The Â�Single Â�Currency and European Â�Citizenship ii The Single Currency and European Citizenship Unveiling the Other Side of The Coin Edited by Giovanni Moro N E W YOR K • LON DON • N E W DE L H I • SY DN EY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 175 Fifth Avenue New York NY 10010 USA 50 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DP UK www.bloomsbury.com First published 2013 © FONDACA, 2013 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Giovanni Moro The Single Currency and European Citizenship /Giovanni Moro p.cm Includes bibliographic references and index ISBN 9781623560232 (hardcover) ISBN 9781623566845 (paperback) ISBN: HB: 978-1-6235-6023-2 PB: 978-1-6235-6684-5 PDF: 978-1-6235-6095-9 ePub: 978-1-6235-6299-1 Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India CONTENTS Acknowledgments╇ vii List of Figures and Tables╇ viii Introduction╇ Giovanni Morô•‡ Part Onꕇ Multiple Links between Single Currency and European Citizenship╇ ╇ Building citizenship in the post-modern Era: Dimensions of the other side of the coin╇ Giovanni Morô•‡ ╇ Imaginary Europe: The€euro as a symbol and practicꕇ Kathleen R McNamar╇ 22 ╇ The only wealth are human beings: Currency between economy and citizenship╇ Thierry Vissol╇ 36 ╇ Trust in the euro: The€single currency as social€construction of an institutional fact╇ Matthias Kaelberer╇ 53 ╇ Forgotten dimensions: The euro in scientific and policy literaturꕇ Lucia Mazzuca and Roberto Ranucci╇ 67 Part twô•‡ The Single Currency and the Construction of European Identity╇ 95 ╇ The unintended “Litmus Test”: The euro as a factor of center-formation, trust enhancement, and identity building╇ Daniela Pian╇ 97 vi CONTENTS ╇ Two sides of the same coin? The euro and Europeanization of collective identities╇ Thomas Rissꕇ 111 ╇ Why money can’t buy democracy: On the detachment of the euro from EU citizenship╇ Eva G Heidbreder╇ 123 ╇ Representation of identity: Euro and dollar as identity builders╇ Arianna Montanari╇ 137 Part threꕇ European Citizenship in the Eur€Turmoil╇ 151 10 In the light and shadow of the Single Currency: European identity and citizenship╇ Vivien A Schmidt╇ 153 11 Divided by a common currency: The euro crisis and European citizenship╇ Cris Shorꕇ 168 12 Between natural and moral order of things: The euro and the problem of agency Víctor Pérez-Díaz╇ 182 13 Between illusion and disillusion: Public opinion facing the euro crisis╇ Nando Pagnoncelli╇ 196 14 Back to the future? The euro and the EU silent constitution building╇ Dario Castiglionꕇ 218 Conclusions: The way forward╇ Giovanni Morô•‡ 232 Bibliograph•‡ 235 Index╇ 253 Acknowledgments The volume is published with the support of UniCredit Group as main partner of the program “The Other Side of The Coin The Single Currency and European Citizenship” and the European Commission “Europe for Citizens” program List of Figures and Tables Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 3.1 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Map of the Eurozonꕇ 13 The euro and national currencies as mental benchmarks for exceptional and ordinary purchases, 2003–10╇ 16 Actual and perceived inflation in the euro area, 1995–2004╇ 17 EU membership versus the eurô•‡ 38 No of items produced by each subject (universe: 302 items)╇ 74 The institutions’ focus rate on the other side of the euro’s dimensions╇ 79 The scientific community’s focus rate on the other side of the euro’s dimensions╇ 80 The media’s focus rate on the other side of the euro’s dimensions╇ 81 The banks’ focus rate on the other side of the euro’s dimensions╇ 82 The level of diffusion of the attention toward the cultural dimension╇ 83 The level of diffusion of the attention toward the everyday life economy dimension╇ 84 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 The level of diffusion of the attention toward the social dimension╇ 85 The level of diffusion of the attention toward the political dimension╇ 86 Figure 5.10 The level of diffusion of the attention toward the context and development of the euro project’s aspects╇ 86 Figure 5.11 Diffusion and depth levels of the other side of the coin’s dimensions╇ 88 Figure Distribution of the positive stance taken by European citizens toward the eurô•‡ 103 Figure 10.1 Percentage of people who support the eurô•‡ 161 Figure 13.1 Support to the euro 1998 vs 2002╇ 198 Figure 13.2 The support to the euro in Italy╇ 199 Figure 13.3 2001–02 average inflation ratꕇ 200 Figure 13.4 Support to EU membership╇ 203 Figure 13.5 Benefits of EU Membership╇ 204 Figure 13.6 The meaning of the EU╇ 207 Figure 13.7 Negative meanings of the EU 2003–11╇ 209 Figure 13.8 Consensus to the euro 2007–10╇ 211 Figure 13.9 Consensus to the euro in 2010╇ 212 Table 1.1 Dimensions of “The Other Side of the Coin” and their observables╇ 10 Table 1.2 References of euro coin and banknote symbols to Civic/Cultural and Cooperative/ Integrative Dimensions╇ 12 Table 5.1 Subjects and sources utilized in the research╇ 70 Table 5.2 Time criteria used in the research╇ 71 Table 5.3 The universe of the identified items╇ 73 ix 248 BIBLIOGRAPHY —â•›2006 “‘Government Without Statehood’? 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Bulletin of the European Union 12:19–23, December —â•›2007 Brussels Presidency Conclusions (11177/1/07 June 21/22) European Parliament 2010 Eurobarometer 74.1 Europeans and the Crisis Brussels: European Parliament European Union 2011 “Introduction of EURO Banknotes and Coins”, Delegation of the European Union to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Index agencyâ•… 185–6 “agency losses”â•… 229 akrasiâ•… 229 Anderson, B.â•… 24, 34, 158, 173 Aristotlê•… 40 Bini Smaghi, L.â•… 180 Bourdieu, P.â•… 31 brute factsâ•… 57 Bruter, M.â•… 11, 118–19 Bundesbankâ•… 230 Bush, G W.â•… 145 “capture”â•… 229 center formationâ•… 99–101 Cerutti, F.â•… 108 chartalist schoolâ•… 59 Chirac, F.â•… 114–15 citizenship economicâ•… 173 €-citizenshipâ•… 233 marketâ•… 15 politicalâ•… 158 practicesâ•… 19 Clinton, B.â•… 144–5 constitutional debatê•… 220–1, 223 constitutional and normal politicsâ•… 220,€222 Constitutional Treatyâ•… 221, 224 common European perspectivê•… 119 communicative discoursê•… 159 currency as representation of the statê•… 138 as symbolâ•… 173 Dahrendorf, R.â•… 145–6, 177 delegationâ•… 229 Delors, J.â•… 174, 216, 219 Díez Medrano, J.â•… 127–8 distrustâ•… 104 dollarâ•… 147 Duisemberg, W.â•… 168–9 Durkheim, E.â•… 27–8 ECB see European Central Bank (ECB) EFD see Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group (EFD) Elliot, L.â•… 178 EMU see European Monetary Union€(EMU) entitativit•… 32 Estoniâ•… 133–4 Euro as languagê•… 12 as practicê•… 31–3 as symbolâ•… 11, 26–31 as unit of measurementâ•… 15–16 banknotesâ•… 142 changeoverâ•… 49, 98, 155 European Commission campaign€forâ•… 169 coinsâ•… 142 constitutional dimension ofâ•… 227 crisisâ•… 156–7, 170, 177, 183, 213–14 expected effects ofâ•… 103 iconographyâ•… 10–11, 28–30, 63, 142 introduction ofâ•… 227–8 public attitudes in Spain towardâ•… 190–5 public opinion onâ•… 130–1 semioticsâ•… 174–6 support tô•… 197–9, 210 “Euro Invasion of France”â•… 14 “Euro made-easy”â•… 49 “euro-native”â•… 92 Euroland see Eurozone Europe Indian image ofâ•… 148 254 INDEX Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group (EFD)â•… 208 European Central Bank (ECB)â•… 33, 38, 49, 64–5, 164, 170, 216 autonomy ofâ•… 229 credibility ofâ•… 230 European citizenshipâ•… 8–9, 21, 126–7, 189 and the eurô•… 20–1, 132 European Constitutionâ•… 220 European flagâ•… 118 European identityâ•… 11–12, 127, 158 European integrationâ•… 18, 112–13, 150, 210, 217, 232 future ofâ•… 33–5 European Monetary Union (EMU)â•… 26–7, 112–13, 177–8, 189 British approach towardâ•… 112, 115–16 French approach towardâ•… 114–16 German approach towardâ•… 113–14, 116 European public spherê•… 19, 119 European Union as a “democratic experiment”â•… benefits of membershipâ•… 202, 204 democratic deficitâ•… 125 historyâ•… 196–7 meaningsâ•… 126, 206 sense of belonging tô•… 202 technocraticâ•… 210 Euroscepticismâ•… 176, 206, 208 Eurozonê•… 13 future ofâ•… 179–81 Fligstein, N.â•… 128–9 freedom of movementâ•… 14–15, 206 grammarâ•… 100 “gray literature”â•… 72 Habermas, J.â•… 223 “constitutional patriotism”â•… 223 “historical school”â•… 41–2 human agencyâ•… 184 Hymans, J.â•… 28, 63, 141 identity (ies)â•… 107, 138–9, 157–8 buildingâ•… 105, 147, 158 collectivê•… 116 Europeanization ofâ•… 117–20 markersâ•… 117–18 monetaryâ•… 39–40, 42 imagined communityâ•… 24–8 European Union asâ•… 32–4, 117–18 inflation actual and perceivedâ•… 17–18, 200 institutional facts See social facts Knapp, F.â•… 42, 59 Kohl, H.â•… 113 legitimacy inputâ•… 106, 154 normativê•… 101 outputâ•… 101, 106–7, 154 substantialâ•… 101, 108 throughputâ•… 154 Lisbon Treatyâ•… 125–6 Litmus testâ•… 97 May 9th anniversaryâ•… 148 “mechanists”â•… 41 mercantilistsâ•… 40 metallist schoolâ•… 59 money as creditâ•… 61 as economic variablê•… 39–42 as a languagê•… 47–8 as a “means of exchange”â•… 44 as a social constructionâ•… 57–60 as a social relationâ•… 60–3 constructivist approachâ•… 55–6 “Janus-faced” nature ofâ•… 172 psychological dimension ofâ•… 44–5 rationalist approachâ•… 55 socio-anthropological aspects ofâ•… 42–3 sociological dimensions ofâ•… 45–7 Moravcsik, A.â•… 220 “naturalists” 40 other side of the coin dimension(s) ofâ•… 9–10 culturalâ•… 10–12, 83 everyday life economyâ•… 15–18, 84 focus rate onâ•… 78–83 index of depth forâ•… 86–9 INDEX level of the diffusion towardâ•… 83–6 observablesâ•… 10 occurrencesâ•… 76 politicalâ•… 18–19, 84–5 socialâ•… 12–15, 84–5 political authorityâ•… 23–4 political elitesâ•… 56, 117, 135, 158–9, 186–7 Prodi, R.â•… 32 ratification crisisâ•… 224 reflexivityâ•… 184 Searle, J.â•… 57–9 deontic powersâ•… 58 “shirking”â•… 229 Simmel, G.â•… 61 single currency see Euro “slippage”â•… 229 social factsâ•… 25–6, 57 social questionâ•… 225 Soros, G.â•… 181 “Stability Pact”â•… 228 state buildingâ•… 99 iconographyâ•… 141 stereotypesâ•… 139–40 symbols ambiguityâ•… 175 condensationâ•… 175 multivocalityâ•… 175 Treaty of Lisbon See Lisbon Treaty Trichet, J C.â•… 170, 179 trustâ•… 53, 63–5, 104 enhancementâ•… 98 horizontalâ•… 102 socialâ•… 100–3 verticalâ•… 102 unemployment European average ratê•… 214 Walker, N.â•… 223 Weber, E.â•… 25 Wergildâ•… 63 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 ... between Single Currency and European Citizenship c h a pte r Building citizenship in the post-modern Era: Dimensions of the other side of the coin1 Giovanni Moro Introduction The other side of the coin. .. Acknowledgments The volume is published with the support of UniCredit Group as main partner of the program The Other Side of The Coin The Single Currency and European Citizenship and the European. .. community phenomenon, on the one hand, and the establishment of the euro as the currency of the majority of Europeans, on the other 8 The Single Currency and European Citizenship To this end,