 GCC grid, 120 GCC Interconnection Authority (GCCIA), 121 General Development Control Regulations (GDCRs), 57, 70 Generic impacts, 139–141 Geo-Cyber Infrastructure (GCI), 226, 228, 246 Geographic information systems (GIS), 2, 26, 35, 73, 81, 101, 149, 150, 295, 352, 386 Geomorphologic indicator, 134 Geopolitical system, 299 Geo-spatial analysis, 34 Geo-spatial data, 38, 73 Ghettoization, 289 GIS application, 14, 15, 20, 109, 110, 149, 180 GIS computations, GIS database, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 114, 116, 117, 329 GIS mapping, 34, 182 GIS standards, 17 GIS user interface, 15 GIS vector framework, 55 Global economy, 9, 10 Global positioning system (GPS), 52, 53 Global Shelter Strategy (GSS), 153 Globalisation, 94 Good governance, 182 Goods movement, 205–210, 214–218 Governance networks, 228 Governance systems, 325, 342 Government servants, 2, 20 Government-collected data, 17 Gravity model, 188 Green freight corridors, 206 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, 67, 76 Gross enrolment ratio (GER), 354 Ground control points (GCPs), 53 Ground surveys, 53 Index 397 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology H Habeas data, 268 Heteronomy, 258, 266 Hierarchical structure, Histogram matching, 54, 55 Holistic disaster management, 232 Home health monitoring, 368 Homological city, 250, 260, 280 Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), 30, 155 Human Development Index (HDI), 348–350 Human encroachment, 134 Human interventions, 134 Human limitations, 61, 71 Human rights, 345, 384, 385 Human sensory perceptions, 135 Human spirituality, 91 Human-centered spaces, 267 Human-centered vector, 265 Hunters-gatherers, 291 Hyper-complex organism, 263 Hyper-land, 278, 279 Hyper-technological devices, 264 I I2I (institutions to institutions), 233, 235 I2U (institutions to users), 233– 240 398 Geographic information system for smart cities ICT infrastructure, 32, 336, 369, 380 ICT technologies, Ill-structured problems, 15 Immigration, 57 Independent Spatial Management (ISM) system, 109 Indus Valley civilisation, 28 Industrial Revolution, 264, 291, 300 Industrialisation, 28 Information accessibility, 289, 293, 294 Information and communication technology (ICT), 32, 251, 270, 294, 342, 374 Information flows, 232, 233, 235, 259, 301, 379 Information processing, 206 Information processors, 10 Information technology, 9, 26, 95, 106, 121, 230, 255 Informational ecosystems, 231 Informational skills, 10 Infrastructure systems, 311 Institutional cooperation, 294, 297 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), 124 Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT), 30, 31 Integrated land use, 305, 307 Intellectual property rights, 10 Intelligent Community Organisation, Intelligent Metering System, 111 Intelligent system technologies, 14, 15 Intelligent transportation system (ITS), 205, 206 Inter-community resources, 10 Intermediate slums, 149, 159 Internet, 9, 11, 15, 34, 101, 107, 119, 236, 245, 253, 258, 295, 298, 336, 337, 340, 368, 370, 371, 374, 375, 377, 379 Intraday trip prediction model, 187 Inundation, 73, 77, 83, 86, 88 J Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), 31, 317, 325 K Knowledge economies, 6, 13 Knowledge engineering, 231 Knowledge society, 293, 294, 387 Knowledge-based attitude, 294 Knowledge-based city, 1, 2, Knowledge-based technology, 14, 15 Knowledge-oriented society, 292 Kondratiev’s theory, 291, 292 L Land acquisition acts, 32 Land parcel, 94, 100, 113, 118 Index 399 Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images, 50 Land-use allocations, 129, 138, 139, 143, 145 Land-use parcels, 112, 140 Land-use plan, 56, 57, 95, 104, 124–128, 145, 146, 308 Land-use zones, 57 Legal and policy framework, 153 Liberal democracy, 371–373 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, 82 Local authorities, 10 Local government, 9, 10, 252, 273, 299 Local traditions, 272 Locations of land use and land cover change (LULCC), 54 M Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 39 Maieutics, 267 Manual interpretation, 50 Map data mining, 14 Master plans, 1, 2, 14, 17, 83, 102, 128, 305, 330, 341 Mathematical algorithms, 50 McFadden’s Logit model, 189 Mechanization, 269 Mega cities, 3, 5, 12, 17, 74, 82, 147, 178, 181, 349, 350, 352, 357, 358, 359 Mega infrastructure projects, Memory, 14, 206 Metabolic flows, 236 Meter Data Management (MDM) software, 12 Metering devices, 12 Methodological framework, 129 Metro system (MRT), 313, 316 Metropolitan planning committee (MPC), 361–365, 385, 386 Metropolitanisation, 30 Microwave remote sensing, 52 Migration pattern, 38, 82 Million-plus cities, 6, 28, 29, 178, 347, 349–351, 385 Mixed-use communities, 98 Mobile health monitoring, 368 Modernisation, 28 MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer), 52, 65 Money transactions, 11 Monte-Carlo method, 190, 191, 196 Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), 226, 231, 236 Multinomial Logit Model, 189 Multispectral scanners, 51 Municipal Acts, 32 Municipal administration, 30, 31, 37, 333 Municipal services, 327, 333, 340 400 Geographic information system for smart cities N National Commission on Urbanisation (NCU), 28, 35 National Housing Policy (NHP), 153 National Slum Development Program (NSDP), 154 National Spatial Database Infrastructure (NSDI), 26, 35 National Urban Data Bank and Indicators (NUDBI), 38 National Urban Information System (NUIS), 17, 26, 27, 37, 329 National Urbanisation Policy, 31, 34 Natural disasters, 91, 92, 226, 228, 280, 338 Natural ecosystems, 43 Natural patterns, 263, 267 Natural resources, 2, 8, 15, 17, 34, 35, 42, 50, 52, 53, 57, 252, 257, 273, 363 Natural Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), 54 Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), 153 Neo-liberal urban space, 255 Neo-republican democracy, 374 Network governance, 230 Networked infrastructure, 34 Neuroergonomics, 250, 264, 266, 267, 273, 280 Neurophysiologic stability, 260 Nomadism, 291 Non-local capitalism, 258 Non-motorized transport, 306, 310 Non-notified slums, 154, 156, 159 Non-perishable goods, 214 Non-utilized land, 161 Notified slums, 154–156, 159 Numeric models, 82 O OASIS, 233 Online communities, 372, 378, 379 Optical images, 50, 52 Optical satellite imagery, 65 Organizational hierarchies, 296 Orthogonal impacts, 140 OrthoPhotos, 102 P P2P networks, 235 p2p urbanism, 266, 270, 276, 280 Participatory democracy, 369, 371, 372, 376–378 Participatory planning, 297, 298, 376 Participatory urban design, 14 Partisan democracy, 372 Pavement damage, 205, 206, 216 Pedestrian network(s), 311 Pedestrians, 103 Performance standards, 347, 369 Perishable goods, 214 Personal care units (PCUs), 199 Physical (virtual) infrastructures, 2, 228, 251, 278 Index 401 Planning system, 1, 32, 143, 376 Pluralism democracy, 372 Polluter pays principle, 55 Population growth, 6, 73, 74, 76, 82, 120, 155, 159, 277, 291, 376 Principal component analysis (PCA), 171, 174 Private–public collaborative networks, 233 Probability-based simulation, 188 Processing centres, 22, 113 Production/consumption (metabolic) ecosystem, 228 Project-specific impacts, 138–140 Proposed land use (PLU) plan, 56, 57, 104 Proposed Model, 136, 140, 191 Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA), 38 Psycho-endocrine-neuroimmunological system, 266 Psychological status, 151 Public participation, 45, 89, 121, 182 Public services delivery, Public spaces, 10, 103, 234, 300, 337 Public transport, 32, 44, 45, 58, 60, 63, 64, 68, 209, 306–311, 315, 318, 326, 336, 337, 340, 341, 367 Q Quick democracy, 371 R Radiometric resolution, 50, 71 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), 156, 157 Random Utility Maximization, 187 Random utility model, 188, 189 Real local community, 296 Real society, 296 Real time intervention, Real-time data, 22, 107 Real-world data, Reconstruction Following Disaster, 228 Region of interest (ROI), 53 Regulation codes, Remote sensing, 19, 20, 35, 49, 50, 51, 52, 295, 341 Rent Control Acts, 32 Residential land, 97, 116, 117, 139, 194 Resilience, 22, 71, 73, 76–81, 86, 89, 90, 226 Retailer, 207, 209, 211, 213 Rigid activities, 191 S Salt-water marshes, 78 Sanitation, 29, 57, 150, 152, 154, 155, 181 Satellite images, 42–71, 114, 116, 329 Scales, 19, 250, 259–264, 269, 280, 329 402 Geographic information system for smart cities Sea-level rise (SLR), 73, 75–82, 86 Seasonal variations, 55 Sedentism, 291 Segregation, 289, 297 Self-awareness, 89, 262, 280, 352 Self-organized systems, 226 Self-organizing society, 21 Sense of community, 289, 297, 298, 345 Sensorial systems, 228 Sensors, 7, 22, 50, 52, 65, 70, 83, 112, 113, 202, 228, 254, 337, 339, 353, 366 Sensory capabilities, 206 Service-level benchmarks (SLBS), 330 Settlement patterns, 27, 35 Simulated traffic load, 201 Site-planning schemes, SLR applications, 89 Slum improvement, 154, 317 Slum population, 150–159, 162– 164, 171, 179–181 Slum sensitive, 154 Slum settlements, 149–151, 154, 158–183 Slum-free city, 157, 158 Slum-free India, 156 Smart building, Smart communities, 1, 7–9, 21, 94, 346, 385, 386 Smart Community International Network (SCIN), Smart economy, 3, 33, 34, 184, 348, 350, 385 Smart environment, 3, 33, 184 Smart financial transaction, 20, 21 Smart functionalism, 254 Smart governance, 3, 33, 184, 368 Smart grid, 339, 341, 345, 346, 366, 367 Smart living, 3, 33, 184 Smart meters, 11, 337, 338 Smart mobility, 3, 20, 33, 184 Smart network, 1, 205, 218, 220 Smart people, 3, 13, 33, 184, 252, 345, 348, 350, 353, 385 SMART Planning approach, 288, 289, 293, 298, 299, 300, 301 Smart transport cards, 367 Smart urbanisation, 26, 32, 34, 37–40 Smart waste management, 368 Smart21 Committee, Smarter Computing Framework, 252 Smarter Planet, 251, 252 Social awareness, 289, 293, 294, 301 Social development, 70, 301 Social differences, 289 Social dynamics, 228, 230, 235, 237 Social networks, 7, 90, 229, 232, 254 Social space, 10 Social system interventions, 11 Socio-cultural adaptation, 16 Socioeconomic indicator, 135 Softened coastlines, 80 Software exports, Software industry, Solid waste management, 29, 327, 331, 332, 339, 340 Spatial concentration, 305, 306 Spatial consequences, 255 Spatial databases, 69, 318 Spatial planning, 2, 31, 352, 363 Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs), 35, 36 Spatial referenced data, 16 Spatial resolution, 50, 53, 55, 65, 311 Spatial standards, Spatial system, Spatio-economic policies, 39 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 35, 339, 346 Spectral resolution, 50 Splintering urbanism, 255 Squatter settlements, 29, 152 State government, 10, 12, 21, 32, 36, 155, 159, 327, 328, 339, 342, 355, 362, 364, 382, 386 State Planning Commissions, 36 Storm surges, 77, 127, 131 Structural sustainability, 263, 273 Sub-metre resolution images, 51 Subsumption, 250, 259, 262–264, 280 Index 403 Supervised classification, 50, 53 Sustainability indicators, 47 Sustainability, 8, 13, 14, 33, 40, 44–49, 55, 56, 68, 70, 71, 124–129, 137, 143, 149, 154, 182, 226, 251, 263, 264, 273, 305, 337 Sustainable development indices, 230 Sustainable development, 34, 43, 46, 47, 49, 56, 66, 70, 120, 124, 127, 128, 145, 205, 230, 252, 341 Sustainable support systems, 154 Sustainable urbanisation index, 47 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), 153 SWOT analysis, 7, 53, 361 T Technology infrastructure, 10 Telemedicine, 11 Temporal resolution, 50, 70 Terminal nodes, 220–223 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, 51 Themed-based Communities, 113 Third Urban Revolution, 292 Time-series satellite images, 45, 52, 53, 56, 60, 66 Toilet status, 164 Topography, 42, 52, 53, 60, 61, 104 Toposheets, 53 404 Geographic information system for smart cities Town planning acts, 32 Traditional neighbourhood, Traffic accidents, 205, 206, 216, 217 Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ), 193–197, 309 Traffic and fleet management, 206 Traffic bottlenecks, Traffic congestion, 33, 94, 213, 216, 337 Traffic sensors, 22, 112 Transitional slums, 149, 159 Transport operator, 211–214 Transportation corridor network, 103 Transportation corridors, 58, 63, 98, 103 Transportation infrastructures, 278 Transportation system, 187, 205, 206, 218, 219, 225, 318, 340, 345 Triple Helix Model, 345, 357–365, 385 U U2U (users to users), 233, 235, 236 Unauthorised settlements, 57, 58 Uncontrolled sprawl, 29 Underground water table, 19 UN-Habitat, 150, 151, 181, 184, 280 Union territories, 3, 4, 156, 347, 349, 354, 385 Unsustainable development, 289 Urban agglomeration, 8, 63, 277, 349, 354, 364, 377, 385 Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP), 153 Urban centres, 17, 26–29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 205, 206, 348, 361 Urban cloud-computing application, 246 Urban community, 256, 258, 278, 345 Urban complexity, 290, 294, 302 Urban conglomeration, 134 Urban design, 1, 2, 8, 13, 14, 73, 83, 92, 266, 273, 345, 376 Urban designers, Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) guidelines, 31 Urban development, 2, 3, 30, 34, 46, 57, 83, 98, 103, 125, 153, 157, 181, 263, 306, 307, 325, 328 Urban expansion, 43, 94, 159, 312, 341 Urban fabric, 94, 95, 270 Urban farming, 80 Urban goods transportation, 205, 206, 218, 225 Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, 67 Urban Informatics, 234 Urban informational ecosystem, 232 Urban land use, 1, 129, 146, 308 Urban local bodies (ULBS), 57, 63, 68, 69, 325, 327 Urban Mapping Scheme, 31 Urban metabolism, 230 Urban morphology, 67 Urban neo-functionalism, 255 Urban network, 1, 2, 14 Urban periphery, 59, 68 Urban planners, 7, 8, 44, 246, 267, 312 Urban poor, 29, 153–159, 305, 312, 317, 320 Urban poverty alleviation programs (UPAPS), 153 Urban regeneration, 58 Urban remote sensing, 49 Urban representation, 254 Urban resilience, 226, 227, 230, 231, 235, 236 Urban revolution, 288, 290, 292, 299, 300 Urban settlements, 34, 82, 293, 348 Urban slums, 29, 150, 155, 181 Urban social dynamics, 228 Urban Spatial Information System (USIS), 38 Urban stagnation, 28 Urban systems, 95, 121, 227, 237 Index 405 Urban traffic models, 186 Urban trends, 228 Urban violence, 289 Urbanism principles, 8, 273, User-acceptance studies, 369 Utility corridors, 64 V Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY), 155 Vegetation cover, 67 Village culture, 27 Visualization module, 244 W Water conditions, 166 Web 2.0 technology, 8, 251 Weibull distribution, 189 Weighted average, 190, 195 Wholesaler, 207–213 Wired cities, Wireless networks, 22, 107, 113 World Bank, 280, 322 Z Zero carbon footprint, 56 Zonal plans, 1, 2, 14, 17 .. .Geographic information system for smart cities Geographic information system for smart cities TM Vinod Kumar and Associates COPAL PUBLISHING... economic downturns Geographic information system for smart cities 3 Smart city components consist of smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living... cities more liveable, efficient, and sustainable Contents Preface v Authors vii Geographic information system for smart cities 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Smart urban communities 1.3 Smart city for