Governing through goals sustainable development goals as governance innovation

Governing through Goals Earth System Governance Frank Biermann and Oran R Young, series editors Oran R Young, Institutional Dynamics: Emergent Patterns in International Environmental Governance Frank Biermann and Philipp Pattberg, eds., Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered Olav Schram Stokke, Disaggregating International Regimes: A New Approach to Evaluation and Comparison Aarti Gupta and Michael Mason, eds., Transparency in Global Environmental Governance: Critical Perspectives Sikina Jinnah, Post-Treaty Politics: Secretariat Influence in Global Environmental Governance Frank Biermann, Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene Walter F Baber and Robert B Bartlett, Consensus in Global Environmental Governance: Deliberative Democracy in Nature’s Regime Diarmuid Torney, European Climate Leadership in Question: Policies toward China and India David Ciplet, J Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R Khan, Power in a Warming World: The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality Simon Nicholson and Sikina Jinnah, eds., New Earth Politics: Essays from the Anthropocene Norichika Kanie and Frank Biermann, eds., Governing through Goals: Sustainable Development Goals as Governance Innovation Related books from Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change: A Core Research Project of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change Oran R Young, Leslie A King, and Heike Schroeder, eds., Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhüner, eds., Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies Sebastian Oberthür and Olav Schram Stokke, eds., Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change Governing through Goals Sustainable Development Goals as Governance Innovation edited by Norichika Kanie and Frank Biermann The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher This book was set in Stone Sans and Stone Serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed on recycled paper and bound in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kanie, Norichika, 1969- editor | Biermann, Frank, 1967- editor Title: Governing through goals : sustainable development goals as governance innovation / edited by Norichika Kanie and Frank Biermann Description: Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, [2017] | Series: Earth system governance | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016026443| ISBN 9780262035620 (hardcover : alk paper) | ISBN 9780262533195 (pbk : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable development International cooperation | Environmental policy International cooperation | Millennium Development Goals | Sustainable Development Goals Classification: LCC HC79.E5 G6675 2017 | DDC 338.9/27 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026443 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  Contents Series Foreword  vii Preface  ix List of Acronyms  xvii Introduction: Global Governance through Goal Setting  Norichika Kanie, Steven Bernstein, Frank Biermann, and Peter M Haas I Goal Setting as a Governance Strategy  29 Conceptualization: Goal Setting as a Strategy for Earth System Governance  31 Oran R Young Goal Setting in the Anthropocene: The Ultimate Challenge of Planetary Stewardship  53 Oran R Young, Arild Underdal, Norichika Kanie, and Rakhyun E Kim Global Goal Setting for Improving National Governance and Policy  75 Frank Biermann, Casey Stevens, Steven Bernstein, Aarti Gupta, Norichika Kanie, Måns Nilsson, and Michelle Scobie Measuring Progress in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals  99 László Pintér, Marcel Kok, and Dora Almassy II Learning from the Past  135 Ideas, Beliefs, and Policy Linkages: Lessons from Food, Water, and Energy Policies  137 Peter M Haas and Casey Stevens vi  Contents Lessons from the Health-Related Millennium Development Goals  165 Steinar Andresen and Masahiko Iguchi Corporate Water Stewardship: Lessons for Goal-based Hybrid Governance  187 Takahiro Yamada III Operational Challenges  211 The United Nations and the Governance of Sustainable Development Goals  213 Steven Bernstein 10 The Sustainable Development Goals and Multilateral Agreements  241 Arild Underdal and Rakhyun E Kim 11 Financing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development  259 Tancrède Voituriez, Kanako Morita, Thierry Giordano, Noura Bakkour, and Noriko Shimizu 12 Toward a Multi-level Action Framework for Sustainable Development Goals  275 Joyeeta Gupta and Måns Nilsson 13 Conclusion: Key Challenges for Global Governance through Goals  295 Frank Biermann and Norichika Kanie Annexes  311 Contributors  319 Index  327 Series Foreword Humans now influence all biological and physical systems of the planet Almost no species, land area, or part of the oceans has remained unaffected by the expansion of the human species Recent scientific findings suggest that the entire earth system now operates outside the normal state exhibited over at least the past 500,000 years At the same time, it is apparent that the institutions, organizations, and mechanisms by which humans govern their relationship with the natural environment and global biogeochemical systems are utterly insufficient—and poorly understood More fundamental and applied research is needed Such research is no easy undertaking It must span the entire globe, because only integrated global solutions can ensure a sustainable coevolution of biophysical and socioeconomic systems But it must also draw on local experiences and insights Research on earth system governance must be about places in all their diversity, yet seek to integrate place-based research within a global understanding of the myriad human interactions with the earth system Eventually, the task is to develop integrated systems of governance, from the local to the global level, that ensure the sustainable development of the coupled socioecological system the Earth has become This series, Earth System Governance, is designed to address this research challenge Books in this series will pursue this challenge from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, at different levels of governance, and with a range of methods Yet all will further one common aim: analyzing current systems of earth system governance with a view to increased understanding and possible improvements and reform Books in this series will be of interest to the academic community, but will also inform practitioners and at times contribute to policy debates viii  Series Foreword This series is related to the long-term international research program, the Earth System Governance Project Frank Biermann, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University Oran R Young, Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara Earth System Governance Series Editors Contributors Dora Almassy is a PhD candidate in the environmental sciences and policy department at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary Her thesis research aims to identify the key national governance aspects of international environmental goal-setting and implementation processes and translate these aspects into a sustainability transition management index In addition, she participates in various international research projects focusing on environmental governance topics Prior to starting a PhD, she worked as an expert in the environmental financing topic area of the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe She has a postgraduate degree in business management from Sciences Po, Paris, France, and a master’s degree in economics from the University of Miskolc, Hungary Steinar Andresen is a research professor at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute of Norway He has also been a professor at the department of political science at the University of Oslo as well as an adjunct professor at the Pluricourts Center of Excellence, also at University of Oslo He is a lead faculty member of the Earth System Governance Project and has also been affiliated with the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, Princeton University, University of Washington, and the International Institute for Advanced Systems Analysis in Austria He has published extensively, particularly on global environmental governance Noura Bakkour is project manager at the Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Paris, France She contributes to IDDRI’s efforts to assess and communicate the current state of knowledge regarding financing and implementation of the post-2015 agenda Previously, Bakkour served as special assistant to Laurence Tubiana, former director at IDDRI Prior to that, Bakkour held project management and coordination positions at the Earth Institute, Conservation 320  Contributors International, and the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (currently known as C2ES) Bakkour holds a master’s degree in public administration from Columbia University, with a focus on environmental science and policy Steven Bernstein is a professor in the department of political science and co-director of the Environmental Governance Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto His research interests include global governance, global environmental politics, international political economy, and international institutions He is a lead faculty member of the Earth System Governance Project and has consulted on institutional reform for the United Nations Current major research projects include “Coherence and Incoherence in Global Sustainable Development Governance” (with Erin Hannah) and “Transformative Policy Pathways Towards Decarbonization” (with Matthew Hoffmann) Frank Biermann is research professor of Global Sustainability Governance with the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, The Netherlands He also chairs the Earth System Governance Project, a global transdisciplinary research network that was launched in 2009 and has joined in 2015 the research alliance “Future Earth.” Biermann’s current research examines options for reform of the United Nations and multilateral institutions, global adaptation governance, Sustainable Development Goals, the political role of science, global justice, and conceptual innovations such as the notion of the Anthropocene Biermann has authored, coauthored, or edited 16 books, along with numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals and chapters in academic books, with his most recent book being Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene (MIT Press 2014) He is frequently invited to governmental commissions and panels and has spoken, among other venues, in the UN General Assembly, the European Parliament, and the European Economic and Social Committee Thierry Giordano is an agricultural economist at the International Cooperation Centre for Agronomic Research and Development in Montpellier, France His main fields of expertise are official development assistance, financing for development, and the greening of economies, with a focus on Africa From 2007 to 2012, he worked for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a technical assistant seconded to the Development Bank of Southern Africa in Midrand, South Africa Aarti Gupta is an associate professor in the Environmental Policy Group of the Department of Social Sciences at Wageningen University, The Contributors  321 Netherlands Her research interests lie in global environmental and sustainability governance, with a focus on the politics of anticipatory risk governance and the role of science, knowledge, and expertise in environmental governance in the issue areas of biotechnology, biodiversity, forests, and climate Recently, her work has centered on the contested politics of transparency and accountability in environmental governance, with an edited volume on Transparency in Global Environmental Governance: Critical Perspectives, published by MIT Press (with Michael Mason, 2014) She is a lead faculty member of the Earth System Governance Project and an associate editor of the journal Global Environmental Politics She holds a PhD from Yale University Joyeeta Gupta is professor of environment and development in the Global South at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research of the University of Amsterdam and UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization–IHE Institute for Water Education in Delft She has published extensively and sits on the scientific steering committees of several national, European, and international projects, including the Earth System Governance Project Her most recent book, History of Global Climate Governance, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2014 and won the Atmospheric Science Librarians International Choice Award for 2014 in its history category Peter M Haas is a professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst He has published extensively on international relations theory, global governance, and international environmental politics He has received the 2015 UMASS Amherst Award for Outstanding Research and Creative Activities and the 2014 Distinguished Scholar Award of the International Studies Association Environmental Studies Section He is a lead faculty member of the Earth System Governance Project and has consulted for the UN Environment Programme, UN Commission on Global Governance, and the governments of the United States, France, and Portugal Masahiko Iguchi is an assistant professor in the department of international relations at Kyoto Sangyo University, Japan Prior to his current position, he worked as research associate at the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability in Tokyo Iguchi holds a bachelor’s degree in politics and international relations from the University of Essex, a master’s degree in international relations from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a PhD from the Tokyo Institute of Technology 322  Contributors Norichika Kanie is a professor at the Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University He is also a Senior Research Fellow at United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability Before joining Keio, he worked at the Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, and the Department of Policy Studies, The University of Kitakyushu His research focuses on global environmental governance and sustainability He was the project leader of a research project on Sustainable Development Goals (S-11, FY2013–15), funded by the Ministry of Environment, Japan (Environment Research and Technology Development Fund), of which this book project was a part Among others he serves on the scientific steering committee of the Earth System Governance Project (a core project of Future Earth), and as co-chair of the Working Party on Climate, Investment and Development of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development In 2009–2010 he was a Marie Curie Incoming International Fellow of the European Commission and visiting professor at SciencesPo, Paris He holds a PhD in Media and Governance from the Keio University Rakhyun E Kim is an assistant professor of global environmental governance with the Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development at Utrecht University, The Netherlands His research explores the complexity of international environmental law from an earth system perspective Kim serves as book review editor of Transnational Environmental Law and is a research fellow with the Earth System Governance Project, an associate fellow at the Centre for International Sustainable Development Law, and a member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s World Commission on Environmental Law Kim holds a PhD from the Australian National University He is the recipient of the 2013 Oran R Young Prize Marcel Kok is environment and development program leader and senior researcher at PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, department of Nature and Rural Areas His research concentrates on governance strategies and scenario analysis of global environmental problems, most recently on mainstreaming biodiversity, bottom-up approaches to global governance, sustainable supply chains, and vulnerability analysis Kanako Morita is a researcher at the Bureau of International Partnership, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and a project assistant professor at the Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan She received her PhD in value and decision science from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 2010 Her research interests are in environmental policy and governance, including environmental financing Contributors  323 Måns Nilsson is research director and deputy director at the Stockholm Environment Institute and a part-time professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm Key areas of interest are in low-carbon energy and transport policies, development studies and the 2030 agenda, innovation and transitions, and institutions and governance In recent years he helped establish the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate and has been closely involved as an advisor on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals to the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the European Commission Måns has slipped more than 40 papers past unsuspecting editors of academic journals and has edited two books He received his master’s degree in international economics from University of Lund, Sweden, and his PhD degree in policy analysis from Delft University of Technology, Netherlands László Pintér is a professor in the department of environmental sciences and policy at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary and Senior Fellow and Associate at the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in Winnipeg, Canada Prior to joining the Central European University in 2010, he had been working full time with IISD since 1994, serving as director of IISD’s Measurement and Assessment Program between 2003 and 2010 He works worldwide, and his main research areas include the use of knowledge and management tools in sustainable development governance and strategies Michelle Scobie is a lecturer and researcher at the Institute of International Relations and the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies at The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, where she teaches international law, international economic law, and global environmental governance She is also co-editor of the Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy and an attorney at law with practice in Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela She holds a doctorate in international relations and a bachelor of laws from the University of the West Indies St Augustine and Cave Hill Scobie’s research areas include global and regional environmental governance trends and challenges, especially in relation to institutional architectures relating to climate change, tourism, sustainable development, marine governance, private governance, environmental ethics, trade, and the environment, particularly from the perspective of developing countries She is a member of the Earth System Governance Scientific Steering Committee She has served as a senior economic policy analyst with the Ministry of Finance of the Government of 324  Contributors Trinidad and Tobago and as the first corporate secretary of the Trinidad and Tobago Heritage and Stabilization Fund She was the recipient of a 2013 Commonwealth Fellowship Award and was a Commonwealth Fellow with the School of International Development of the University of East Anglia, as well as a research fellow at University College, London Noriko Shimizu is a researcher at the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan Her research includes climate finance and safeguard policies of financial institutions Shimizu holds a bachelor’s degree in political sciences and economics from the Waseda University, Japan and a master’s degree in development studies from the University of Bristol, England, and is currently a PhD student at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Casey Stevens is an adjunct faculty member in the department of political science at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts His research focuses on global environmental governance, with a particular emphasis on biodiversity governance and sustainable development Recent publications have dealt with topics related to global biodiversity politics, including financing and implementation in the green economy era He is currently working on a book titled Resilient Governance: Networks for Protecting Changing Ecosystems across Borders Arild Underdal is professor of political science at the University of Oslo and at the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo, where he works mainly on an eight-year research program known as Strategic Challenges in International Climate and Energy Policy Most of his research has focused on international cooperation, with particular reference to environmental governance Other book-format publications include Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence (with E.L Miles et al., 2002), Regime Consequences: Methodological Challenges and Research Strategies (co-edited with Oran R Young, 2004), and The Domestic Politics of Global Climate Change (co-edited with G Bang and S Andresen, 2015) Underdal has served one term (2002–2005) as rector of the University of Oslo and one term as vice rector (1993–1995) Recent international assignments include two terms as chair of the Board of the Stockholm Resilience Centre and two terms as chair of the Science Advisory Committee of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Tancrède Voituriez is research officer at the International Cooperation Centre for Agronomic Research and Development and director of the Governance Program at the Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, Paris Following his doctoral research in economics on the Contributors  325 instability of commodity markets, he joined the Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales in 2005 to research the effects of globalization on sustainable development He has coordinated research projects for the European Commission, the European Parliament, the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, among others Since 2010, his work has focused on the conditions for implementing public policies for sustainable development, with a focus on innovative financing Takahiro Yamada is a professor of international politics at the Graduate School of Environmental Studies of Nagoya University, Japan His research has examined the role of knowledge and norms in the creation and evolution of international regimes in areas such as climate change as well as the multi-stakeholder processes that led to the World Bank’s socialization of sustainable development norms He is the author of Governing an Emerging Global Society, and numerous articles appearing in the Japan Association of International Relations’ journal International Relations and the Japanese Society of International Law’s Journal of International Law and Diplomacy Oran R Young is a professor emeritus at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and a research professor at the Marine Science Institute, both at the University of California, Santa Barbara A longtime leader in research on international environmental governance, his work addresses theoretical questions relating to governance without government and applied issues relating to marine systems, climate change, and the polar regions His current research focuses on the theme of “sustainability in the Anthropocene: governing complex systems.” He has been active for many years in the global environmental research community, and is a lead faculty member of the Earth System Governance Project Index Accountability, 23, 76–77, 79–80, 84–85, 89, 99, 101, 104, 115, 118, 122, 221, 227–228, 230–232, 263, 286 Activation strategy, 21, 196, 200, 204–205 skills, 193, 196 Addis Ababa Action Agenda, 259 Agenda 21, 7, 9, 15, 100, 124, 276 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 1, 3, 5, 7, 17, 19, 75, 79, 87, 89–90, 102, 121, 203, 216, 223, 241–242, 249–250, 253–254, 261, 275, 280, 302, 304, 308 Agents, 65, 241–242, 244, 246, 248, 251 Anthropocene, 12, 45, 53–54, 56, 57–58, 62, 68, 70, 254, 299–300, 302, 320, 325 Basic norm, 7, 12, 19, 54, 67–70, 142, 157, 216, 247, 300 Beliefs, 140, 143, 246 causal, 140, 143 Benchmarks for progress, 11, 18, 32, 36, 42–43, 47, 121, 143, 181, 233, 300 quantifiable, 232, 301 voluntary, 138 Blended finance, 261, 263, 265 Business, 3, 33, 99, 101–102, 118, 123, 138, 152–153, 175, 187–188, 196, 198, 200–205, 227, 264–265, 267–268, 277 Civil society, 3, 75–76, 79, 84, 99–100, 116, 118, 123, 138–139, 149, 151, 181, 187, 198–199, 203, 230, 275, 277, 298, 304 Climate change, 9, 14, 36, 42, 44, 46, 49, 57, 59, 63–64, 79, 103, 142, 145, 171, 180, 182, 188–189, 217, 228, 247, 251, 260, 262, 270, 277, 279, 283, 285, 296, 308 Coerciveness, 190–193, 204 Coherence, 68–69, 112, 142, 216, 220–221, 234, 306 delivery of environment and development programs, 221 epistemic, 144 governance, 22, 89, 214, 320 horizontal and vertical, 23, 280–282, 285, 287–289 institutional, 89, 144, 148, 189, 221, 225, 252 policy, 13, 89, 155, 226, 246 of sustainable development goals, 217–218, 225, 276 Commission on Sustainable Development, 7, 9, 99, 109, 124, 220–224, 227, 298 328  Complexity, 119, 153, 242, 248–250 causal, 37 idea, 108 planetary, political, 108 system, 215, 248 Consensus, 6–7, 13, 35, 45, 55, 113–114, 120, 137–149, 151–152, 155–158, 179, 230, 246, 250, 270 causal, 13, 141–147 normative, 7, 13, 20, 137, 140–141, 143–146, 152, 154, 218 Convergence, 56, 119, 254 of beliefs, 140 with indicator process, 102 of interest, 101 Coordination, 22, 118, 183, 198, 219, 221, 242, 244 within a fragmented system, 222 institutional, 218, 221, 222, 223, 226, 248–249, 284 of policies, 214 Development assistance, 10, 167, 174–175 official, 84, 86, 166, 170, 173, 178, 232, 260–261, 268, 271 Development finance institutions, 262–263, 267, 271 Discounting theory, 64 Donors, 176, 179, 232, 267–268 Earth system governance, 1, 241, 246 ECOSOC See UN Economic and Social Council Emerging issues, 79, 221 Epistemic communities, 139–141, 144, 175, 275, 284 Equity, 8, 48, 66, 78, 87–88, 90, 146, 168, 189, 198, 216–217 Equity investments, 262–263, 265–266 Index European Commission, 262–263 European Union, 15, 44, 180, 263 Financing, 22, 91, 144, 179, 226, 259–271, 285, 287 innovative, 267–269, 325 needs, 260–261, 271 Financing for Development conference, 22, 226, 259 Follow-up and review, 227, 301 Food, 13, 57, 60, 79, 147–151, 155–157, 229, 287, 302–303, 305, 308 security, 4, 45, 48, 53, 57–59, 62, 69, 141, 146–151, 153, 155, 157–158, 189, 217, 305 Fragmentation of global governance, 242, 245–246, 252, 254 Funding for implementation, 155–156, 171, 174, 176–179, 232, 234, 249, 260, 262–264, 267, 270, 304 private, 261, 265 public, 261, 270, 301 public and private, 261 Gender equality issues, 10–11, 53–54, 79, 83, 86, 88, 90–91, 139, 141, 145–146, 167, 170, 180–181, 217, 220, 281, 289, 299 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, 20, 166, 175–179, 182 Global Environment Facility, 222, 262, 288 Global governance, 1, 2, 3, 8, 68, 79–80, 138, 178, 188, 190–192, 204, 218, 220, 241–242, 244–245, 252–254, 277, 295, 298–299, 305, 307 coherence in, 218 strategy of, 3, 5, 18–19, 298–299, 300, 305 through goals, 2, 24, 295, 298–299 Index  Global sustainable development report, 92, 111, 118, 123, 224, 229–230, 301, 305 Goal setting, 1, 2, 8, 18, 31–37, 39–41, 44–46, 48–49, 53, 56, 62, 75, 86, 157, 214–215, 232, 243, 246, 248, 250, 296–297, 300, 307 as a governance strategy, 2, 3, 5–7, 19, 23, 24, 31–36, 38–41, 44–45, 54, 56, 58, 70, 188, 241, 300 Governance, effective, 19, 36, 48, 76, 85–92, 215, 220 equitable, 76, 80, 87–89, 91 good, 2, 19, 47–48, 76–80, 82–85, 88–91, 171, 286 innovative, 8–9 Grants, 261–263, 265, 298 Green bonds, 268 Greenhouse gas, 6, 14, 38, 49, 55–56, 58, 103, 110, 180 Grundnorm See Basic norm Guarantees, 262, 266–268 Health care, 10, 13, 20, 45, 53, 62, 64–66, 90, 103, 110, 138, 145, 156, 165–167, 170, 173–182 High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, 7, 92, 213–214, 217, 219–228, 231, 233–234, 243, 252–253, 296, 301 Indicators, 10–11, 18, 20, 37, 43, 47, 76–77, 80–84, 86–91 Institutional arrangements, 22, 44, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70, 201–202, 218, 233, 248, 281, 287, 295–297, 299, 304 Institutional mechanisms, 5, 7, 23, 296 Institutions, 6–7, 21, 66, 76, 78, 80, 85–87, 89, 101, 148, 170, 178, 198, 213, 218, 241 arrangement, 7, 22, 44, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70 329 Bretton Woods, 7, 220, 225–226, 233 financial/economic, 76, 78, 83, 201, 222, 226, 229, 262–263, 267, 271, 289 governance, 77, 79, 214, 217 inclusive, 79, 84, 89 international, 6, 79, 87, 89, 91, 153, 187, 190, 220, 243, 245, 248 mechanism, 5, 7, 23, 106, 110–111, 116–119, 124 political, 151 reform, 67 UN, 195 Integrated assessment, 110, 122, 289 global integrated assessment reports, 111 Integration, 91, 154, 217, 246, 250, 253, 281 of governance, 75, 80, 90 of issues and goals, 89, 146, 189, 217, 233, 307 of policy, 13, 86, 305 of three aspects of sustainable development, 190, 216, 225 of the UN system, 221, 225–226 Interconnections among Sustainable Development Goals, 12, 138, 143, 146, 156 Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, 232, 234, 260–261 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 56 Interlinkages among Sustainable Development Goals, 102, 105, 122, 145, 149, 156, 170, 305 causal, 115 integrated assessment of, 110 social, economic, and environmental, 13–14 International Energy Agency, 153–154, 260 330  International Monetary Fund, 76–77, 86, 153, 226, 242 International organizations, 10, 75, 82, 84, 139–141, 146, 151, 154, 175, 190, 192–194, 204, 223, 242 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, 9, 15, 216 Knowledge, 1, 86, 139–140, 152, 154, 175, 194, 200, 215, 218, 229, 231, 269, 283, 286, 305–306 consensual, 20, 22, 140, 213 gaps, 1, 229 policy-usable, 145 shared, 200, 203 Leadership for goal attainment, 20, 22, 40, 70, 118, 166–167, 175, 178–179, 182, 213–214, 217, 219–221, 223–224, 301 Learning, 17, 108, 118, 155, 157, 219, 227, 229, 302 curve, 259, 267–269, 271 experience and information, 91–92, 112, 229 learning-by-doing process, 113, 120 policy, 143 process of, 137, 217–218, 245 process of the Millennium Development Goals, 156, 228 social, 20, 139–141, 155, 157, 218 Legal systems, 67, 296 Legitimacy, 42, 67, 75, 78, 84–85, 176, 183, 189, 214, 220, 222–224, 227, 233, 276, 278 Linkages, 19–20, 22, 56, 121, 138–140, 142, 146, 155, 157, 170, 204, 227, 229 causal, 156 global and national goals, 11 Index issue, 20, 137, 141, 155, 157 tactical, 137, 139–142, 146, 156, 158 Loans, 147, 261–263, 265, 285 Market, 9, 60, 103, 107–108, 119, 121, 125, 147–151, 153–154, 203–204, 261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 277, 279, 289 Means of implementation, 9, 13, 86–87, 90–91, 99, 213, 219, 225, 229–234, 281 Measurement, 11, 19, 22, 42, 87, 99 challenges of, 19, 89, 116, 121 instruments, 101 progress, 105, 109 reform, 101, 104, 106, 111 systems, 100–104, 106–110, 117–119, 121, 123–125 Millennium Declaration, 10–11, 33, 37, 42, 53, 68, 78, 170, 246–249, 298 Millennium Development Goals, 2, 6, 14, 21, 33–35, 37, 42, 49, 53, 70, 78, 138, 166–175 assessment of progress, 20, 110 challenges of, 170, 173–175, 297 distinction from the Sustainable Development Goals, 44–45, 85, 156, 180, 304, 307 experience of, 5, 14, 23, 125, 143, 215, 233, 247 goal setting, 34, 37 health–related issues, 165 indicators for, 109, 111, 122, 143 lessons from, 20, 165, 182, 228 monitoring and reporting, 20, 110–112, 123, 228–230 one-size-fits-all approach, 11, 181, 303 partnerships, 232, 234, 301 as precursor, 1, 7, 10–12, 109, 295 progress of, 145, 215 transition from, 54 unfinished elements, 2, 13, 182 water–related issues, 195 Index  Modulation strategy, 21, 194, 203–205 Monitoring, 6, 9, 13, 20–22, 75, 84, 87, 91, 100, 102–104, 111–116, 118, 122, 167, 215, 218, 221, 225, 227–230, 234, 276, 280, 282–283, 285, 287, 301 Multilateral agreements, 1, 5, 103, 245, 252 Multi-stakeholder, 3, 8, 21, 188, 200, 234, 302 Nationally determined contributions to combat climate change, 188, 270–271, 300 Networks, 10, 75, 85, 100–101, 107, 117–118, 138, 140–141, 156, 192, 194, 213, 222, 225, 227, 230–231, 296, 301 Nongovernmental organizations, 6, 79, 86, 104, 110, 112, 146, 151–152, 175–176, 192, 194, 196, 198–201, 203, 232, 242, 247, 275, 277 Nonlinearities, 57 Nonstate actors, 10, 37, 68, 85, 146, 176, 188, 194, 206, 253, 277, 287, 302, 306 Norm, 2, 5, 8–9, 19, 23, 39, 67–69, 100, 113, 137, 139–143, 146, 153, 170, 254 Open Working Group, 16–17, 44, 46, 57, 68, 117, 119–120, 124, 138, 143–144, 189–190, 203, 216, 249–253, 269, 297 Opportunity costs, 36 Orchestration strategy, 21, 194, 200, 203–205, 214, 217, 219–220, 222–223, 226–227, 232, 242–244, 246–249, 252, 300, 307 Paris Agreement under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 3, 181, 296, 300, 305, 308 331 Participation, 9, 63, 65, 76–77, 79–80, 86, 89, 108, 117, 123, 170, 199, 215, 219–221, 223–226, 229, 231, 284–286, 298 Partnerships, 9–10, 85–86, 91, 167, 175, 179, 182, 198, 205, 213, 221, 225, 227, 230–234, 252, 259, 263, 297, 301–302 global, 10–11, 45, 90, 167, 181, 233–234, 296, 301 private-private, 301 public-private, 9, 75, 85, 219, 259, 264–265, 267–269, 270–271, 288, 302 Path dependence, 42 Planetary boundaries, 13, 46, 56–57, 67, 104, 120, 142, 187, 216, 247, 305 Policy tools, 230 Post-2015 development agenda, 3, 14–15, 17–18, 45, 122, 170, 181, 189, 205, 234, 297 Poverty eradication, 2, 4, 10–12, 14, 17–18, 34, 37, 44–46, 53–54, 56–57, 68, 77–79, 88–90, 138, 143–144, 156, 167–168, 170–172, 174, 180–181, 196, 215, 217, 228, 232, 247–248, 250, 259–260, 262, 265, 275, 277, 280, 298, 305–306, 308 definition of poverty, 47, 180 economic poverty, 77 income and poverty-monitoring initiative, 167 Principles, 9, 39, 66, 108, 145, 149, 245, 283, 289 for actions related to Sustainable Development Goals, 276–282 development aid, 284 Dublin Principles, 195 polluter pays, 48 precautionary, 48 Rio, 284 of the UN Global Compact, 196–197 332  Prioritization of Sustainable Development Goal indicators, 120, 300 Private governance, 188, 193, 323 Regulatory mechanisms for sustainability goals, Reporting, 84, 102–104, 110, 112–119, 122–123, 230, 285, 287, 301 capacity, 84, 283 corporate, 100 frameworks, 102, 117–118, 287 mechanisms, 107, 112 Millennium Development Goals, 110–111, 123 monitoring and, 20, 84, 100, 104, 111, 118, 122, 229, 283, 287 progress, 108, 111, 122, 227 Resource mobilization, 5, 7, 22–23, 301 domestic, 86, 231–232, 234 Rio Declaration, 68 Rio Summit See UN Conference on Environment and Development Rule of law, 76–80, 83, 85, 89, 277, 307 Scales, 22, 31–32, 38, 55–56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 104, 106, 107–108, 110, 119, 147, 152, 197, 201, 244, 279–280, 282, 287 Science-policy interface, 92, 219, 228, 230, 301, 306 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 68 Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 45–47, 79, 114, 260, 275 Teleconnections, 56, 302 “The Future We Want,” 15, 53, 68, 143, 216, 250 Time, 8, 36, 43, 57, 63–65, 121 frames, 5, 33–34, 47, 171, 232, 303 inconsistency, 64 Index Transparency, 76–77, 80, 84, 89, 107, 116–117, 150, 197, 204, 230, 263, 266 Uncertainties, 36, 58, 63, 144, 173, 176, 224, 228, 230 UN Conference on Environment and Development, 1, 6–8, 13, 195, 276, 298 UN Conference on the Human Environment, UN Economic and Social Council, 220, 223–226, 230, 233 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 3, 6, 35, 43, 110, 113, 249, 277 UN General Assembly, 1, 3, 5, 11, 16–17, 46, 57, 75, 138, 143, 195, 223–224, 226, 230–231, 246, 269, 276, 284, 296, 304 UN Global Compact, 21, 188, 196–200, 203–206, 228, 304 UN Secretary-General, 3, 10, 17, 101, 106, 112, 114, 167, 197, 222, 226, 259, 297–298, 308 UN Statistical Commission, 99, 106, 120–121, 124, 229 UN system, 3, 11, 70, 148–150, 175, 177, 198, 214, 221–225, 229, 231, 233, 243, 246, 252, 287, 297–298 Voluntary commitments to Sustainable Development Goals, 9, 225, 230–231, 233–234, 296, 301 Water, 10–11, 22–23, 57–61, 69, 79–80, 86, 90, 146–147, 151–153, 155–158, 170, 181, 187, 217, 229, 247, 251, 262, 276, 279–289, 296, 308 CEO Water Mandate, 21, 188, 196–203 Index  governance, 21, 86, 152–153, 192–194, 200, 202–203, 205, 281, 284, 286, 304 security, 13, 21, 59, 62, 152–153, 155 World Bank, 76–78, 80, 82–83, 86, 152, 167, 170, 174, 176, 226, 242, 264 World Commission on Environment and Development, 8, 54 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 1, 9, 195, 219, 227, 298, 302 333 ... the Sustainable Development Goals Whereas governance is recognized as central to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, how to incorporate governance as a goal in its own right as. .. 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UNGA 2015) The Sustainable Development Goals were to build... Norichika, 1969- editor | Biermann, Frank, 1967- editor Title: Governing through goals : sustainable development goals as governance innovation / edited by Norichika Kanie and Frank Biermann Description: