Global maya work and ideology in rural guatemala

GLOBAL MAYA GLOBAL MAYA Work and Ideology in Rural Guatemala LILIA N A R G O L DÍN The University of Arizona Press Tucson The University of Arizona Press © 2009 The Arizona Board of Regents All rights reserved www.uapress.arizona.edu First paperback printing 2011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldín, Liliana R Global Maya : work and ideology in rural Guatemala / Liliana R Goldín p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8165-2987-2 (pbk : alk paper) Mayas—Guatemala—Economic conditions Guatemala—Economic conditions—1985– Guatemala—Rural conditions Agriculture— Economic aspects—Guatemala I Title F1435.3.E27G66 2009 306.3’42072818—dc22 2008035580 Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper and processed chlorine free 15  14  13  12  11   7  6  5  4  3  Contents List of Figures vii Acknowledgments Introduction ix Global Highlands: In Context, in Theory, and in Practice Economic Ideology in Culture: Oral Tradition 11 43 Economic Ideology in Petty Industrial Production: Tailors of San Francisco el Alto 61 Economic Ideology in Petty Commodity Agricultural Production: Gardeners of San Pedro Almolonga 97 Economic Ideology in the Production of Nontraditional Agricultural Export Crops 119 Economic Ideology in Industrial Wage Labor: From Land to Factory 136 It Takes Work to Shape Our Thinking: Global Guatemala in Local Terms 154 Appendix A A Complete Transcription of Three Examples of Oral Tradition 175 Appendix B A Summary of the San Francisco el Alto Case Studies 202 Appendix C Selected Items from Survey Research Notes 211 References Index 239 221 207 Figures Map of the research area A sewing supply shop in San Francisco el Alto 21 Don Bonifacio carving a mask and recounting tales 47 A family workshop in San Francisco el Alto 63 Selling pants made in workshop in San Francisco el Alto market 65 Making clothes at home in San Francisco el Alto 66 The first and only factory in San Francisco el Alto 68 Selling vegetables to wholesalers outside Almolonga market 100 Retail sale of vegetables in Almolonga market 114 Taking care of vegetables for export in Santa María Cauqué 121 Applying pesticides in Chimaltenango 123 An agro-exporter loading vegetables into refrigerated room 133 A maquila worker and her mother 139 The maquila-sending community in Chimaltenango 144 Acknowledgments The list of those who have helped me in this long-term project is extensive I have been fortunate to be welcome in so many Guatemalan homes and workplaces and to have had so many people grant me valuable time, teaching me about the ways they solve the problems of making a living and the ways they view the world The list includes many people living in several communities of Guatemala, as well as teachers and collaborators in Guatemala and in the United States I thank the many men and women with whom I talked from San Francisco el Alto, San Pedro Almolonga, Zunil, San Cristóbal Totonicapán, Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, and several surrounding areas, who were involved in the production strategies I describe I promised anonymity to all and have used pseudonyms throughout the volume I sincerely hope that when they recognize their own words or identify their own towns that it all rings true and that they can hear the respect and appreciation I have for them Invariably, in the midst of often difficult conditions, people have found the ways to the best they can for themselves and their children They have taught me much more about commonalities than differences With their permission, I thank the extended Francisco Alvarez family from San Francisco el Alto and now also in Quetzaltenango, the family of José Xiap Gonon in Almolonga, and of Bonifacio Son Elías in San Cristóbal All of them invited me into their homes, helped me throughout the years, and trusted me with their friendship The Celada Lima family in Quetzaltenango also has been a constant source of friendship and support I thank my friend and colleague Linda Asturias She has opened many doors, including her own family’s home, and has been my constant collaborator and guide My friends and colleagues Brenda Rosenbaum, Gary Gossen, and June Nash read the first draft of this book and offered important critiques and commentaries that guided my revisions Needless to say, I may have failed to incorporate all their insights I have continued to work with 230 r ef er e nc e s standings of Risk and Perceptions of Change Latin American Research Review 38 (3): 82–110 Handy, Jim 1984 Gift of the Devil: A History of Guatemala Boston: South End Press Hefner, Robert W 1998 Introduction Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms, edited by Robert Hefner, 1–40 Boulder, CO: Westview Press Hernandez, Herberth 2005 Cierran Catorce Maquilas: Textiles: Ps comienza a sentir efectos de la liberación del mercado mundial Prensa Libre, February 18 www.prensa libre.com/pl/2005/febrero/18/107992.html 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success, 107 and hiring women, 131–132 individualism, 111 intermediaries, 113 land loss, 101–104 religious change, 105–107 wages, 112 artisan production, 154–155 Asociación de Investigación y Estudios Sociales (ASIES), 40 assembly plants See maquilas Asturias, Linda, 122 attitudes, 9, 25 economic, 25 Bourdieu, Pierre, 24, 169 Brintnall, Douglas, 115 Buechler, Hans and Judith, 81 Cantel, 29, 31 capital, 29 accumulation of, 91, 153 capitalism, 28 capitalisms, 13, 25 capitalist market, 10, 157 capitalists, Caribbean Basin Initiative, 19 Carlsen, Robert, 172 Carmack, Robert, 29, 170 Catholic, Catholic Action, 77, 215n Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) 19, 20 change, 26 cultural and economic, 13 ideological and economic, 115–116 process of, 32–33, 173 Chimaltenango, 4, 124–125 civil war, classes, 26, 28, 162 capitalist, 91, 150 Cojtí Cuxil, 27 commerce, 15, 77 Commission of Historical Clarification, community, 165, 172 solidarity, 110 compadres (cuentos), 48 and distrust, 50 poor, 50–53 rich, 50–53 comparative advantage, 12 competition, 25, 68, 73–74, 168 control (of production), 159 See also San Francisco conversions, 48, 77, 105–107 Cook, Scott, 91, 155 cooperation, 168 240 i n de x cooperatives, 125–126 cottage industries, 20–21 See also putting out systems credit, 69 Cuatro Pinos, 125–126 Culchich, 50 culture, 23 culture change, 24 dayworkers (mozos), 30 DeWalt, Billie, 95 differentiation economic, 7, 111, 128, 155, 159, 213n perceptions, 70 distrust, 50, 90 diversification, 25, 111, 158 Earth Lords, 48, 52–55 economy, 33 economic ideology, 40, 115 economic status, 38–39, 214n economic strategies, 14 morality, 170 success, 51, 71 education, 172 Ehlers, Tracy, 29, 31 El Tejar, 45, 139 envy, 51 ethnicity, 149–152, 164 See also identity evangelicalism, 25, 55, 77 exploitation, 49 factories, 30, 68, 88–89, 136–153 Fischer, Edward, 33, 172 flexibility, 171 gangs See maras gender, 85–87 hiring women in agriculture, 131–132, 166–167 Generalized System of Preferences, 19 Giddens, Anthony, 24 globalization, 12–13 Granovetter, Mark, 169 greed, 52, 128 Gudeman, Stephen, 27 Halperin, Rhoda, 30–31, 173 Hamilton, Sarah, 134 Hefner, Robert, 34 householding, 26, 30, 137 identity, ethnic identity, 26, 172 national, 149–152 relational, 34 ideology, 17, 173, 212n class, 93 economic, 23, 26, 40 independent workers (independents), 75, 81–82 individuality, 153 industrialization, 91 Industrial Wage Labor (export processing), 136–153 See also maquilas instability (seesaw), 83, 96, 129 Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP), 122–123, 214n intelligence, 57, 71 for business, 33, 77, 99, 109, 161 intensification of production, 21, 22, 62 intermediaries: middlemen, 30, 122, 126–128 investments, 132 irrigation, 98, 131 jobs: in the factory, 141–142 agriculture vs factory, 142–143, 145 Juan Noj, 49, 54 ladinos, 114 and view of Indians, 114 land: as capital, 104 loss, 101 i n de x Ley de Fomento y Exportación y de Maquila, 68, 137 Little, Walter, 27, 172 maquilas, 19, 20, 136–153 and gender, 146–148 wages, 148–149 maras, 139, 218n See gangs markets: marketing system, 15 Maya, 13, 27–28, 213n “Mayanness,” 172 McCreery, 155 merchants, 15 See commerce migration, 16, 45, 67, 137, 153, 156 modernization, 12 money, 57–60, 70 bad money, 56 fast money, 58 moral economy, 8, 26, 94 municipio, 32 narratives, 34 Nash, June, 27, 29, 171 Nash, Manning, 29, 31 naturales, 28 neoliberalism, 12, 212n non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAE), 119–135 agro-exporters, 120 cooperatives, 120, 125–126 and farmer’s perceptions, 120 and intermediaries, 122, 126–128 non-traditional exports (NTE) 18 Oaxaca, 155 oral tradition, 43–60 as system of information, 44 owners (patrones), 75–76, 82–83 pacas (sale of second hand clothes), 73 petty commodity agricultural production (PCAP), 97–118, petty commodity industrial production 241 (PCIP): putting out industries, 21, 61–96 and age, 76 and control, 87–89 and education, 76 and family size, 76 and gender, 85–87 and religion, 76 pieceworkers, 75, 78–79 See also wageworkers Polanyi, Karl, 169 poverty, 51, 130 practice, 9, 23, 35, 173 procedural culture, 25 See Watanabe proletarianization, 29, 156 See also semiproletarianization qualitative (research), 36–37, 41 quantitative (survey research), 38–39, 41 religion, 115 remittances, 17, 67, 117 rights, 144 Robben, Antonius, 23 Rosenbaum, Brenda, 170 Sacatepéquez, San Cristóbal Totonicapán, 4, 46 San Francisco el Alto, 4, 21, 40, 61–96 San Mateo Milpas Altas, 124–125 Santa María Cauqué, 4, 40 Santa María Chiquimula, 89 selfishness, 51, 90 semiproletarianization, 15, 30, 164 Smith, Carol, 29 social interactions, 160 stinginess, 56 stratification See differentiation structural adjustment, 12, 19 success, 160 See also San Francisco, Almolonga supernatural, 53, 59, 110, 134, 161 242 i n de x survey research, 38–39 thought, traditional, 33 unpaid family workers, 75, 80–81 apprentices, 80 violence, 5–6, wages, 84–85, 148–149, 218n, 219n Warren, Kay, 27, 44 Watanabe, John, 25 See procedural culture wealth, 56 fast, 161 women, 131–132, 172 economic status, 38–39 work, workers, 137 adolescents, 138 workshops, 64–67, 80–82 World Bank 11, 12 Xeabaj, 124–125 Xenimajuyu, 124–125 Zunil, 112 About the Author Since 2004, Liliana R Goldín has been a professor of anthropology at Florida International University in Miami She was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she received her first degree in anthropology from the Universidad de Buenos Aires She did graduate work at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and was then invited to join the Misión Científica Espola en Guatemala In 1986, she received her PhD in anthropology from the University at Albany, State University of New York, where she subsequently joined the departments of anthropology and Latin American and Caribbean studies At Albany she served as chair of the Department of Latin American and Caribbean Studies and director of the Institute for Mesoamerican Studies She has published numerous articles in academic journals and is the author of Procesos Globales en el Campo de Guatemala (FLACSO) and editor of Identities on the Move (IMS) ... First paperback printing 2011 Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Goldín, Liliana R Global Maya : work and ideology in rural Guatemala / Liliana R Goldín p cm Includes bibliographical... policies, and the future lives of rural Guatemalans CHAP T ER Global Highlands In Context, in Theory, and in Practice Global Highlands In 1950, the World Bank sent a commission to Guatemala. .. manufacturers employing close to 90,000 workers, and a total of 122,000 workers in the entire industry (including textiles and accessories) Employment in maquilas (apparel) peaked in 2004 and has shown