Technology, institutions and labor manufacturing automobiles in argentina and turkey

International Political Economy Series Technology, Institutions and Labor Manufacturing Automobiles in Argentina and Turkey Fulya Apaydin International Political Economy Series Series Editor Timothy M. Shaw Visiting Professor University of Massachusetts Boston, USA Emeritus Professor, University of London, UK The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises impacts its organization and governance The IPE series has tracked its development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades It has always had a concentration on the global South Now the South increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted Eurozone economies in Southern Europe An indispensable resource for scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors, debates and policies It informs diverse policy communities as the established trans-Atlantic North declines and ‘the rest’, especially the BRICS, rise More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/13996 Fulya Apaydin Technology, Institutions and Labor Manufacturing Automobiles in Argentina and Turkey Fulya Apaydin Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals Barcelona, Spain International Political Economy Series ISBN 978-3-319-77103-8    ISBN 978-3-319-77104-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77104-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935931 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover image © Rob Friedman/iStockphoto.com Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To my family Preface and Acknowledgments Technological disruptions change the world of work The first industrial revolution in the nineteenth century initiated a process where the pace of this change constantly gains speed with each innovation adopted by the market The launch of the first steam engine, the birth of Fordism and later Toyotism, and the recent spread of automated production technologies thanks to computerized systems have each demanded a different set of skills on the part of the workers The response of labor in the face of these pressures is far from being uniform across the globe, however This is because disruptive technologies reorganize production in previously unforeseen ways Moreover, most employees lack the time and resources to acquire new skills much demanded by this transformed work environment In most cases, workers who are steeped in old systems find themselves redundant unless they quickly adapt to this fast pace of upgrading Yet, the increasing threat of exclusion from the labor market could be very taxing on the society To avoid potential unrest getting out of control, the government is motivated to intervene, manage the transition and ensure that labor unrest does not escalate This is because a high number of unemployed individuals threaten the political and economic stability in any given setting In the most extreme case, persistent economic exclusion may trigger the growth of radical political movements that lure supporters to the ranks of extremist populism However, the capacity of politicians to contain the disruptive implications of technological advances is limited, often due to institutional constraints This book reveals that the transformative impact of technological disruptions on worker skills is contingent on the political dynamics vii viii   PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Specifically, it shows that political institutions are highly relevant in understanding how labor responses to market-induced pressures are governed in developing areas Based on a comparison of worker experiences employed by the same multinational company in Turkey and Argentina, the book demonstrates that unitary systems enjoy several institutional advantages in controlling labor unrest, while federal systems characterized by political rivalries are more conducive to escalation of industrial conflict Importantly, the following chapters reveal that vocational education programs are highly relevant in understanding how labor unrest is governed in developing areas This is because the content of these training programs shapes ordinary workers’ attitudes toward new technologies To reveal these dynamics, this manuscript traces diverse trajectories of manufacturing worker consent in the Global South by comparing vocational education and training reform processes in federal and unitary systems The recent experiences of developing countries that had a disruptive shift in production systems offer important lessons for others that are going through a similar change driven by innovations in robotics and computerized production systems today * * * Writing this book was not easy But the people I met while working on this project made the process more pleasant and enjoyable During the past years that led up to this manuscript, I benefited tremendously from the intellectual and financial support of numerous institutions and individuals The field research for this study was made possible by numerous grants from Brown University Graduate School The writing stage has been supported by a generous grant from Josephine De Kármán Fellowship Trust My greatest intellectual debt is to my mentors Melani C. Cammett and Richard O. Snyder The completion of this project stands as a solid evidence of their generous advice, encouragement and wisdom, for which I am forever grateful I also benefited immeasurably from the sharp questions, insightful comments and genuine encouragement of Jose Itzigsohn, whom I would like to acknowledge with great respect I consider myself very lucky to have received comments and generous feedback from many others during my time at Brown University Jorge Alves, Maria Angelica Bautista, Gavril Bilev, Catherine Corliss, Mila Dragojevic, Eli Feiman, Patrick Heller, Pauline Jones, Eduardo Moncada, Feryaz Ocakli, Cecilia Perla, Heather Silber, Barbara Stallings, Rebecca   PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS     ix Weitz-Shapiro and late Alan Zuckerman kept me alert with their constructive criticism and questions at various stages of this project My undergraduate professors at Bogazici University, Mine Eder, Zeynep Gambetti, Kemal Kirisỗi, Taha Parla and Hakan Yilmaz contributed to my intellectual development from miles away, and I sincerely thank them for their support and early encouragement Embarking on a fieldwork for this study would not have been possible without the kind help of many individuals and institutions In Turkey, Cem Erciyes, Birim ệzer and Oguz Tunỗyỹrek helped me reach important contacts and sources of information Evrensel Daily Archive Department allowed me to go through their big stack of newspapers without any hesitation Ministry of Education Head Office workers in Bursa and Istanbul kindly allowed me to go through their well-organized and archived meeting minutes In Argentina, Tulia Falleti, Valeria Brusco and Martin Maldonado made it much easier to have access to key interviewees by putting me in touch with people from their network In addition, the National Ministry of Labor workers in Buenos Aires and Ministry of Labor officers of Córdoba Province helped me a great deal to understand the intricacies of labor relations in Argentina In Turkey and Argentina, FIAT Auto Inc and Koỗ Holding kindly opened their doors to observe production processes and conduct interviews on the shopfloor Most importantly, I am grateful to the workers of these factories for generously sharing their training experiences and insights with me In revising the manuscript, I also benefited greatly from the intellectual environment at my home institution at Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals and also from a visit to Princeton University, which was made possible thanks to Jose Castillejo mobility grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education For earlier comments and questions on different parts of this manuscript, I would like to sincerely thank Miriam Bradley, Lesley-Ann Daniels, Juan Diez-Medrano, Aina Gallego, Elisabeth Johansson-Nogues, Jacint Jordana and Yannis Karagiannis At Princeton University, Killian Clarke, Gozde Guran, Tommaso Pavone, Manuel Vogt and the participants of the qualitative research seminar series provided very useful feedback In preparing the final manuscript, I would like to thank the team at Palgrave for their excellent guidance For his encouragement, support and guidance, I am truly grateful to the IPE series editor Timothy Shaw In addition, the anonymous reviewer’s sharp and insightful feedback on the x   PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS manuscript has been very helpful as I worked on the final revisions Christina Brian has been a pleasure to work with from start to finish and her attention to detail only made this project better I would also like to thank many others and the entire team at Palgrave for their kind help at every step of preparing this book My family has been the greatest source of support as I worked on this project For their unending love and encouragement, I cannot thank my parents Nuriye and Vedat Apaydin and my sister Muge Apaydin enough They have supported me in immeasurable ways throughout my studies as I tried to put my findings into perspective Finally, I am grateful to Matthias vom Hau for his enduring love, care and friendship In addition to reading every page of this book and sharing his intellectual wisdom, he witnessed my joys and pains as I continue to explore the world of social sciences I consider myself very lucky that we embarked on an exciting journey together Along the way, our wonderful children joined us Therefore, it is to my growing family that I dedicate this work Barcelona, Spain Fulya Apaydin   CONCLUSION: TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, INSTITUTIONS AND LABOR…    205 the Labour Markets in the City of Córdoba] Mimeo: VI Encuentro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Vos, R., and J.A.  Ocampo 2009 Uneven Economic Development New  York: Orient Longman Private Limited, Zed Books Ltd and Third World Network Weiss, L 1995 Governed Interdependence: Rethinking the Government-Business Relationship in East Asia The Pacific Review 8: 589–616  Appendix Primary Sources and List of Interviews Newspapers • Cumhuriyet, 1990–2000 • Evrensel, 1996–2001 [Published as Emek in 1997 and 1998] • La Voz del Interior, 1990–2000 • Milliyet, 1999–2000 Original Documents • FIAT Auto Córdoba Worker Training Notes 2007 • FIAT Auto Isvor Presentations, 1995, 1996 • Bursa Vocational Education Council Meeting Minutes, 1991–2004 Reports • Prominent Industrial Sectors in the Cities [Illerde One Cikan  Sanayi  Sektorleri], Basbakanlik DPT Publications, August 2006 • Fifth Five-Year Development Plan, Ankara, Turkey [Besinci bes yillik kalkinma plani] 1984 • Sixth Five-Year Development Plan, Ankara, Turkey [Altinci bes yillik kalkinma plani] 1989 © The Author(s) 2018 F Apaydin, Technology, Institutions and Labor, International Political Economy Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77104-5 207 208   Appendix • Eight Five-Year Development Program, Secondary Education, General Education, Vocational Education, Technical Education, Private Advisory Committee Report [Sekizinci Bes Yillik Kalkinma Plani, Ortaogretim, Genel Egitim, Meslek Egitimi, Teknik Egitim, Ozel Istisare Kurulu Raporu] 2001 • National Ministry of Education, Total Quality System in Technical Education (MEB Teknik Egitimde Toplam Kalite Yonetimi) MEB: Ankara 2001 • Produccion Córdoba: Informe de Gestion: 2003–2007 [Production in Córdoba: Report on Management: 2003–2007] Córdoba: Ministerio de Produccion y Trabajo 2008 • Report on the Follow-up project of Vocational and Technical School Graduates [Mesleki ve Teknik Egitim Kurumlari mezunlarinin izlenmesi projesi raporu] Ministry of Education (Milli Egitim Bakanligi) Ankara 2007 Worker Training Questionnaires FIAT Bursa (50) FIAT Córdoba (40)  Appendix     209 List of Interviews Interview ID Position Date Location #1 Former Government Official 24 July 2008 #2 Manager, FIAT Córdoba May 2008 #3 #4 30 January 2008 12 January 2009 #6 Manager, FIAT Bursa Former Ministry of Education Istanbul Office Member Former Training Secretary of SMATA-Córdoba Training Office, FIAT Bursa #7 Former Manager, FIAT, Argentina 27 June 2008 and July 2008 21 November 2007 and 26 December 2007 17 June 2008 Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Bursa, Turkey Ankara, Turkey Córdoba, Argentina Bursa, Turkey #8 Former Government Official August 2008 #9 Birlesik Metal Training Office December 2007 #10 #11 Manager, Delphi Automotive Former Manager, FIAT-Bursa 21 November 2007 29 November 2007 #12 #13 21 November 2007 24 March 2008 #15 Manager, FIAT-Bursa Vice Directorate of Ministry of Education Director, Apprentice Training Center, Istanbul Leadership, SMATA-Córdoba #16 Leadership, Turkmetal Istanbul 14 November 2007 #17 Manager, FIAT Córdoba July 2008 #18 August 2008 #19 Former FIAT Worker and Shopfloor Leader Former Government Member #20 #21 Former FIAT worker Leadership,Birlesik-Metal November 2007 December 2008 #22 Former Turk-Is Representative January 2009 #5 #14 23 January 2008 27 June 2008 19 July 2008 Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Istanbul, Turkey Bursa, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Bursa, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Córdoba, Argentina Istanbul, Turkey Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Bursa, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey (continued) 210   Appendix (continued) Interview ID Position Date Location #23 #24 Former FIAT Worker CIM Training Secretariat November 2007 17 July 2008 #25 Turk-Is Confederation Regional Representative Smata Córdoba-Secretariat of Training Former Government Official 10 January 2009 Bursa, Turkey Córdoba, Argentina Bursa, Turkey 30 July 2008 #31 Rep for the Agency for the Economic Development of Córdoba Expert Sociologist, Cardiff University Federal Ministry of Labor, Department of Training Former Government Member #32 Former Government Member 30 June 2008 #33 Engineer, Delphi Automotive 18 December 2007 #34 Provincial Secretariat of Labor August 2008 #35 UIC Training Secretariat July 2008 #36 Director, Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Security Expert Sociologist 11 August 2008 Former Turkmetal Bursa Branch Leader Principal’s Office, Tophane Vocational and Technical High School Labor Lawyer Officer, Bursa Ministry of Education TurkmetalShopfloor Representative #26 #27 #28 #29 #30 #37 #38 #39 #40 #41 #42 June 2008 August 2008 Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina October 2007 Cardiff, UK June 2008 November 2007 Buenos Aires, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Istanbul, Turkey Córdoba, Argentina Córdoba, Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina Eskisehir, Turkey Bursa, Turkey 12 January 2009 Bursa, Turkey November 2007 15 January 2008 Bursa, Turkey Bursa, Turkey 25 February 2008 Istanbul, Turkey August 2008 September 2007 (continued)  Appendix     211 (continued) Interview ID Position Date Location #43 Former TurkmetalShopfloor Representative September 2007 #44 15 November 2007 #46 Former Manager, Delphi Automotive Former Manager, Delphi Automotive FIAT worker #47 FIAT worker 14 June 2008 #48 FIAT worker 18 June 2008 #49 #50 FIAT worker Delphi worker 28 January 2008 28 February 2008 #51 Delphi worker 25 February 2008 #52 Delphi worker 26 March 2008 #53 Delphi worker 25 February 2008 #54 Leadership, UOM-Córdoba 15 July 2008 #55 Former Consultant to the Minister of Labor Secretariat, Vocational Training Office Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Security Office in Córdoba Coordinator 21 July 2008 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Córdoba Argentina Córdoba Argentina Córdoba Argentina Bursa, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Córdoba Argentina Córdoba Argentina Córdoba Argentina Córdoba Argentina #45 #56 #57 20 March 2008 29 April 2008 July 2008 24 June 2008 Index1 A Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP, Justice and Development Party), 98, 135 Advanced industrialized countries, 2, 9, 16, 24, 27n12, 28n15, 40–43, 46, 51–53, 55, 59n4, 59n5, 60n6, 156, 160, 173, 189, 197, 198 Agro-business, 118 Agro-industrial exports, 117 groups, 117, 120, 140n32, 141n37 Agro industrialists, 115, 118, 119, 143n68 Agro-industry, 117–119, 139n26, 196 AKP, see Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi Alfonsin, Raul, 125, 136n1 ANAP, see Anavatan Partisi Anavatan Partisi (ANAP, Motherland Party), 74, 76, 86, 102n41, 103n45 Angeloz, Eduardo, 109, 110, 116–128, 130, 131, 134, 136n1, 140n36, 141n37, 141n38, 141n41, 141n42, 142n48, 143n68, 144n72, 144n85, 145n91, 148n117 Apparel, 94, 190–192, 196, 199n8, 199n9 Apprentice system, 17, 18  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2018 F Apaydin, Technology, Institutions and Labor, International Political Economy Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77104-5 213 214   INDEX Argentina, viii, ix, 1, 2, 5–8, 11, 13, 16, 18–25, 30n24, 40, 41, 46, 49, 52, 53, 55–57, 59, 61n7, 61n15, 66n33, 74, 76, 109–135, 137n7, 137n9, 137n15, 137n17, 138n19, 138n21, 138n22, 138n23, 138n24, 138n25, 139n26, 140n33, 141n38, 141n43, 141n44, 142n54, 142n57, 142n61, 144n79, 144n80, 144n87, 145n89, 145n91, 146n92, 146n94, 146n95, 146n96, 146n101, 146n102, 147n104, 148n122, 149n124, 149n125, 149n126, 149n127, 149n128, 149n129, 149n130, 150n134, 153, 154, 171, 172, 176n3, 185–189, 193, 195, 201n17, 201n18 Artificial Intelligence, 197, 198 Assembly, 49, 50 Assembly line, 8, 24, 29n21, 43, 50, 74, 77, 79 Associational power, 15 Automobile industry, 1, 7, 8, 13, 21, 27n13, 28n15, 40, 41, 43, 56, 57, 61n7, 65n28, 74, 116, 119, 120, 129, 153, 156, 173, 195 producers, 6, 19, 20, 24, 39, 40, 47, 56, 61n11, 64n28, 74, 76, 85, 88, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126–128, 131, 141n42, 148n115, 172, 196 regime, 116 sector, 21, 56, 61n7, 74–79, 93, 119, 123, 130, 134, 146n93, 148n115, 173, 191, 196 B Becker, Gary, 11–13, 28n16 Behavioral modules, 48, 79, 83, 93, 117, 131, 133 Behavioral training, 10, 24, 47, 78, 79, 81–83, 91, 93–95, 106n72, 106n77, 130, 132, 133, 138n25, 147n105, 190 BIRLESIK-METAL, see Birlesik Metal Iscileri Sendikasi Birlesik Metal Iscileri Sendikasi (BIRLESIK-METAL, United Metalworkers Union), 98 Blue-collar, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 39, 77, 79, 87, 101n31, 111, 113, 129, 138n19, 174, 177n16 Body, 16, 23, 42, 49, 50, 139n31, 154 Braverman, Harry, 10, 29n20 BTSO, see Bursa Sanayi ve Ticaret Odasi Buenos Aires, ix, 117–120, 123, 128, 134, 137n9, 138n22, 140n34, 142n61, 143n67, 143n71, 146n92, 146n94, 148n122, 196 Burawoy, Michael, 4, 14, 43, 61n8 Bursa, ix, 19, 22, 30n24, 49, 58, 61n15, 73–98, 98n1, 99n9, 100n16, 100n19, 100n22, 100n23, 101n24, 101n29, 101n32, 101n33, 101n34, 101n35, 101–102n39, 102n42, 102n44, 103n51, 103n53, 104n54, 104n57, 105n64, 105n65, 105n66, 105n68, 105n69, 105n71, 105–106n72, 106n73, 106n74, 106n75, 106n76, 107n78, 107n79, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 129, 132–134, 136n5, 149n123, 185–188, 190, 196, 197, 200n16 Bursa Sanayi ve Ticaret Odasi (BTSO), 85–87, 90–94, 102n44, 105n69 Business associations, 20, 51, 55, 81, 86 Business groups, 54–56, 64n27, 65n29, 119, 150n140  INDEX     C Camara Industria de Metalurgicos (CIM, Chamber of Metallurgy Industrialists), 119, 120, 124, 128, 129, 131, 133, 143n68, 143n71, 146n95, 146n101, 201n17 Capital accumulation, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 24, 26n11, 26–27n12, 27n13, 40–45, 52–56, 58, 59n5, 64n25, 64n28, 65n30, 74, 155, 156, 185, 186, 188, 189, 196 Capitalist development, 4, 5, 7, 8, 24, 41, 42, 51, 53, 55, 63n25, 64n28, 188, 189, 195, 198–199n4, 200n15 Case-based nested analysis, 154 Cavallo, Domingo, 122, 124–127, 130, 140n34, 143n71 Central administration, 19, 64n27, 153 Central government, 19, 23, 41, 42, 59n5, 76, 84, 91, 97, 99n9, 121, 127, 130, 140n35, 141n42, 143n71, 150n133, 158, 187, 195 CMEs, see Coordinated market economies Collective action, 12, 14, 15, 51, 52, 65n30, 96, 155, 175, 192–194 Competitiveness, 62n19, 79, 117, 123, 129, 132, 133, 136n4, 188, 193, 197 Complementarities, 57, 65n29 Conflict resolution, 47, 52, 73, 80, 83, 94, 194 Consejo Economico y Social (Economic and Social Council), 134 Coordinated market economies, 51, 63n22, 63n23 Córdoba, ix, 19–22, 24, 30n24, 41, 61n15, 77, 84, 89, 109–135, 136n1, 136n4, 136n5, 136n6, 137n7, 137n15, 138n20, 138n21, 215 138n23, 138n24, 138n25, 139n27, 139n31, 140n34, 141n37, 141n38, 141n39, 141n40, 141n42, 141n43, 141n44, 141n45, 142n49, 142n51, 142n54, 142n56, 142n57, 142n58, 143n67, 143n68, 144n73, 144n79, 144n80, 144n81, 144n87, 145n89, 145n91, 145n92, 146n93, 146n95, 146n96, 146n101, 146n102, 147n104, 147n112, 148n115, 149n123, 149n124, 149n125, 149n126, 149n127, 149n128, 149n129, 149n130, 149n131, 150n133, 150n134, 150n138, 150n140, 153, 172, 185–189, 194, 196, 197, 198n4, 201n17, 201n18, 201n19 Corporatism, 115 Curricula, 8, 11, 24, 52, 58, 75, 76, 78, 80, 87, 89, 91–93, 97, 114, 129, 142n58, 190, 199n6 upgrading, 91 Customs Union, 77, 79 D Decentralization, 19, 20, 60n6, 76, 89, 99n8, 106n76, 118, 120–123, 125, 128, 130, 142n56, 142n58, 172, 195 De Kirchner, Christina Fernandez, 193, 195 Delphi, 45, 47 Democratic consolidation, 195, 197 Democratization, 135, 155, 195 Democratizing settings, 155, 194, 197 Deregulation, 116, 121–125 Deskilling, 10, 13, 110, 117, 122 Developing countries, viii, 1, 6–7, 17, 18, 25, 60n6, 168, 174, 189 Discipline, 9, 58, 62n18, 73, 80, 89, 114, 130, 190 216   INDEX Dogru Yol Partisi (DYP, True Path Party), 86, 88, 90, 97, 102n41, 102n44, 103n45, 103n46, 103n48, 103n52, 106n76, 192 Duhalde, Eduardo, 135 DYP, see Dogru Yol Partisi E Economic liberalization, 1, 13, 21, 57, 74, 102n41, 116, 117, 120, 125, 187, 192 Electric cars, 197 Engine, 9, 49, 50, 92, 104n56, 200n15 Escuelas fabricas, 114 EU, 77, 79, 105n70 Export-led growth, 21, 57, 74 Export markets, 6, 27n12, 53, 64n25, 92, 117, 119, 133, 173, 188, 190, 197 F Factory occupation, 109 Federal government, 19–21, 25, 110–112, 115, 116, 121–128, 130, 131, 136n1, 136n5, 140n34, 145n88, 146n92, 146n93, 148n120, 172, 186, 188 institutions, 21, 110 regime, 21, 110, 188 setting, 18, 20, 114–116 systems, viii, 19, 23, 25, 30n27, 52, 60n6, 115, 135, 153, 154, 158, 159, 161, 165, 171, 173, 177n13, 188 Federalism, 25, 110, 160, 170, 188 FIAT, ix, 2, 22, 29n21, 41, 44, 45, 47, 58, 66n33, 77–85, 89–91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 98n1, 99n9, 99n13, 99n14, 99n15, 100n16, 100n17, 100n18, 100n19, 100n22, 100n23, 101n24, 101n26, 101n27, 101n28, 101n29, 101n31, 101n32, 101n33, 101n34, 101n35, 103n53, 104n54, 104n57, 105n66, 105n67, 105n68, 105–106n72, 106n73, 106n75, 109–112, 123, 125, 127, 131–133, 136n4, 136n6, 137n7, 137n11, 137–138n19, 138n20, 148n115, 149n125, 149n128, 185, 187, 188, 196 FIAT-Bursa, 25, 58, 66n34, 77–80, 82, 83, 89, 96, 109, 111–113, 136n4, 138n23 FIAT-Córdoba, 25, 58, 61n15, 109, 112, 113, 129, 131, 132, 137n15, 138n21, 138n24, 138n25 First tier parts producers, 46 Fiscal autonomy, 187 5S, 10, 78, 81, 132, 149n128, 190 Five-year development program, 74, 87, 102n43 Flexibility, 8, 29n19, 50, 57, 58, 82, 120, 186 Flexibilization, 19, 58, 62n17, 76, 89, 90, 106n76, 112, 116, 122–125, 142n60, 144n72, 146n102 Fordism, vii, 1, 8, 24, 27n14, 28n15, 42, 57, 58, 60n5, 60n6, 61n9, 61n11, 64n28, 73–98, 153–176 Ford, Henry, 29n19, 39, 42, 59n3, 174 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 128, 154, 156, 159, 161, 164–167, 169–172, 175, 176n8, 190  INDEX     G Globalization, 59n5, 83, 94, 158, 189 Global South, viii, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 17–19, 28n15, 153–176 Government Fractionalization, 159–161, 168–171 H Hard-skills, 3, 10, 56, 82 Hierarchical market economies (HME), 42, 55–57, 198n4 HMEs, see Hierarchical market economies I ILO, see International Labor Organization IMF, 76, 176n7 Immaterial labor, 28n15 Import-substituted industrialization (ISI), 5, 6, 21, 55, 56, 74, 113–115, 136n5, 195 Industrial conflict, viii, 6, 23, 24, 41, 52, 53, 79, 88, 110, 153–176, 186 duration, 14, 21, 41, 155–161, 163–172, 175, 176n1 Industrial relations, 3, 25, 83, 84, 154, 156 Industrial sociology, 156 Industrial upgrading, 1, 2, 15, 16, 19–23, 25, 76, 97, 173 Inequality, 29n20, 193, 194 Informal economy, 192 labor, 25, 189, 192–194 sector, 56, 189, 192–194, 199–200n12, 200n13 Information asymmetries, 155 Intellectual labor, 8, 9, 40, 44–47, 50, 58, 65n30, 189 217 Intellectual skills, 48, 49, 112 International Labor Organization (ILO), 164–167, 169, 170, 175, 176n5, 177n12 ISI, see Import-substituted industrialization ISVOR, 112, 138n19 J Job-security, 7, 10, 192 Just-in-time production, 1, 6, 19, 111, 112, 186 K Kaizen, 10, 66n34, 78, 80, 81, 132, 190 Kirchner, Nestor, 135, 193, 195 L Labor control, 42 force, 5, 19, 42, 79, 88, 89, 109, 114, 117, 128, 131, 142n60, 146n93, 146n94, 147n105, 176n5, 189 mobilization, 15, 22, 25, 57, 87–90, 134, 153–159, 161, 171, 172, 174, 177n13, 191, 192, 197 process theory, 10 turnover rate, 2, 25n2, 47, 61n16, 129, 146n97 unions, 3, 6, 13, 17, 18, 23, 24, 39, 41, 51, 52, 55, 76, 97, 98, 111, 114, 115, 123, 134, 135, 154, 155, 188, 190, 195, 196, 200n15 unrest, vii, viii, 2–7, 10, 18, 19, 39, 40, 51, 56, 123, 134, 172, 186 Laser systems, 77 Leadership skills, 73 218   INDEX Lean production, 1, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 25n1, 58, 77, 117, 186 Liberal market economies (LME), 51–53, 56, 63n23 LMEs, see Liberal market economies Local government, 20, 25, 40, 52, 60n6, 63n24, 109, 111, 112, 117–119, 121–123, 126, 128, 130, 134, 143n71, 150n133, 187, 195, 196, 201n17 Local officials, 16, 19, 23, 45, 47, 57, 84, 90, 117 industrial zones, 40, 76 Middle-income countries, 2, 23, 25, 173 Ministry of Education, ix, 85, 86, 89–93, 100n20, 100n23, 101n30, 102n43, 104n60, 105n69, 136n5 MNC, see Multinational company Molding, 49, 50, 81, 93 Multilevel government, 23, 158–159, 165–172 Multinational company (MNC), viii, 2, 10, 15, 22, 28n15, 46, 55, 56, 110, 131, 133, 148n115, 148n122, 153, 186, 188 M Manual labor, 8, 28n14, 28n15, 29n21, 43–47, 50, 62n18, 85, 190 skills, 8, 49 Manufacturing, viii, 1, 3–5, 8, 9, 11, 18, 22, 25, 27n13, 28n15, 44–46, 56, 61n14, 64n28, 65n30, 85, 97, 110, 113–115, 117, 119, 136n1, 136n4, 153, 158, 171, 185, 189, 191–194, 199n7 Market competition, 74 creation, 27n12, 53, 64n28 institutions, 9, 27n12, 52, 168 Marx, Karl, 3, 8, 41 Menem, Carlos, 1, 109, 187, 195 Mestre, Ramón, 110, 117, 119, 127–133 Metal Esya Sanayicileri Sendikasi (MESS, Union of Metal Goods Producers), 83, 100n23, 106n72 Metalworking, 56, 92, 93, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 130, 140n35, 143n68, 195 Method of difference, 21 Middle East, 6, 23, 76, 188 N Neoliberal/neoliberalism, 63n22, 125, 187, 193, 195 Nested analysis, 21, 154 O Obligatory conciliation, 134, 150n135, 150n138 OEM producers, 45 Ozal, Turgut, 1, 74, 76, 99n8, 102n41 P Paint, 9, 45, 49, 50 Panel data analysis, 25, 162 Partido Justicialista (PJ, Peronist Party), 20, 109–112, 114–117, 119–121, 124, 125, 128, 131, 134, 137n14, 139n28, 139n30, 140n32, 140n34, 148n121, 195, 196 Partisan conflict, 22, 153, 174 preferences, 110, 115, 121, 150n140, 187, 200n16 rivalry, 22, 120, 153, 159, 170, 188  INDEX     Peronist, 114–116, 125, 137n14, 139n30, 140n34, 141n45, 147n112, 148n120, 193 Peron, Juan Domingo, 114, 115, 139n30, 139n31 Political conflict, 19, 21, 24, 74, 97, 109–111, 114–117, 128, 132, 133, 174, 187, 195 incorporation of labor, 18, 175, 195 institutions, viii, 3–6, 16, 17, 23, 25, 51, 57, 97, 153, 154, 160, 161, 165, 168, 171, 173, 176n10, 177n11, 185, 189, 190, 192–194, 196–198 tension, 110 Populism, vii, 114, 139n28, 177n15 Post-Fordism/post-Fordist, 7, 22, 28n15, 41, 42, 44, 46, 50, 51, 58, 60n5, 60n6, 61n9, 62n17, 74–96, 98, 109–114, 116, 118, 121, 130, 134, 153, 173, 174, 185, 188–192, 194, 196 Press, 49, 104n55 Privatization, 20, 76, 89, 106n76, 115, 120–122, 125–127, 131, 193 Problem solving, 48, 73, 93, 101n26 Product quality, 48, 62n18, 113, 132, 155, 193 Programa Emprender, 112, 131, 137n19 Proposal system, 44, 95, 96, 190, 199n7 Provincial governors, 76, 148n117, 187, 188 Putting-out system, 191 Q Quality circles, 66n34, 78, 80, 82, 83, 111 219 improvement, 10, 41, 49, 50, 66n32, 76, 77, 80, 83, 89, 91, 94, 95, 131, 132, 185, 190 management, 62n18, 73, 83, 93, 111 R Rank-and-file, 56, 94, 97, 98, 106n75, 111, 116, 126, 129, 130, 133, 134, 144n76, 194, 200n16 Regime change, 155 Revolutionary episodes, 155, 176n2 Robotics, viii, 41, 77, 197, 198 S Schneider, Ben-Ross, 3, 24, 26n3, 55–57, 65n29, 160, 189, 198n4 Scientific management, 10, 44 Second tier parts producers, 45, 46, 61n13, 189 Self-driving cars, 197 Shopfloor, ix, 1, 2, 7–11, 14–16, 19, 21–23, 25, 28n15, 29n21, 41–47, 50, 58, 61n11, 62n17, 62n18, 77–80, 95, 97, 105n71, 110–112, 129, 132, 133, 137n7, 154, 156, 158, 171, 172, 174, 186, 190, 192, 194, 197, 199n7 Sindicato de Mecanicos y Afines del Transporte Automotor (SMATA, Union of Mechanics and Related Trades of the Automotive Industry), 111, 112, 114, 116, 122, 125, 126, 130, 133, 134, 137n14, 140n34, 142n58, 147n105 Skill formation, 8, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22–25, 29n20, 30n22, 39–59, 73–98, 110, 116, 119, 131, 133, 134, 136n5, 146n93, 189–192, 196, 197 220   INDEX SMATA, see Sindicato de Mecanicos y Afines del Transporte Automotor Societal partnership, 60n6 Soft-skills, 8, 12, 13, 24, 58, 74, 78, 79, 97, 112, 129, 130, 132 Standardization, 44, 47, 76, 99n11 Strike duration, 155, 161, 163, 164, 166–169, 172, 175, 176n1 frequency of, 155, 164–169, 173, 175 Structural power, 15 Sub-national, 20, 21, 23, 30n27, 40, 52, 57, 59–60n5, 115, 154, 158, 174, 188, 189, 198n4 Suppliers, 26n9, 45–51, 61n13, 62n19, 112, 119, 123, 133, 136n2, 143n68, 155, 172, 173, 186, 196 Supply chain, 15, 40 Surplus labor, 4, 6, 8, 26n10, 26–27n12, 28n14, 40, 42–55, 59n5, 62n17, 64n26, 64–65n28, 65n30, 94–96, 110, 153, 200n12 extraction, 3–6, 8, 9, 13, 24, 26n9, 26n10, 26–27n12, 27n13, 28n14, 40–55, 57–59, 59n5, 62n17, 62n18, 64n26, 64–65n28, 65n30, 94–96, 110, 134, 153, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 196 T Teamwork, 44, 73, 80, 89, 91, 93, 100n23, 132 Technical skills, 13, 55, 78, 80, 82, 87, 93, 119, 130 Technological improvement, 44, 76 upgrading, 7, 40, 42, 135 Textile(s), 43, 45, 61n8, 85, 92, 93, 102n44, 118, 190–192, 196, 199n7, 199n8, 199n10 industry, 61n8, 192 Thelen, Kathleen, 17, 18, 51, 53, 54, 63n22, 64n27, 160 Total quality management, 62n18, 83, 91, 93 Toyota Corporation, 6, 24, 46, 62n20, 74 Toyotism, vii, 1, 2, 5–11, 13, 16, 19, 25, 27n13, 40, 44, 74, 96, 186 Trade liberalization, 76, 125 Turkey, viii, ix, 1, 2, 5–8, 11, 13, 16, 19, 21–25, 26n8, 29n19, 30n24, 39–41, 46, 52, 53, 55–57, 61n15, 73–79, 84–96, 98, 98n1, 99n14, 99n15, 100n16, 100n17, 100n18, 100n19, 100n22, 101n24, 101n26, 101n27, 101n29, 101n32, 101n33, 101n34, 101n35, 103n53, 104n54, 104n58, 105n66, 105n67, 105n68, 105–106n72, 106n75, 106n77, 134, 135, 153, 154, 159, 171, 176n3, 185, 186, 189–191, 193, 195, 198n2, 199n5, 199n11, 200n16 Turkiye Metal Sanayi Iscileri Sendikasi (TURKMETAL, Turkish Metal Workers Union), 83, 95–98, 101n36, 105n71, 106n72, 106n74, 106n75, 106n76, 106n77, 200n16 TURKMETAL, see Turkiye Metal Sanayi Iscileri Sendikasi U UCR, see Union Civica Radical Unemployment, 27n12, 103n47, 129, 130, 145n92, 146n93, 156, 161, 167, 176n5, 193  INDEX     Union, 3, 6, 11–15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 39, 41, 51–53, 55, 56, 64n28, 75–77, 79, 82–84, 86, 89, 94–98, 102n42, 105n71, 106n72, 106n76, 106–107n77, 109–112, 114–116, 120–123, 125–131, 133–135, 137n14, 139n30, 140n33, 140n34, 142n52, 142n58, 142n60, 144n76, 147n103, 150n140, 154–157, 159, 168, 172, 174, 175, 186, 188, 190, 194–197, 200n15, 200n16 Union Civica Radical (UCR, Radical Civic Union), 20, 109, 111, 114–117, 119–125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136n1, 139n26, 139n27, 139n28, 141n42 Union Industrial Córdoba (UIC, Industrial Union of Córdoba), 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 143n71, 144n72 Union Obrera Metalurgica (UOM, Union of Metallurgical Workers), 112, 114, 116, 122, 125, 126, 129, 131, 134, 137n14, 140n34, 147n103 Unitary settings, 18, 24, 73–98, 116, 196 state, 19, 73 V Varieties of capitalism (VoC), 24, 41, 42, 51–55, 63n22, 189 Vertical integration, 9, 77 Veto players, 157–160, 163, 170, 171 221 Vocational education, viii, 2, 3, 6–8, 11, 13, 16–18, 24, 28n14, 29n20, 30n22, 45, 52–55, 63n24, 64n28, 65n30, 74, 75, 77, 81, 84–88, 91, 93, 94, 98n3, 102n42, 102n43, 117, 122, 145n89, 173, 174, 177n16, 187, 190, 196, 199n6 high school, 73, 78–80, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94, 100n23, 101n30, 102n45, 104n56, 104n59 training, 7, 11, 18, 24, 29n20, 43, 47, 49, 51–53, 56, 63n22, 64n26, 82, 85, 88, 93, 100n23, 110, 114, 116–119, 122, 128, 136n2, 136n5, 146n93, 186, 190, 201n17 Vocational education and training council, 74, 84, 86, 134 W Walkouts, 1, 78, 109, 123, 172 Washington Consensus, 187 Worker profile, 73, 84, 110, 186 resistance, 41, 185 unrest, Work stoppage, 172 World Bank, 76, 105n70, 176n5, 176n6, 176n7, 176n8, 176n9, 176n10, 177n11 Z Zero-defect training, 80, 81 ... and Ministry of Labor officers of Córdoba Province helped me a great deal to understand the intricacies of labor relations in Argentina In Turkey and Argentina, FIAT Auto Inc and Koỗ Holding kindly... invest in training programs, Acemoglu and Pischke not problematize the role of public institutions in sustaining the apprentice training system in Germany Instead, this is taken into account... Marx Meets Institutions: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical Framework To develop these points, the following chapters take an interdisciplinary approach and combine insights from the writings of Karl