SPRINGER BRIEFS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE Yonghong Wu America’s Leaning Ivory Tower The Measurement of and Response to Concentration of Federal Funding for Academic Research 123 SpringerBriefs in Political Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8871 Yonghong Wu America’s Leaning Ivory Tower The Measurement of and Response to Concentration of Federal Funding for Academic Research 123 Yonghong Wu Department of Public Administration University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ISSN 2191-5466 ISSN 2191-5474 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Political Science ISBN 978-3-030-18703-3 ISBN 978-3-030-18704-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18704-0 © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of 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institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface As a scholar in the field of public budgeting and finance, I have a genuine interest in the allocation of government resources Government allocation decisions affect the operation of various public, private, and not-for-profit organizations and, ultimately, the lives of people in this country Because elected representatives make budgetary decisions at all levels of government, government resource allocation is basically an outcome of the political process However, federal resource allocation does not end when Congress passes appropriation bills and the president signs them Government agencies often need to further allocate appropriated funds to other institutions and individuals While public budgeting and finance scholars focus on the politics of government budgeting, the post-appropriation allocation has not been studied enough A few federal agencies such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health receive billions of appropriated funds each year to support academic research, and they allocate the funds to higher education institutions and researchers via a competitive selection process With my bachelor’s degree in applied physics and doctoral training in science and technology policy, I understand the rationales of government funding of academic research and the need for merit-based competition in funding scientific research However, a competitionbased allocation mechanism has led to a substantial concentration of federal funding in high-capacity states, while low-capacity states are largely left underfunded The uneven distribution of federal funding for academic research has been an important public policy issue for decades Under the mandate of Congress, some federal agencies launched special programs to address funding concentration issue in the 1980s and 1990s Although the programs have shown some modest effects on research-capacity building through investing in collaboration development and infrastructure improvement, insufficient attention to the institutional environment limits the progress toward a more equitable distribution of federal research funding across jurisdictions I feel the obligation to thoroughly investigate the issue of uneven distribution of federal resources and recommend ways to improve the effectiveness of government efforts in this arena v vi Preface The book is the product of my long-term focus and research on this topic I sincerely hope that this work will have a positive impact on policy-making and program implementation aimed at addressing this funding concentration in the United States I am indebted to several people who assisted my research on this topic Julia Melkers was the co-author of my first paper on EPSCoR, which inspired my decade-long interest in the topic Eric W Welch generously shared materials and data that are helpful to this work I also want to thank the external reviewers for their thoughtful comments Finally, this book is dedicated to my wife, Karen, and my children, Jerry and Cindy This book would not have been possible without their love and support Chicago, USA Yonghong Wu Contents The 1.1 1.2 1.3 Funding of Academic Research in the U.S Fiscal Federalism in Financing Academic Research Trends of Fiscal Federalism in Funding Academic Research Substantial Disparity in Federal Funding of Academic S&E Research References 10 Geographical Concentration of Funding of Academic Research 2.1 Measurement of Concentration of Federal Funding of Academic Research in the U.S 2.2 Causes and Consequences of Uneven Distribution of Federal Funding of Academic R&D References 11 12 23 27 29 29 33 38 40 43 44 48 55 Multi-level Assessment on EPSCoR 5.1 The Changing Top 100 Recipients of Federal Academic R&D Support 5.2 Macro-level Assessment of Concentration of Federal Funding for Academic Research 57 Public Policy Response to Concentration of Academic Research 3.1 History of NSF’s EPSCoR and Similar Programs 3.2 State-Level EPSCoR Coordination and Heterogeneity 3.3 An Evaluative Framework on EPSCoR References Assessment of Scientists’ Research Capacity 4.1 Empirical Test of the Determinants of Individual Research Capacity 4.2 Comparison of Research Capacity Between EPSCoR and Non-EPSCoR States References 58 59 vii viii Contents 5.3 State-Level Assessment of NSF EPSCoR and NIH IDeA References 64 72 73 74 81 86 89 89 92 95 Appendix 97 EPSCoR Programs and Research Facilities 6.1 Size, Funding and Density of Academic Research Facilities 6.2 The Impact of EPSCoR on Funding of Research Facilities References The Future of EPSCoR 7.1 Evolving Political Support of EPSCoR 7.2 Strategic Shift: From Infrastructure Improvement to Institutional Innovation References List of Figures Fig 1.1 Fig 1.2 Fig Fig Fig Fig 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fig Fig Fig Fig 3.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 Amounts of federally and state/local financed higher education R&D expenditures Note The black solid and dashed lines represent the amounts of federally and state/local financed R&D expenditures for all higher education institutions (in billions constant dollars) The gray solid and dashed lines represent the amounts of federally and state/local financed R&D expenditures for public higher education institutions (in billions constant dollars) Shares of federally and state/local financed higher education R&D expenditures Note The black solid and dashed lines represent the shares of federally and state/local financed R&D expenditures for all higher education institutions (in %) The gray solid and dashed lines represent the shares of federally and state/local financed R&D expenditures for public higher education institutions (in %) State’s share of federal academic R&D support in 2015 State’s share of federal academic R&D support in 1975 State’s share of doctorate recipients in engineering in 2016 State’s share of doctorate recipients in Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Math and Computer Sciences and Geosciences in 2016 Framework of research capacity and competitiveness State’s share of total space for S&E research in 2003 State’s share of total space for S&E research in 2015 Funds for new construction of research facility by source—all academic institutions Note The solid, dashed, and dotted lines represent funds from institutions or other sources, state/local governments, and federal government (in billions constant dollars) 12 26 27 39 75 76 77 ix Appendix 127 Table A.6 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control Thomas Jefferson Private University University of Alaska Public Fairbanks Medical College of Private Wisconsin Tulane University Private University of Texas Public Medical Branch a Dollar amounts are in thousands State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Pennsylvania No $22,195 96 Alaska No $21,754 97 Wisconsin No $21,747 98 Louisiana Texas Yes No $21,729 $20,404 99 100 Table A.7 Top 100 academic institutions receiving federal R&D support in 1985 Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Johns Hopkins University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford University University of Washington University of California, Los Angeles Columbia University in the City of New York University of Wisconsin-Madison Cornell University Harvard University Yale University University of Michigan University of California, Berkeley University of California, San Diego University of Minnesota Private Maryland No $297,374 Private Massachusetts No $189,558 Private Public California Washington No No $174,961 $146,179 Public California No $128,211 Private New York No $127,816 Public Wisconsin No $124,604 Private Private Private Public New York Massachusetts Connecticut Michigan No No No No $119,966 $109,414 $109,227 $108,035 10 11 Public California No $106,710 12 Public California No $103,633 13 Public Minnesota No $103,272 14 (continued) 128 Appendix Table A.7 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank University of Pennsylvania University of California, San Francisco University of Southern California University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Pennsylvania State University New York University University of Texas at Austin Washington University in St Louis University of Colorado Boulder University of Chicago University of Rochester Duke University Private Pennsylvania No $103,119 15 Public California No $98,536 16 Private California No $89,706 17 Public Illinois No $83,122 18 Public Pennsylvania No $76,726 19 Private Public New York Texas No No $74,577 $72,379 20 21 Private Missouri No $71,978 22 Public Colorado No $71,424 23 Private Private Illinois New York No No $71,194 $70,379 24 25 Private No $69,169 26 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Pittsburgh Yeshiva University Ohio State University University of Iowa California Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Purdue University, West Lafayette University of Maryland, College Park University of Utah University of Arizona Public North Carolina North Carolina No $63,105 27 Public Pennsylvania No $58,620 28 Private Public Public Private New York Ohio Iowa California No No No No $56,988 $56,065 $55,117 $55,083 29 30 31 32 Public Georgia No $51,585 33 Public Indiana No $51,544 34 Public Maryland No $51,073 35 Public Public Utah Arizona No No $50,938 36 $49,740 37 (continued) Appendix 129 Table A.7 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Carnegie Mellon University Northwestern University, Evanston Case Western Reserve University University of Florida Michigan State University Boston University University of Massachusetts, central office Baylor College of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey University of California, Davis Vanderbilt University Texas A&M University Indiana University, Bloomington University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University of Virginia Louisiana State University, system office Rockefeller University SUNY, Stony Brook University University Tennessee, system office Princeton University Tufts University Private Pennsylvania No $48,872 38 Private Illinois No $48,260 39 Private Ohio No $47,994 40 Public Public Florida Michigan No No $47,716 $46,945 41 42 Private Public Massachusetts Massachusetts No No $46,152 $46,046 43 44 Private Texas No $45,837 45 Public Alabama Yes $44,093 46 Public New Jersey No $43,635 47 Public California No $43,156 48 Private Public Tennessee Texas No No $39,909 $39,372 49 50 Public Indiana No $39,118 51 Public Texas No $37,432 52 Public Public Virginia Louisiana No No $37,415 $35,698 53 54 Private New York No $35,285 55 Public New York No $35,059 56 Public Tennessee No $34,763 57 Private Private New Jersey Massachusetts No No $34,720 58 $34,495 59 (continued) 130 Appendix Table A.7 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Oregon State University University of Miami University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Connecticut University of California, Irvine Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of New Mexico University of Illinois at Chicago Virginia Commonwealth University Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai University of Cincinnati North Carolina State University Emory University Brown University New Mexico State University, Las Cruces Colorado State University, Fort Collins Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University University of Georgia University of California, Santa Barbara University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Public Oregon No $33,801 60 Private Public Florida Hawaii No No $33,709 $32,812 61 62 Public Connecticut No $32,805 63 Public California No $31,515 64 Private Massachusetts No $31,392 65 Public New Mexico No $31,362 66 Public Illinois No $30,145 67 Public Virginia No $28,896 68 Private New York No $28,059 69 Public Ohio No $27,886 70 Public No $27,387 71 Private Private Public North Carolina Georgia Rhode Island New Mexico No No No $27,005 $26,079 $24,861 72 73 74 Public Colorado No $24,767 75 Public Virginia No $24,590 76 Public Public Georgia California No No $23,800 $23,730 77 78 Public Texas No $23,680 79 (continued) Appendix 131 Table A.7 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank SUNY, University Buffalo, Buffalo University of Missouri, Columbia Utah State University University of Kentucky University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston University of Maryland, Baltimore University of Kansas, Lawrence University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center Florida State University University of Dayton University of Vermont Temple University, Philadelphia University of Oregon, Eugene Washington State University University of Texas Medical Branch Syracuse University, Syracuse University of Wyoming Wayne State University Dartmouth College Public New York No $23,051 80 Public Missouri No $22,343 81 Public Public Utah Kentucky No Yes $22,067 $21,951 82 83 Public Texas No $21,607 84 Public Maryland No $20,986 85 Public Kansas No $20,123 86 Public Texas No $19,925 87 Public Florida No $19,894 88 Private Public Ohio Vermont No Yes $19,460 $19,180 89 90 Public Pennsylvania No $18,998 91 Public Oregon No $17,445 92 Public Washington No $17,381 93 Public Texas No $17,185 94 Private New York No $17,035 95 Public Wyoming Yes $16,955 96 Public Michigan No $16,598 97 Private New Hampshire Rhode Island No $16,380 98 No $15,998 99 No $15,228 100 University of Rhode Public Island Wake Forest Private University a Dollar amounts are in thousands North Carolina 132 Appendix Table A.8 Top 100 academic institutions receiving federal R&D support in 1980 Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Johns Hopkins University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stanford University University of Washington University of California, San Diego University of California, Los Angeles Harvard University Columbia University in the City of New York University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Minnesota Cornell University University of Michigan University of Pennsylvania Yale University University of California, San Francisco Washington University in St Louis University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Chicago University of California, Berkeley Pennsylvania State University University of Southern California Private Maryland No $240,096 Private Massachusetts No $142,094 Private Public California Washington No No $104,610 $100,577 Public California No $91,427 Public California No $87,284 Private Private Massachusetts New York No No $84,554 $82,250 Public Wisconsin No $80,828 Public Minnesota No $76,068 10 Private Public New York Michigan No No $75,166 $71,935 11 12 Private Pennsylvania No $71,084 13 Private Public Connecticut California No No $68,937 $62,771 14 15 Private Missouri No $52,529 16 Public Illinois No $50,800 17 Private Public Illinois California No No $50,592 $50,426 18 19 Public Pennsylvania No $48,463 20 Private California No $48,343 21 (continued) Appendix 133 Table A.8 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank University of Colorado Boulder Duke University Public Colorado No $44,823 22 Private No $42,685 23 University of California, Davis University of Rochester University of Texas at Austin Yeshiva University New York University Ohio State University Purdue University, West Lafayette University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill California Institute of Technology University of Iowa University of Arizona University of Pittsburgh Northwestern University, Evanston University of Utah Baylor College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Oregon State University Texas A&M University Michigan State University University of Miami Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta University of Alabama at Birmingham Public North Carolina California No $42,245 24 Private New York No $41,324 25 Public Texas No $40,434 26 Private Private Public Public New York New York Ohio Indiana No No No No $40,275 $39,494 $37,312 $36,724 27 28 29 30 Public North Carolina No $35,795 31 Private California No $35,552 32 Public Public Public Iowa Arizona Pennsylvania No No No $34,677 $33,887 $33,246 33 34 35 Private Illinois No $31,982 36 Public Private Utah Texas No No $31,966 $31,784 37 38 Private Ohio No $31,420 39 Public Oregon No $29,690 40 Public Texas No $29,360 41 Public Michigan No $28,836 42 Private Public Florida Georgia No No $27,986 $27,868 43 44 Public Alabama No $26,995 45 (continued) 134 Appendix Table A.8 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Indiana University, Bloomington University of Maryland, College Park Vanderbilt University University of Florida Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Boston University University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Virginia Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Colorado State University, Fort Collins North Carolina State University University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Carnegie Mellon University University of Kansas, Lawrence Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Princeton University University of Tennessee, Knoxville University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center Louisiana State University, system office University of Massachusetts, central office Public Indiana No $26,770 46 Public Maryland No $26,463 47 Private Public Public Tennessee Florida New Jersey No No No $25,978 $25,467 $25,286 48 49 50 Private Public Massachusetts Hawaii No No $24,943 $23,697 51 52 Public Private Virginia Massachusetts No No $23,583 $23,427 53 54 Public Colorado No $22,762 55 Public No $22,378 56 Public North Carolina Texas No $22,172 57 Private Pennsylvania No $22,081 58 Public Kansas No $21,803 59 Private New York No $21,799 60 Private Public New Jersey Tennessee No No $21,492 $20,710 61 62 Public Texas No $20,345 63 Public Louisiana No $20,205 64 Public Massachusetts No $20,042 65 (continued) Appendix 135 Table A.8 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Rockefeller University University of Illinois at Chicago University of Cincinnati University of Connecticut University of California, Irvine SUNY, University Buffalo, Buffalo SUNY, Stony Brook University University of New Mexico University of Alaska Fairbanks University of Maryland, Baltimore University of Georgia Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University University of Missouri, Columbia Emory University Brown University Virginia Commonwealth University Temple University, Philadelphia University of Dayton University of Kentucky Washington State University University of Rhode Island New Mexico State University, Las Cruces Private New York No $19,686 66 Public Illinois No $19,519 67 Public Ohio No $19,486 68 Public Connecticut No $19,171 69 Public California No $18,605 70 Public New York No $18,477 71 Public New York No $18,449 72 Public New Mexico No $17,952 73 Public Alaska No $17,908 74 Public Maryland No $17,186 75 Public Public Georgia Virginia No No $17,056 $16,823 76 77 Public Missouri No $16,467 78 Private Private Public Georgia Rhode Island Virginia No No No $16,028 $15,680 $15,605 79 80 81 Public Pennsylvania No $15,368 82 Private Public Ohio Kentucky No No $15,314 $13,982 83 84 Public Washington No $13,162 85 Public Rhode Island No $12,970 86 Public New Mexico No $12,284 87 (continued) 136 Appendix Table A.8 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank University of Vermont U Oklahoma, Norman and Health Science Center Wayne State University University of Texas Medical Branch University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio University of California, Santa Barbara Syracuse University, Syracuse Iowa State University Dartmouth College Public Vermont No $12,035 88 Public Oklahoma No $11,938 89 Public Michigan No $11,926 90 Public Texas No $11,904 91 Public Texas No $11,282 92 Public Texas No $11,153 93 Public California No $10,946 94 Private New York No $10,287 95 Public Private Iowa New Hampshire Massachusetts Utah Oregon No No $10,077 $9,941 96 97 No No No $9,853 $9,807 $9,399 98 99 100 Tufts University Private Utah State University Public University of Oregon, Public Eugene a Dollar amounts are in thousands Table A.9 Top 100 academic institutions receiving federal R&D support in 1975 Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Washington Stanford University University of California, Los Angeles Private Massachusetts No $68,715 Public Washington No $60,235 Private Public California California No No $58,665 $54,203 (continued) Appendix 137 Table A.9 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank University of Wisconsin-Madison Harvard University Columbia University in the City of New York University of California, San Diego University of Pennsylvania Johns Hopkins University University of California, Berkeley University of Minnesota Cornell University University of Michigan University of Chicago Yale University University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of California, San Francisco Washington University in St Louis University of Southern California New York University University of Rochester Yeshiva University Duke University Public Wisconsin No $49,358 Private Private Massachusetts New York No No $48,836 $48,778 Public California No $48,550 Private Pennsylvania No $43,538 Private Maryland No $41,261 10 Public California No $40,797 11 Public Minnesota No $39,695 12 Private Public New York Michigan No No $39,601 $38,403 13 14 Private Private Public Illinois Connecticut Illinois No No No $38,300 $36,672 $34,100 15 16 17 Public California No $33,689 18 Private Missouri No $30,719 19 Private California No $28,678 20 Private Private New York New York No No $28,029 $25,408 21 22 Private Private No No $24,782 $24,550 23 24 Public New York North Carolina Texas No $23,307 25 Private Public Florida Colorado No No $22,896 $22,338 26 27 University of Texas at Austin University of Miami University of Colorado Boulder (continued) 138 Appendix Table A.9 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Purdue University, West Lafayette California Institute of Technology Ohio State University Pennsylvania State University University of California, Davis University of Utah University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Case Western Reserve University Northwestern University, Evanston Baylor College of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Michigan State University University of Iowa University of Florida University of Arizona Colorado State University, Fort Collins Princeton University Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center Public Indiana No $21,460 28 Private California No $21,002 29 Public Public Ohio Pennsylvania No No $20,913 $20,256 30 31 Public California No $19,837 32 Public Public Utah North Carolina No No $19,736 $19,187 33 34 Private Ohio No $18,975 35 Private Illinois No $18,721 36 Private Texas No $18,615 37 Public Pennsylvania No $18,586 38 Public Michigan No $18,003 39 Public Public Public Public Iowa Florida Arizona Colorado No No No No $16,645 $16,257 $16,138 $16,110 40 41 42 43 Private Private New Jersey New York No No $16,038 $15,507 44 45 Public Alabama No $15,507 45 Public Hawaii No $15,029 47 Public Texas No $14,881 48 (continued) Appendix 139 Table A.9 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Vanderbilt University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Maryland, College Park Oregon State University Texas A&M University Boston University Indiana University, Bloomington University of Virginia Emory University Rockefeller University University of Maryland, Baltimore SUNY, University Buffalo, Buffalo University of Kansas, Lawrence University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau Temple University, Philadelphia Carnegie Mellon University University of Georgia University of Connecticut Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Public New Jersey No $14,829 49 Private Private Tennessee Massachusetts No No $14,797 $14,440 50 51 Public Maryland No $13,772 52 Public Oregon No $13,718 53 Public Texas No $13,715 54 Private Public Massachusetts Indiana No No $13,325 $13,132 55 56 Public Private Private Virginia Georgia New York No No No $12,069 $12,067 $12,065 57 58 59 Public Maryland No $11,925 60 Public New York No $11,146 61 Public Kansas No $10,743 62 Public Texas No $10,662 63 Public Alaska No $10,561 64 Public Pennsylvania No $10,285 65 Private Pennsylvania No $10,014 66 Public Public Georgia Connecticut No No $9,527 $9,488 67 68 Public Georgia No $9,455 69 (continued) 140 Appendix Table A.9 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank University of Missouri, Columbia University of New Mexico University of Vermont New Mexico State University, Las Cruces University of California, Irvine Louisiana State University, system office University of Cincinnati University of Tennessee, Knoxville North Carolina State University University of Massachusetts Amherst Brown University University of Kentucky Utah State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University University of Illinois at Chicago SUNY, Stony Brook University Tulane University Tufts University University of Oregon, Eugene University of Dayton Wayne State University Washington State University Public Missouri No $9,426 70 Public New Mexico No $9,330 71 Public Vermont No $9,323 72 Public New Mexico No $8,994 73 Public California No $8,920 74 Public Louisiana No $8,898 75 Public Ohio No $8,718 76 Public Tennessee No $8,674 77 Public No $8,363 78 Public North Carolina Massachusetts No $8,190 79 Private Public Rhode Island Kentucky No No $8,086 $7,977 80 81 Public Public Utah Virginia No No $7,836 $7,836 82 82 Public Illinois No $7,682 84 Public New York No $7,671 85 Private Private Public Louisiana Massachusetts Oregon No No No $6,739 $6,524 $6,415 86 87 88 Private Public Ohio Michigan No No $6,306 $6,276 89 90 Public Washington No $6,049 91 (continued) Appendix 141 Table A.9 (continued) Academic institution Institutional control University of Texas Public Medical Branch Thomas Jefferson Private University SUNY, Downstate Public Medical Center U Oklahoma, Public Norman and Health Science Center Syracuse University, Private Syracuse Iowa State University Public Virginia Public Commonwealth University Oklahoma State Public University, Stillwater Oregon Health & Public Science University a Dollar amounts are in thousands State In EPSCoR state? Federal R&D supporta Rank Texas No $5,989 92 Pennsylvania No $5,931 93 New York No $5,919 94 Oklahoma No $5,883 95 New York No $5,845 96 Iowa Virginia No No $5,802 $5,720 97 98 Oklahoma No $5,672 99 Oregon No $5,598 100 ... synthesis of the analyses and a discussion of the implications for the future of EPSCoR and similar efforts to address the concentration of federal funding for academic research Although EPSCoR efforts... Geographical Concentration of Funding of Academic Research Fig 2.1 State’s share of federal academic R&D support in 1975 2.1 Measurement of Concentration of Federal Funding of Academic Research in the. .. as mean and standard deviation and a newly developed concentration The Funding of Academic Research in the U.S index are used to describe the extent of concentration of academic research funding