The dictionary of alternatives utopianism and organization

ABOUT THE AUTHORS Martin Parker is Professor of Organization and Culture in the Management Centre at the University of Leicester Valérie Fournier is Senior Lecturer in Organization Studies in the Management Centre at the University of Leicester Patrick Reedy lectures at the Business School of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organization M A RT I N PA R K E R , VA L É R I E F O U R N I E R , PAT R I C K R E E DY Zed Books LONDON & NEW YORK The Dictionary of Alternatives was first published in 2007 by Zed Books Ltd, Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.zedbooks.co.uk Copyright © Martin Parker, Valérie Fournier, Patrick Reedy, 2007 The right of Martin Parker, Valérie Fournier and Patrick Reedy to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd Cover designed by Andrew Corbett Set in 101⁄2/13 pt Bembo by Long House, Cumbria, UK Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin’s Press, LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library US Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978 84277 332 hb ISBN: 978 84277 333 pb Contents Introduction ix ABBEY OF THELEME AGORA ALTERNATIVE GEOPOLITICS AMAZONS AMERICA AMISH ANABAPTISTS ANARCHISM ANTI-CAPITALISM 13 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 15 ARCADIA 16 ARTS AND CRAFTS 16 ATLANTIS 18 ATTAC 18 AUROVILLE 19 AUTO-DIDACTICISM 20 AUTONOMIA 21 BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL 23 BALL, JOHN 24 BARTERING 25 BATTLE OF SEATTLE 26 BLAC(K) BLOC 27 BLAKE, WILLIAM 28 BOOKCHIN, MURRAY 29 BOURNVILLE 31 BRAY, JOHN FRANCIS 32 BRETHREN OF THE FREE SPIRIT 34 BROOK FARM 35 BUREAUCRACY 35 CAPTAIN SWING 38 CARNIVAL 39 CATHARS 40 CENTRI SOCIALI 42 CHIPKO MOVEMENT 42 CHRISTIANIA 43 CHRISTIANOPOLIS 44 CITY OF THE SUN 45 CITY STATE 47 COCKAIGNE 49 COLLECTIVISM 49 COMMONS 51 COMMONWEALTH 52 COMMUNE 52 COMMUNISM 54 COMMUNITARIANISM 57 COMMUNITY 57 COMMUNITY GARDENS 59 COMMUNITY-SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE 60 COOPERATIVES 61 COOPERATIVE CITY 63 CREDIT UNIONS 64 CRYSTAL WATERS 65 CUBA 65 CULT 67 DECROISSANCE / DEGROWTH 69 DEEP ECOLOGY 70 DEMOCRACY 71 DIGGERS 73 DIRECT ACTION 75 DISOBBEDIENTI 76 DISPOSSESSED, THE 77 DISSENTERS 79 DISSENTING ACADEMIES 79 DYSTOPIA 80 ECOFEMINISM 83 ECOTOPIA 84 ECOVILLAGES 84 EDEN 86 EL DORADO 86 EMPOWERMENT 86 ENVIRONMENTALISM 88 EREWHON 89 ESOP 90 CONTENTS FAIR TRADE 91 FARMERS’ MARKETS 92 FASCISM 92 FEDERALISM 93 FEMINISM 95 FEMINIST UTOPIAS 98 FINDHORN 100 FOCOLARE 101 FOURIER, CHARLES 102 FREELAND 104 FREE SCHOOLS 106 FREE STATE PROJECT 106 FREIRE, PAULO 107 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES 108 GANDHI 110 GARDEN CITIES 111 GODWIN , WILLIAM 113 GOLDEN AGE 114 GOLDMAN, EMMA 115 GRAMEEN BANK 117 GRASSROOTS 119 GUERRILLA 120 GUILDS 121 GULLIVER’S TRAVELS 122 HAYDEN, DOLORES 125 HERLAND 127 ILLICH, IVAN 129 INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 130 INDYMEDIA (INDEPENDENT MEDIA CENTRE) 131 INTENTIONAL COMMUNITY 132 INTERNATIONALS 132 ISLAMIC FINANCE 135 ISLAND 137 ISLE OF PINES 138 JOHN LEWIS PARTNERSHIP 140 KALMAR 142 KIBBUTZ 143 KINGDOM OF HEAVEN ON EARTH 145 KROPOTKIN, PETER 146 LE CORBUSIER 150 LENIN, VLADIMIR ILYICH 151 LETS 155 LEVELLERS 156 LIBERALISM 157 LLANO DEL RIO 160 LOCALIZATION 161 LOOKING BACKWARD 163 LUDDITES 165 LUXEMBURG, ROSA 166 MANAGEMENT 168 MAO TSE-TUNG 169 MARKETS 171 MARX, KARL 174 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY 179 MECHANICS’ INSTITUTES and MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETIES 179 MILLENARIANISM 181 MONASTICISM 181 MONDRAGÒN 183 MST 184 MULTITUDE 185 MUTUALISM 186 NETWORK 189 NEW ATLANTIS 190 NEW DISCOVERY OF TERRA INCOGNITA AUSTRALIS 192 NEW JERUSALEM 193 NEW LANARK 194 NEW MODEL ARMY 195 NEWS FROM NOWHERE 196 NON-CONFORMISM 197 NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE 198 NOZICK, ROBERT 199 OCEANA 201 ONEIDA 202 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 204 OWEN, ROBERT 205 PARADISE 208 PARIS COMMUNE 208 PEASANTS’ REVOLT 209 PERMACULTURE 211 CONTENTS PIRATE UTOPIA 212 PLUTARCH 213 POLIS 215 PORTO ALEGRE 216 PORT SUNLIGHT 218 PROTECTIONISM 218 PROUDHON, PIERRE-JOSEPH 220 QUAKERS 224 QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE 225 RAND, AYN 227 RANTERS 228 RAWLS, JOHN 229 REPUBLIC, THE 230 REVOLUTION 232 ROBINSON CRUSOE 236 ROCHDALE PIONEERS 237 ROMANTICISM 237 ROUSSEAU, JEAN-JACQUES 240 RUSKIN, JOHN 241 SADE, MARQUIS DE 243 SAINT-SIMON, CLAUDE-HENRI DE ROUVROY, COMTE DE 244 SALTAIRE 245 SCHUMACHER, ERNST 246 SCIENCE FICTION 247 SCOTT BADER COMMONWEALTH 249 SECRET SOCIETIES 249 SELF-SUFFICIENCY 251 SHAKERS 252 SHANGRI-LA 253 SITUATIONIST 254 SLOW FOOD 255 SMALLNESS 256 SMALL STATES 256 SMITH, ADAM 258 SOCIAL CAPITAL 259 SOCIAL ECOLOGY 261 SOCIAL ECONOMY 262 SOCIALISM 264 SOVIETS 266 SOVIET UNION 267 SPANISH ANARCHIST MILITIAS 269 SQUATTING 271 STIRNER, MAX 271 SUBSISTENCE WORK 272 SUMA 273 SUMMERHILL 274 SUPPLEMENT TO BOUGAINVILLE’S VOYAGE 276 SUSTAINABILITY 277 SYNDICALISM 279 TERRORISM 281 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES 283 TIME BANKS 284 TOLSTOY 285 TOWER COLLIERY 287 TRADE UNIONS 288 TRAVELLERS 292 TWIN OAKS 294 UTOPIA 296 VIA CAMPESINA 302 VILLAGES 302 VOYAGE TO ICARIA 303 WALDEN 306 WALDEN TWO 307 WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE 310 WIKIPEDIA 313 WOMAN ON THE EDGE OF TIME 314 WORKER SELF-MANAGEMENT 316 WORLD SOCIAL FORUM 317 ZAKÂT 319 ZAPATISTAS 319 Further Reading 321 Index 327 Introduction ‘[T]he cause of the vices and unhappiness of mankind is to be found in the bad organization of society’ Etienne Cabet (in Berneri, 1971: 220) Etienne Cabet wrote a fictional utopia titled Voyage to Icaria which was published in France in 1839 After travelling to London to consult with Robert Owen, who had established an alternative community and form of factory organization in New Lanark in Scotland, Cabet eventually established an ‘Icarian’ commune at Nauvoo, near St Louis in the USA Though Cabet died in 1856, several other Icarian colonies were also established, the last existing until 1898 Cabet’s utopia was based on order, on bureaucracy He put forward a vision of a democratic and well-organized society in which all were equal, and there was no waste or conflict In addition, he was keen on elastic, because it would allow for one-size-fitsall clothing, especially hats This odd little story could be classified as an interesting mixture of history, fiction and idealist politics, but what relevance might it have for contemporary debates about the politics of organizing and economy? One of the most common pieces of common sense nowadays is that there is no real alternative to market managerialism, to the sort of free market liberalism that currently dominates certain parts of the planet We disagree, and think that this dictionary should convince you to disagree too In fact, what we think this book proves (and we think ‘proof ’ is the right word here), is that there are many alternatives to the way that many of us currently organize ourselves The words ‘organize’ or ‘organization’ are important here For us ‘organization’ refers not to a fixed entity – a corporation, a university, a hospital – but rather to the processes through which human beings pattern or institutionalize their activities in order to achieve a fairly stable state of affairs Thus we understand organization as a verb, the act of structuring, ordering, dividing things and people to produce order, rather than a noun – the state of being organized This conceptualization of organization means that it is not a term restricted to the economic sphere, but is relevant to ix FURTHER READING Hine, R (1983) California’s Utopian Colonies Berkeley: University of California Press Sutton, R (2005) Modern American Communes: A Dictionary Westport, CT: Greenwood Trahair, R (1999) Utopias and Utopians: An Historical Dictionary Westport, CT: Greenwood Volker, P and M Stengel (2005) Eurotopia London: Edge of Time ORGANIZATION Abers, R (2000) Inventing Local Democracy Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Avrahami, E (2000) The Changing Kibbutz: An Examination of Values and Structure Ramat Efal, Israel: Yad Tabenkin Campling, P and R Haigh (1999) Therapeutic Communities London: Jessica Kingsley Cheney, G (1999) Values at Work: Employee Participation Meets Market Pressures at Mondragòn Ithaca: Cornell University Press Ekins, P (1992) A New World Order: Grassroots Movements to Global Change London: Routledge Ferree, M and P Martin (1995) Feminist Organizations Philadelphia: Temple University Press Gribble, D (1998) Real Education: Varieties of Freedom Bristol: Libertarian Education Harley, B., J Hyman and P Thompson (eds) (2005) Democracy and Participation at Work Basingstoke: Palgrave Kaufman, M (ed.) (1997) Community Power and Grassroots Democracy: The Transformation of Social Life London: Zed Books Mellor, M., J Hannah and J Stirling (1988) Worker Co-operatives in Theory and Practice Milton Keynes: Open University Press Oakeshott, R (2000) Jobs and Fairness: The Logic and Experience of Employee Ownership Norwich: Michael Russell Pannekoek, A (2002) Worker Councils Oakland, CA: AK Press Parker, M (2002) Against Management Oxford: Polity 324 POLITICS Bircham, E and J Charlton (eds) (2001) Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement London: Bookmarks Branford, S and J Rocha (2002) Cutting the Wire: The Story of the Landless Movement in Brazil London: Latin American Bureau Callinicos, A (2003) An Anti-Capitalist manifesto Cambridge: Polity Press Cockburn, A., J St Clair and A Sekula (2000) Five Days that Shook the World London: Verso Corr, A (1999) No Trespassing: Squatting, Rent, Strikes and Land Struggles Worldwide FURTHER READING Cambridge, MA: South End Press Gee, T (2003) Militancy Beyond Black Blocs Oakland: AK Press Harvie, D et al (eds.) (2005) Shut Them Down! Leeds: Dissent Jordan, T (2002) Activism! London: Reaktion Books Katsiaficas, G (1998) The Subversion of Politics Atlantic Island, NJ: Humanities Press Kingsnorth, P (2003) One No, Many Yeses London: Free Press Starr, A (2000) Naming the Enemy London: Zed Books Starr, A (2005) Global Revolt: A Guide to the Movements against Globalization London: Zed Books Steel, B., M Paterson and B Doherty (eds.) (2000) Direct Action in British Environmentalism London: Routledge Tormey, S (2004) Anti-Capitalism: A Beginner’s Guide Oxford: Oneworld Publications Wright, A and W Wolford (2003) To Inherit the Earth: The Landless Movement and the Struggle for a New Brazil Oakland, CA: Food First Yuen, E., G Katsiaficas and D Burton Rose (eds.) (2001) The Battle of Seattle New York: Soft Skull Press THEORY Bloch, E (1986/1959) The Principle of Hope Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Bookchin, M (1997) The Murray Bookchin Reader New York: Continuum International Publishing Davis, J (1984) Utopia and the Ideal Society Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Etzioni, A (1993) The Spirit Of Community: The Reinvention of American Society New York: Simon and Schuster Goodwin, B (ed.) (2004) The Philosophy of Utopia London: Routledge Hardt, M and A Negri (2004) Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire New York: Penguin Press Kelly, P (2004) Liberalism Cambridge: Polity Press Levitas, R (2004) ‘For Utopia: The (Limits of the) Utopian Function in Late Capitalist Society’, in B Goodwin (ed.), The Philosophy of Utopia London: Routledge Mannheim, K (1960) Ideology and Utopia London: RKP Ltd Marshall, P (1993) Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism London: Fontana Books May, T (1994) The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press McLellan, D (ed.) (2000) Karl Marx Oxford: Oxford University Press Mulhall, S and A Swift (1992) Liberals and Communitarians Oxford: Blackwell Newman, M (2005) Socialism Oxford University Press Parker, M (2002) (ed.) Utopia and Organization Oxford: Blackwell 325 FURTHER READING Polanyi, K (2002) The Great Transformation London: Beacon Press Putnam, R (2000) Bowling Alone New York: Simon and Schuster Rocker, R (2004) Anarcho-Syndicalism Oakland, CA: AK Press Short, P (2003) Mao New York: Owl Books Ward, C (2004) Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press Wheen, F (1999) Karl Marx London: Fourth Estate Wright, S (2002) Storming Heaven: Class Composition and Struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism London: Pluto Press UTOPIAN FICTIONS Bammer, A (1991) Partial Visions: Feminism and Utopianism in the 1970s London: Routledge Bartkowski, F (1989) Feminist Utopias Lincoln: Nebraska University Press Berneri, M L (1971) Journey Through Utopia New York: Shocken Claeys, G and L T Sargent (eds.) (1999) The Utopia Reader New York: New York University Press Fortunati, V and R Trusson (eds.) (2000) Dictionary of Literary Utopias Paris: Honoré Champion Goodwin, B and K Taylor (1982) The Politics of Utopia London: Hutchinson Griffiths, J (1980) Three Tomorrows London: Macmillan Jameson, F (2005) Archeologies of the Future London: Verso Kumar, K (1991) Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times Oxford: Blackwell Lefanu, S (1988) In the Chinks of the World Machine: Feminism and Science Fiction London: The Women’s Press Levitas (1990) The Concept of Utopia London: Philip Allan Manguel, A and G Guadalupi (1999) The Dictionary of Imaginary Places London: Bloomsbury Manuel, F and F Manuel (1979) Utopian Thought in the Western World Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Moylan, T (1986) Demand the Impossible New York: Methuen Moylan, T and R Baccolini (2003) Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imaginary London: Routledge Sargisson, L (1996) Contemporary Feminist Utopianism London: Routledge Schaer, R., G Claeys and L Sargent (eds.) (2000) Utopia: The Search for the Ideal Society in the Western World New York: New York Public Library/Oxford University Press Smith, W et al (eds.) (2001) Science Fiction and Organization London: Routledge Utopian Studies (an academic journal) Weldes, J (ed.) (2003) To Seek Out New Worlds London: Palgrave 326 Index Abbey of Theleme 1, 45 Abbot of Citeaux 40 Acquitaine, Dukes of 41 Act of Uniformity (1662) 198 Action Direct 281 advertising 163 aetheism 115, 220 Afghanistan 234, 269 Agenda 21 278 agora 2, 71, 215 agoraphobia agriculture 26, 91, 302; collectivism 50; community supported 60, 85; fair trade 91-2; labour organization 38; organic 60, 93; subsistence 162 Aid of Citizens 18 AIDS activism 26, 42 Albert, Michael 317 Albigensians 40 Alexander II, Tsar 146, 281 Alexander III, Tsar 151 Alfassa, Mirra 19 Algeria 121, 172, 316 al-Qaeda 282 alternatives, economic systems 69; historical xi; geopolitical 4; to the status quo 68; see also cults, Amana colonies, 253; see Amish, Anabaptists Amazons 5, 86, 99 America 5, American dream 5, 9, 63, 127, 213; and capitalism 6; anti-state traditions 106; civil rights movement in 76; and collectivism 50; and Cuba 66; and Koumintang 170; non-conformism in 79, 160, 179; and progress 81, 191; revolution in 158; United States 5, 11, 17, 26, 57, 72, 94; Socialist Worker Party 134, 160; workers in 10, 115, 280, 291 American Libertarian League 29 Amish 7-8, 59, 68, 79 Amnesty International 225 Anabaptists 8, 34, 40, 55, 74, 79, 198 anarchism 1, 3, 9-12, 14, 17, 27, 28, 29, 34, 42, 56, 74, 76, 78, 85, 113, 146, 187, 233, 240, 271-2, 281, 285-6, 289; anarchocommunism 11, 23, 57, 134 148; anarchofeminism 12, 116; and community 9, 30-1, 114; and democracy 72-3; and ecology 70, 197; green 10, 12; mutualism as 186; post-structuralist 12; religious 12, 79, 198; and resistance movements 10; 257; and self-interest 1011, 50, 262, 286; anarchosyndicalist trade unions 130-1, 279; Spanish collectives 53; and trade unions 292; see also direct action Andrea, Johann Valentin, 44, 193, Christianopolis 92 Anglican Church 79 Angry Brigade 10, 281 anthropocentrism 70 anti-abortionists 281 anti-authoritarianism 29 anti-capitalist movement 1315, 19, 22, 26, 53, 70, 76, 89, 97, 173, 178, 186, 213, 234, 256, 317 anti-institutionalism 113 anti-nuclear movement 76, 110 anti-war movement 42, 115 animal rights activism 76 Apostolic church 54, 74 appropriate technology 20 Arafat, Yassar 281 Arcadia 5, 16, 49, 58, 128, 192, 236, 238, 276, 305, 314 architecture 16, 125, 150 Argentina 317 Aristophanes 80 Aristotle 47-8, 49, 216, 256; Politics 47, 216 Arkwright, Richard 194 Art Nouveau 17 arts and crafts movement 1617, 112, 115, 196, 241 Arizmendiarrieta, Father José Maria 183 asceticism Ashbee, Charles, Robert 17 Asian Social Forum 217 Athens Atlantis 17, 114, 230, 250 ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions) 14, 18 Atwood, Margaret 100; The Handmaid’s Tail 248 327 INDEX Augustine, St, 256, City of God 179 Auroville 19-20, 52, 85 Australia 192-3, 291 Austria 104 authoritarianism 36, 66, 92-3, 230 auto-didacticism 20, 80, 129, 275 autonomism 14, 20, 42, 53, 62, 77, 185; Autonomia Operaia 21, 27 328 Bacon, Francis 18, 45, 139; New Atlantis 45, 192 Bakunin, Mikhail 10, 11, 234, 30, 50, 56, 74, 95, 133, 174, 209, 220, 222-3, 233, 262, 281 Ball, John 24-5, 55, 210 Ballard, J G 247 banking, 117-18, 222; cooperative 183; see also mutualism Barry, Max, Jennifer Government 81 barter 25-6, 293; in business 26 Basque autonomy Batista, Fulgencio 66 Battle for Seattle 10, 13 Baudrillard, Jean Bauer, Bruno 271 Bauman, Zygmunt 36 Bauthumly, Jacob 228 Beacons Hill school 275 Bellamy, Edward Looking Backwards 92, 107, 110, 163, 195, 305, 310, 312 Benello, C George 316 Benoit, George 112 Berkman, Alexander 115 Berlin, Isaiah 301 Berneri, Marie Louise 232 biopiracy 51 Bilderberg Group 250 Black Bloc 10, 27-8 Black Death 210 Black Panthers 281 Blake, William 11, 28-9, 34, 75; Songs of Innocence 239 Blavatsky, Madam 18 Bloch, Ernst x, 300 bohemianism 44 Bolivia 107, 316 Bolshevism 56, 152, 167, 176, 233, 267 Bookchin, Murray 29, 70, 84, 216, 261 Bourdieu, Pierre 260 Bourneville 31-2, 112 Bové, José, 27 box schemes 60 boycotts 76, 110 Bradbury, Ray Fahrenheit 451 248 Bradford Property Trust 246 Brahe, Tycho, 190 Bray, John Francis 32, 61, 109 Brazil 101, 184, 216 Brethren of the Free Spirit 34, 228 Breton mythology 18 Brin, David, Earth 248 Britain, 109, 290; Corn Laws 219; Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 293; Labour Party 133, 266; rump parliament 52; workerist movements in 55-6; see also England Brook Farm 35, 53 Bruce, Susan 192 Brundtland Report, (UN) 277 buddhism 182, 246 building societies 186 bureaucracy 35-6, 54, 68, 81, 148, 151, 159, 163; 178, 201, 203, 300, 310 burial societies 186 Butler, Octavio 100, 248 Butler, Samuel 89, 197 Cabet, Etienne, ix, x, 53, 64, 92, 298, 303-5, 298, 3035; Voyage to Icaria ix, 92, 303-5 Cadbury 31, 112, 225 Caddy, Peter 100 Cahn, Edgar 284 Calabria 46 Callenbach Earnest 84 Calvin, John 45, 47, 179, 240 Campanella, Thomasso, 45, 192 Canada 64 Canterbury, Archbishop 25 capitalism 6, 159, 176-7; alternatives to 102; anticapitalist movements 1015, 19, 22, 26, 53, 70, 76, 89, 97, 173, 178; and coercion 173; and democracy 72, 265; and Empire 185-6; and the environment 261; greening of 89; and property 221; regulation of 14; resistance to 22; and workers 62, 176-8, 185, 265; see also markets Captain Swing 38 Caribbean 212 carnival 39, 213, 293 Carsons, Rachel 88 Castells, Manuel 191 Castro, Fidel 65-6 Catalonia 51, 183, 257 Cathars 55, 145, 181 Catholic Church/catholicism 40-1, 45, 122, 129, 181, 296 Cathars 9, 34, 40 Centri Sociali 21, 42, 53, 63, 76 charity 227, 258 Charles I 195 Charles II, King 79 Chartism 33, 241 Chavez, Hugo 67 children 96-7, 107, 144, 214, INDEX 220, 311 Chile 107 China 25, 56, 120-1, 154, 169-71, 178; Cultural Revolution 170, 234; the Great Leap Forward 170; the Long March 170; Sino-Japanese War 170 Chinese Communist Party 266 Chipco movement 42-3 Christiana 43-4, 85 Christianity, mythology of 16, 109; as a way of life 35, 286; moralism 45, 264; utopianism 114; 146; Quaker 224 Christian Dominican Friars 182 Christianopolis, 44 church, institution of 29, 68, 79; and guilds 122 Cistercians 182 citizenship 72, 215-17 cities, 110, 150; green sites in 44; harmonious design of 63 City of the Sun 45 city state 4, 16, 44-5, 47-8, 63, 71, 151, 215-16, 230, 240, 299 civil disobedience 75-6 Clarendon Code 79 Clarkson, Laurence 228 class 6, 17, 20, 22, 35, 49, 54, 74, 154, 167, 171, 174, 176-7, 186, 197, 215, 260, 285, 292 Clubmen 74 CNT-FAI 116 Coca-Cola 129 Cockaigne 6, 16, 39, 49 COINTELPRO 281 Cold War 236, 250, 258, 267, 307 Coleman, James 260 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 239 collectivism 33, 49-50, 54, 57, 74, 85, 155, 163, 188 289, 297, 302; in agriculture 50-1, 170; in political decision-making 70, 71, 95, 153 Comintern 134 commodity fetishism 254 commons, concept of collective 49-51, 59, 75, 296 commonwealth 52-3, 54, 195, 201 Commonwealth and Free State 52, 74, 228 commune 52, 76, 216, 231; as utopian 53, 192, 206, 286; as basis for communism 54, 197, 272 communidades 48 communism 1, 6, 11, 23, 50, 54-5, 67, 76, 115-16, 132, 164, 169-71, 214, 233, 265, 300, 303-4, 307 Communist League 55, 175 ‘Communist Manifesto’ 55 Communist Party, 77; Chinese 169, 266; Italian 20, 77; Russian 56, 152-3, 268 communitarianism 11, 24, 33, 50, 57-8, 59, 93, 114, 127, 199, 260, 309 community 2-3, 7, 8, 19, 31, 57-8, 72, 84-5, 161, 230, 260, 263; alternative 43, 67-8, 100, 122, 155-6, 160, 181-2, 218, 241, 283; and anarchism 9; intentional communities 10, 125, 132, 143-5, 220, 304; rules and 59, 182; self-government 43-4, 161, 284; vs bureacracy 36, 58; virtual 58 community gardens 59, 271 community supported farms 92, 261 Comte, August 36, 241 consumerism 17, 69, 172 consumer and producer cooperation 60, 264 Coop 237 cooperatives 4, 17, 33, 35, 47, 61-3, 76, 92, 109, 130, 138, 155, 160, 183-4, 206 Copenhagen 43 copyleft licensing 51, 204, 313 corruption 66 counter-culture 65 craft 91, 253; see also guilds credit, free 222; unions 33, 64, 108, 162; see also Grameen Bank Cromwell, Oliver 52, 74, 195, 201 Crystal Waters 52, 65 Cuba 56, 65-7, 120-1, 233, 252 cults, 67-8, 93, 169; cathars 40 culture, interventional 21; western dominance 70; and women 97-8 Czechoslovakia 234, 269 Dadaism 254-5 Dale, David 194 Dana, Charles 35 Darwinianism 89, 149 Davos 317 de Beauvoir, Simone 96 de Bougainville, Louis Antoine de 276 de Fogny, Gabriel 80, 192-3, 236, 277 de Gourney, Vincent 36 de Lamartine, Alphonse 300 de Quiroga 298 de Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy 55, 104, 244-5; Nouveau Christianisme 245; le Organisateur 245 329 INDEX 330 Debord, Guy 254 debt 64 decroissance 69, 89 Deep Ecology 70, 262, 278 Defoe, Daniel 79, 236; Robinson Crusoe 138, 236, 240, 276 degrowth, see decroissance Deleuze, Gilles 12, 92 democracy 2, 6, 14, 30, 44, 51 61, 69, 71-2, 107, 130, 162, 192, 201, 212, 216, 232; citizenship 72, 216; and communitarianism 57; in cults 40; free speech 6; industrial 130, 249, 273-4; participatory 73, 119; and self-sufficiency 251; see also agora, cooperatives, networks, etc Denmark 43, 85, 255, 257 Depression, Great 65 desire 6, 11, 19, 25, 34, 103, 117, 173-4, 197, 246, 254, 263, 298; and power 92 dialecticism 30 Dick, Philip, K 247 Diderot, Denis 80, 103, 137, 244; Encylopedie 240; Supplement to Bougainville’s Voyage 236, 276-7 Diggers 9, 49, 51, 53, 55, 61, 73-4, 79, 145, 198, 233, 271 direct action 10, 19, 43, 52, 74, 75, 77 119, 184, 2212, 265, 271, 279 Disney Disobbedienti 22, 76 Dissenters 79, 113, 181, 250 Dissenting Academies 79 Donnacona, Chief 86 Downtown Workers’ Center 317 Dryden, John 277 Durruti, Buenaventura 270 dystopia 6, 77, 80-1, 100, 122, 197, 227, 231, 268, 296, 300, 309, 314 Earth First 12 Earth Summit 88 ecofascism 70 ecofeminism 43, 71, 83 ecology, Social 12, 30, 70, 88, 252, 278; Deep 12, 70, 278 economics, cooperative 35 Economy of Communion (EOC) 101 Ecotopia 30, 84 ecovillages 16, 53, 70, 84-5, 100, 132, 278, 295, 307, 314 Eden 16, 34, 49, 86, 145, 236, 277 education 7-8, 20, 45, 59, 65, 80, 109, 119, 160, 217, 241, 274-5 egalitarianism 27, 41, 62, 294 Egan, Greg 247 Egypt 172 Eichmann, 35-6 El Dorado 86, 114 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 35, 104, 304 Empire, contemporary concept of 185-6 Employee Share Ownership Plans (ESOP) 90-1, 130, 203 ‘empowerment’ 86, 130, 169, 226, 317 enclosure 51 Engels, Friedrich 6, 54, 55, 104, 132, 175, 253, 264, 300, 302; Communist Manifesto 175; The Condition of the Working Class in England 6; The German Ideology 175; The Poverty of Philosophy 175 England 5, 195; civil war 34, 61, 73-4, 156, 198; Putney Debates 157; radicalism 74-5; Unlawful Societies Act 250 Enlightenment, 158 environment, regulation 13; campaigns 26, 255, 256 Environmental Justice Movement 89 environmentalism 29, 31, 43, 50, 53, 69, 88, 211, 241, 246, 251, 287, 304, 3067; and ecofeminism 83 see also green movement; sustainability Ephratans equality 25 Erewhon 89 Etzioni, Amitai, 57 Etzler, John Adolphus 306 eugenics 230 eunomia 48 Euro-communism 56 Europe, Eastern 8, 65, 234, 256 Europe/European Union (EU) 4, 27, 47, 59, 94, 262, 289; as utopian European Free State Project 106 European Social Forum 317 European Trades Union Congress 292 evangelism 68 exchange, forms of 63, 89, 284; see also barter ‘expertise’ x Fabians 265 fair trade 91, 273 Fairfax, Sir Thomas 195 familists 198 family x, 127-8 farmers’ markets 92, 255 farming, see agriculture Fascism 36, 92-3, 158, 164, 300, 312 INDEX federalism 4, 51, 93-4, 221, 257, 268 Feuerbach, Ludwig 271 feminism, 63, 84, 95-8, 117, 127, 178, 248; anarcho10, 12; communi- 127; and democratic fora 63; ecofeminism 99, 128; liberal 96; myths 5, 14, 63; radical 87, 97 Ferrer, Francisco 106, 117 feudalism 25, 55, 210, 262 flagellants 181 Fifth Monarchists 73 Findhorn 52, 85, 100 First International Working Man’s Association 10, 55, 132-3 Focolare 101 ‘food sovereignty’ 302 Ford/Fordism 22, 129, 142-3 Forerunner, The 127 Forster, E M 81 Foucault, Michel 12, 92 Fourier, Charles 17, 30, 35, 53, 55, 61, 98, 102-4, 125-6, 220, 241, 263 Fourth International 56 Fox, George 224 France 2, 41, 69, 96, 122, 222, 226, 234, 291 franchise, 76, 96, 117, 179 Franciscans 182 Franco 116, 233, 269-70 Frazier, T E 307-8 free schools 275, 285 Free State 106 Free West Alliance 106 freedom, concepts of 48, 1478 Freedom Press Group 148 Freemasons 108, 122, 250 Freiland/Freeland 104 Freire, Paolo 20, 107-8; Pedagogy of the Oppressed 107 Freud, Sigmund 104 Friedman, Milton 159 friendly societies 20, 64, 108, 156, 186 Friends of the Earth 88 Fruitlanders Frye, Northrop 307 Futurists 150, 254 G8 Summit, Gleneagles 173 Gandhi, Mohandas K 43, 75, 110, 287 302 garden cities 17, 20, 32, 55, 62-3, 111-12, 150, 163, 218, 303 gardens 16, 59 gay communities 58, 99 Gearhart, Sally Miller 99 Geneva Convention 281 Genoa, protest 12, 28, 76 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 69 geopolitics Germany 26, 64, 104, 133, 166, 281; Independent Social Democratic Party (USDP) 167; Social Democratic Party 166 Gibson, William 81, 248 Giddens, Anthony 300 Gilbert, Humphrey 298 Gilles, Peter 296 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins x, 84, 127-8; Herland x, 99, 127 Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) 85 globalization 19, 92, 161, 172; see also capitalism GM food 76, 255, 274 Gnosticism 40 GNU project 204 Godwin, William 9, 28, 113, 238 Golden Age 5, 39, 68, 114, 181, 191, 230, 240 Goldman, Emma 11, 12, 11517 Gorbachev, Mikhael 269 Gott, Samuel, New Jerusalem 193-4 Grameen Bank 58, 64, 11718 Gramsci, Antonio 87 Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions 206, 290 grassroots 13-14, 69, 119, 216 Greece, Ancient 25, 215 Green, movement 29; technology 69; see also ecology Greenham Common 293 Greenpeace 88 Green Party 77 Guevara, Ché 65-6, 120 Guantanamo 66 Guattari, Felix 12, 92 guerrilla movements 66, 99, 120, 170-1, 250 guilds, 17, 18, 45, 47, 93 108, 121, 241-2, 264, 279, 289 Gyllenhammar, Per 142 hallucinogenics 137 Hall, Joseph 80 Hamas 282 Hanse 48 Hanseatic League Harbinger, the 35, 104 Hardt, Michael 21-2, 185; Empire 21-2 Harriman, Job 160 Harrington, James 139, 201, 303; The Common-Wealth of Oceana 201-2 Harrison, Harry Make Room! 248 hawala credit system 64 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 35 Hayde, Dolores 62, 125 Hayek, Friedrich 159, 172-3 healthcare 67 Hegel, G.W.F 6, 23, 149, 174, 176, 271; Philosophy of History Heinlein, Robert, The Moon 331 INDEX is a Harsh Mistress 248 heirarchy, in social organisation 36-7 Herland Hertzka, Theodor 105-6, 143 Herzl, Theodore 106, 143; Altneuland 143 Hesiod 114 Hezbollah 282 Ho Chi Minh 120 Hobbes, Thomas 185 Hockney, David 246 Hodgskin, Thomas 105 Hogan, James P., Voyage from Yesteryear 248 holism 70 Holmgren, David 211 homelessness homonoia 256 Hoover, J Edgar 115 housing coops 62 household work 272-3 Howard, Ebenezer 110, 163 Hill, Christopher 75, 233 Hilton, James, Lost Horizon 253; see Shangri-La Hindu epics 114 hippy lifestyle 44, 53 Hungary 269 Hussites 40 Hutterites Huxley, Aldous 81-2; Brave New World 81, 82, 307; Island 82, 137 HyBrasil island 18 332 Illich, Ivan 20, 70, 106, 129; Deschooling Society 129 India 19, 42, 110, 293 Indian National Congress 110 independence movement 110 individualism 6, 11, 12, 57, 70, 113, 116-17, 199; autonomy Industrial and Provident Society 112 industrialism/isation 29, 31, 74, 88, 165-6, 255, 259, 263; revolution 232; sabotage 289 Indymedia 131-2 information technology 11; see also media, technology Inquisition, Roman 45 Institute for Social Ecology 29 insurance 136 Intermediate Technology Development Group 247 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation 281 International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) 61, 63, 183 International Labour Organization (ILO) 291 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 27, 172, 217, 219 Internationals 132-5, 152, 175 internet 26 Iran 234 Ireland 120; IRA 281; Irish Travellers 293 island utopianism 122-3, 137, 236, 299 Islam, 212, 282, 319; Islamic finance 58, 135 Islamic Jihad 282 Israel 275 Italy 42, 291; ‘chainworkers’ 317 Jacobins 281 Jacobs, Jane 260 Japan, 170, 275; Red Army 281; teiki groups 60 Jerusalem 193 John Lewis Partnership 130, 140-1 Johnson, Joseph 28 Joslyn,Harriet 203 justice, notions of 230; see also law Kafka, Franz 81 Kalmar/Volvo 87, 130, 140, 226 K’ang Yieu Wei 299, 310 Kant, Emmanuel 229 Kautsky, Karl 298 Kerensky, Alexander 267 Kentish rebels 210 Kenya 106 Keynes, John Manard 310 kibbutz 57, 143 King, Martin Luther 287, 307 Kingdom of Heaven on Earth 24, 145 Kohr, Leopold 257 Kropotkin, Peter 3, 9, 11, 30, 50, 74, 95, 114, 115, 116, 146-9, 154, 209, 220, 261, 263, 302; Conquest of Bread 148; Mutual Aid 149, 187 Khrushchev, Nikita 170 Klu Klux Klan 281 Kumar, Arun 232 Kyoto agreement 278 labour, anarcho-syndicalism in 10, 11; credit system 294; division of 17; gender and 97; politics of 130-1, 133, 148; shared 44; value of 11, 13, 33, 221 Lacoste, Yves Lamborn Wilson, Peter 212 land, reform 66; occupation 184-5 Lane, Mary Bradley 99 länder Latin America 10, 86, 171, 216 Latouche, Serge 69 law, concepts of 46-7, 72, 96, 147, 160, 203 le Corbusier 93, 112, 150-1; Vers Une Architecture 151 le Guin, Ursula 77-8; Left INDEX Hand of Darkness 99, 247; The Dispossessed 77, 82, 248, 314; The Lathe of Heaven 248 leadership, see bureacracy, cooperatives, cults Lenin, I V 11, 50, 133, 1515, 176, 209, 232, 267-8, 303; April Thesis 152; The Development of Capitalism in Russia 151 Leoncavallo 42 Letchworth 112 LETS (Local Exchange Trading Schemes) 26, 58, 70, 108, 155 Levellers 34, 40, 49, 61, 73, 79, 145, 156-7, 195, 198, 224, 233 Lever Brothers 112, 118 liberalism 6, 56, 57, 59, 72, 94, 157-61, 172, 177, 225, 258, 269 Libertarianism 11, 23, 49, 56, 72, 106, 115, 158, 186, 262 Liebknecht, Karl 233 Linebaugh, Peter 213 Llano del Rio 160 Lloyds Bank 225 localization 15, 69-70, 92, 101, 119, 161-2, 246, 252, 255, 278, 302 Locke, John 158 Lombardy ludditism 17, 38, 165-6 Luther, Martin 45 Luxemburg, Rosa 166-7, 233 Lycurgus 213 Lyon Mutualists 222 Lyonnesse 18 Lytton, Edward Bulwer xii; The Coming Race xii Maastricht Treaty MacLean, Dorothy 100 MacIntyre, 36 Madagascar 212-13 Mafia 6, 21 Maine 63 Malatesta, Errico 24, 148 management/managerialism xi, 87, 145, 163-4, 168-9, 178, 209, 217, 261, 274, 278, 287, 299, 316 ‘Manchesterism’ 104-5, 219 Mandela, Nelson 281 Mandeville, Sir John Mannheim, Karl 248 Manoa 86 Mao, Tse-Tung 56,120, 163, 169-71; ‘Little Red Book’ 169, 171 Marcos, Subcommandante 251 Marcuse, Herbert 300 Marin, Louis 301 market, economics 42, 54, 58, 63, 70, 72, 91, 157, 159, 162, 171-3, 199, 206, 227, 234, 251, 258-9, 262, 263; in China 171; free ix, 36, 107, 219; resistance to 172; state regulation 266; see also management marriage 115 Marti, José 66 Marx, Karl 9, 29, 50-1, 54-5, 7, 104, 174-8, 209, 220, 222-3, 233, 265, 271, 300, 302; and feminisim 96-7; Capital 175; Communist Manifesto 55, 133, 175; Grundrisse 236; Poverty of Philosophy 33, 175; The German Ideology 55, 175, 272 Marxism 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 29-30, 36, 38, 43, 59, 80, 85, 115, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 167, 169-71, 233, 235, 292, 300 Massachusetts Bay Colony 5, 179, 202 matriarchy McDonalds 27 McMaster Bujold, Lois 99 McTopia mechanics’ institutes 20, 80, 179-80 media 21, 42, 72, 131-2, 160, 189, 204-5, 313 men, as dispensible 99, 127 Menier 32 Mennonites Methodism 198 Metropolis 81 Mexico 309 microcredit 64, 118 Mill, John Stuart 259 Millau, protest 27 militarism 83 millenarianism 8, 34, 55, 145, 181 ‘minarchism; 11 Modern Times 81 modernism, industrial 150 Mollison, Bill 211 monarchy monasticism 1, 25, 181-2, 190, 253 Monck, General George 195 Mondragòn 33, 62, 183 Monnet, Jean Moon, Elizabeth 99 morality, in sects 41; 228 Moravians 6, Moore, Thomas (poet) 239 More, Thomas x, 47, 48, 61, 139, 191, 296, 298, 303; Utopia 48, 61, 82, 92, 296-8, 303 Morgan, Richard Market Forces 81, 248 Mormons 9, 125 Moro, Aldo 21 Morocco 213, 270 Morris, William x, 16, 25, 30, 52, 90, 104, 148, 1967, 241, 286; News from 333 INDEX Nowhere x, 164, 196, 310; The Commonweal 52 Mother Earth 115 Mother Anne Lee 253 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) 184-5, 271, 302 Muggletonians 73, 198 multinational corporations 19, 27-8, 81, 162 multitude, exploitation of 22, 185-6 multiskilling 274 Muntzer, Thomas Mussolini 92 mutual societies 33, 44, 58, 62, 179-80, 237; see also barter, commune, credit unions, LETS mutualism 186-8, 200, 263 mysticism 34 334 Nachaev 24 Naess, Arne 70 narodniks 147, 281 Nashobans National Guard (Paris) 208 nationalism 3, 58, 93, 220 nationalization of property 66 Nauvoo ix, 304 Nazism; see fascism Negri, Antoni 21-2, 185 Neill, A S 274-6 neoliberalism 11, 12, 19, 267, 69, 72, 178, 185, 234, 291 neo-Nazism 28 Netherlands, the 257 networks 30, 58, 132, 149, 173-4, 186, 189-90, 209, 260 New Age Travellers 283 New Atlantis 18, 192 New Caledonia 209 New Harmony 53, 194, 206 New Jerusalem 45 New Lanark 194 New Llano 160 New Model Army 74, 156, 195 New Zealand 276 Neville, Henry 138-9; Isle of Pines 138, 236, 277 Nietzsche, Frederich 116 nihilism 271-2 ‘noble savage’ 138, 236, 2767, 312 non-conformism 5, 7, 9, 30, 31, 33, 40, 79-80, 87, 187, 197-8, 218, 225 non-violent resistance 110 North American Free Trade Agreement 172, 319 Norway 226 nostalgia 115 Noyes, John Humphrey 2023 Nozick, Robert 11, 107, 159, 199-200; Anarchy, State and Utopia 199 obshchina 9, 50 Occitan 40-1 October Revolution 56 oligarchy 215 Oneida 6, 53, 126, 253 open source software 51, 2045 operaismo 21 order ix, 30, 93; community 4, 7, 49; interstate 4; social 39, 41; subversion of 39 organic farming 60 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 260 organization in/of society ixx, 36-7 Orwell, George 268; Animal Farm 268; Nineteen EightyFour 268; Homage to Catalonia 270 O’Sullivan, Tyrone 288 outsiders 42 Owen, Gregory 81 Owen, Robert ix, 6, 33, 53, 61-2, 114, 188, 194, 2057, 264-5, 284, 290, 303 Oxfam 91, 225 pacifism 224, 249 pagan festivals 39 Paine, Thomas 28, 238 Palestine 143 Pantisocratic Society 239 paradise, concepts of 86, 208 Paris, 1968 demonstrations Paris Commune 55, 147, 175, 208-9, 216, 222-3, 262 Parkour 255 passive resistance 43, 75-6, 110, 235, 287 pastoralism 16 patriarchal social structures 63, 83, 103 peace movements 2; see also anti-war movements Peck, Bradford 63 pepsiCo 26 permaculture 65, 85, 211, 252, 278 Peru 316 Petrini, Carlo 255 philanthropism 187 Pierce, Melusina, Fay 127 Piercy, Marge, Women on the Edge 82, 247, 314-15 pirate utopia 212 Plato 2, 18, 200, 230-2, 256; Critias 230; The Republic 18, 48, 92, 169, 200, 2302, 300; Timaeus 230 pluralism 19 Plutarch, Mestrius 190, 21314 police 26, 27, 43, 77 Polis 46, 57, 215-16 pollution 29, 88; dumping 89 Poor Law Amendment Act, INDEX (1834) 38 population control 248, 278 Port Sunlight 112, 218 Porto Alegre 216-17 Portugal 257 Potere operaio 21 Poussin, Nicholas 16 poverty, causes of 13; tackling 15 Prague 27 pre-Raphaelites 241 privatization 172 production, capital-intensive 15, 185, 273; control of 119, 172-3, 263; globalization 185; Marx on 176; mass 17 property 9, 50, 184-5, 220-1; private 11; communal ownership 45, 52, 68; employee share ownership 33; women’s ownership rights 96 protectionism 91, 162, 21820, 259 protest, 76, 184-5; mass 12; Genoa 13; Nice 27; Prague 27; Seattle 13, 26 Protestant Church/ Protestantism 40, 122, 198; work ethic 45 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 9, 23, 24, 30, 50, 55, 74, 174-5, 187, 209, 220-3, 262, 285, 316; Of Justice in the Revolution and the Church 221; The Federal Principle 94; The General Idea of a revolution in the Nineteenth Century 221; The Philosophy of Poverty 220; On the Political Capacity of the Working Classes 221; What is Property? 220 Prussia 174 psychoanalysis 275 punishment 147-8, 311 punk rock 10, 255 Puritans 5, 74, 79, 179 Putnam, Robert, Bowling Alone 260 Quality of Working Life Movement 130, 225-6 Quakers 9, 31, 53, 74, 156, 198224-5 Quebec 86 Rabelais, Francoise 1, 39, 45; Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel 1, 39 racism 93 Radical Routes 62 radio, 42; see also media Raleigh, Sir Walter 5, 86 Rand, Ayn 159, 227; The Fountainhead 227, Atlas Shrugged 227 Ranters 34, 156, 198, 224, 226, 228, 233 Rappites 6, 253 Rawls, John 199, 229-30; A Theory of Justice 229 Readhead, Zoe 275 Reagan, Ronald 57 rebellions 25, 41, 172, 184-5, 208, 270 Reclaim the Streets 10, 52, 76, 255 Reclus, Elisée Red Brigade 21, 281 Rediker, Marcus 213 reincarnation 40 religion, baptism 7, 8; Catholic 40-1; christianity 7, 16, 25, 29; communes 53; fundamentalism 6, 158, 234; monasticism 181-2; non-conformist 79; rejection of some forms 8; religious orders 1, 25; Roman Catholic 39; and the state 9, 29 renewal, rites of 39 refugees 42 Reich, Wilhelm 275 resistance movements 10, 25, 43; non-violent 198-9 Resurgence 247 Révolté, Le 147 revolution 10, 55, 56-7, 65, 149, 177 232-5, 254; Afghanistan 234; American 244, Chinese 233; Cuban 66-7, 133, 233; English 52, 74-5, 213; French 113, 158, 221, 233, 237-8, 244, 250, 281; German 233; Iran 234; peasant 24, 34, 74, 93, 145, 170, 177, 181, 209-10, 232-5; Russian 87, 148, 151-3, 167, 267; workers’ 55, 153, 265, 279 Reynolds, Mack, Lagrange 248 Rheinische Zeitung 174-5 Ricardo, David 33, 102, 107, 158, 175, 219, 259 Richter, Eugene 81, 107, 164 Rifondazione Communista 77 Rigby, Andrew 52 Rio Earth Summit 278 Ripley, George 35 Ripple Project 64, 118 Robinson, Kim Stanley, Mars Trilogy 84 Rochdale Pioneers 61-2, 206, 237 Rocker, Rudolf 316 Rockwell, Lew 11 Roma 293 Roman Empire 47 Romanticism, 17, 28, 35, 80, 88, 103 113, 174, 237-41; ‘American transcendentalism 35 Rosicrucian mysticism 44 Rothbard, Murray 11 335 INDEX Rousseau, Jean-Jaques 55, 158, 193, 229, 240-1, 276-7, 312; Discourse on the Origin of Inequality 240; Emile 236, 240 Rowntree, Joseph 112, 225 Royal Society of London 191 Roycraft Community 17 Ruge, Arnold 271 Ruskin, John 16, 241-2, 286; Unto this Last 241 Russ, Joanna, 100; The Female Man 99 Russell, Betrand and Dora 275 Russia 50, 115, 147-8, 286, 302-3; Bolshevism 148; revolution 55-6; see also Soviet Union Russian Social Democratic Party 56, 148, 152-3, 232 336 Sade, Marquis de 243-4; Philosophie dans le Boudoir 243 Saint-Simon 264-5 Sallust 256 Salmon, Joseph 228 Salt, Sir Titus 245 Saltaire 245 Sands school 275 Sartre, Jean-Paul 257 Saturnalia 39 satyagraha 75, 110 Scandinavia 142 schools, free 108 Schumacher, E F 15, 70, 246-7, 249; Small is Beautiful 246, 247, 256-7 science, and utopia 244-5; see also technology science fiction 81, 84, 99, 247-8 Scotland 257 Scott Bader Commonwealth 52, 249 Seattle, Battle of 26-7, 77 secret societies 41, 44, 165, 249-50, 282, 289 Second International 56 sects, see cults Seekers 224 self-help and mutual organizations 20, 179-80 self-sufficiency 10, 16, 33, 62, 65, 85, 129, 161, 203, 209, 211, 218, 251, 273, 294, 303 Semco 130 Senegal 85 separatism 120 sexism 96 sexual, mores, freedom 34, 46, 84, 102, 115, 138, 245, 284; rules 45, 68, 103, 220, 253 Shangri-La 253-4 Shakers 6, 53, 125, 252-3 Shari’a law 135 Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein 240 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 238; Prometheus Unbound 238-9 Shiva, Vandana 43, 51 situationists 10, 43, 87, 254-5 Skinner, B.F x; Beyond Freedom and Dignity 309; Walden Two x, 82, 92, 98, 137, 294, 307-8 slavery 55, 213-14, 225 slow food 255-6 small states 256-8 smallness projects 15, 70, 89, 162, 187, 256, 278 Smiles, Samuel 180, 218 Smith, Adam 102, 107, 1589, 171-4, 175, 256, 258-9; Theory of Moral Sentiments 258; Wealth of Nations 171, 258-9 social capital 259-60 social contract 160 social democracy 135, 154, 166 social ecology 261-2, 278, 303 social economy 262-3 socialism 1, 9, 11, 17, 23, 25, 50, 55-6, 65-6, 70, 72, 107, 132, 134, 144, 148, 149, 153, 166, 175-6, 196, 199, 206, 208, 220, 229, 232, 241, 264-6, 279, 289-90, 300, 302, 309 Socrates Solon 214-15 Sorens, Jason 106 South Africa 76, 110, 291 Southey, Robert 238-9 Soviet Union 4, 26, 50, 54, 56, 65, 72, 85, 169, 178, 258, 267-9; bureaucratic authoritarianism in 178; and Internationals133-4; as model of one-party state 67; and federalism 94; Russian Revolution 10, 87, 148, 151-2, 198; soviets 152, 266-7 Spain, 183, 291; civil war 10, 51, 116, 134, 233, 269, 317; and Cuba 66 Sparta 213-14, 215, 230 Spartacus League 167 Spence, Thomas 239 Spinoza, Baruch 185 spiritualism 70 squatting 21, 42, 43, 59, 74, 76, 271 Sri Aurobindo 19 Stalin, Joseph 50, 134, 153-4, 164, 268 Stallman, Richard 204 state, authority 2-3, 7-8, 434, 92, 216-17, 228; anti9, 113, 149; bureacuracy 36, 159; centralism 257; devolution 4, 30, 199; and liberalism 158-9; ownership 107; and INDEX socialism 54, 56, 65, 166, 216-17, 266; taxes 44, 199; violence 66, 281; see also anarchy state, small 4, 48 Stephenson, Neal 248, Snow Crash 81 Sterling, Bruce 248 Stirner, Max 10, 87, 116, 174, 271-2; The Ego and its Own 271 Stoics Straw, Jack 210 strike action 12, 22, 269-70 subsistence 33, 42, 251, 2723, 277 Sudbury Valley school 275 suffragettes 76, 96 Sufism 34 suicide, mass 68; see also cults Suma Foods 62, 273-4 Summerhill School 20, 80, 108, 129, 274-5 Sun Tsu 120 Surrealism 254-5 sustainability 15, 19, 53, 84, 88, 92, 100, 211, 220, 277-8 Stonehenge 293 Sweden 142, 226 Swift, Jonathan 80, 89, 277; Gulliver’s Travels 89, 1223, 193, 236 Switzerland 258 symmetries (in social constructs) 63 syndicalism 11, 24, 93, 117, 150, 154, 279-80, 288, 316 Taber, Robert 120 Tahiti 276 Taoism 137 Tavistock Institute 226 tax 7-8, 44, 110, 159, 162, 199, 209-10, 266, 278 technology, 15, 29, 30, 36, 69, 90, 190-1, 247, 252, 262; see also open source software, science terrorism 21, 28, 115, 120-1, 250, 281-3, 319 Thames 196-7 Thatcher, Margaret 57 Theocritus 16 therapy 53 therapeutic communities 283 Third World 219, 251 Thompson, E P 20, 198 Thompson, William 107 Thoreau, Henry 5, 10; Walden 10, 16, 198, 304-5 time, banks 26, 35, 284; management 1, 262 tithing 101 Tobin Tax 19 Tolpuddle Friendly Society of Agriculture 107, 290 Tolstoy, Alexei 247, 299 Tolstoy, Count Leo 12, 114, 198, 285-7, 302, 307; War and Peace 285; Anna Karenina 285; A Confession 285; What Shall We Do? 285; How Much Land Does a Man Need? 285 totalitarianism 56, 92 tourism 67 Tower Colliery 62, 287 Toynbee, Arnold 257 trade 4, 18, 219; fair 14, 26, 91; international 26; see also barter trade unions 21, 33, 55-6, 64, 72, 76, 95, 107, 108, 122, 130-1, 132, 165, 175, 206, 222, 226, 263, 27980, 287-8, 288-92, 316 Trades Union Congress (UK) 290 Travellers 292-3 Treaty of Rome tree hugging 42 ‘trickle-down’ theory 219 Trotsky, Leon 24, 56, 116, 133, 153 176, 234, 265, 268 ‘truck’ system 62 Tucker, Benjamin 11, 23 Tute Bianche 76 Twin Oaks 294, 307 Tyler, Wat 210 Unilever 218 United Craftsmen 17 United Nations 118; Commission on Environment and Development 277 United States see also America urban issues? 29, 58, 112 usury 135-6, 187 utilitarianism 89, 113, 229 utopia, concepts of x-xi, 6, 9, 11, 30, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52-3, 54, 55, 58, 63, 77-8, 80, 87, 92, 98, 102, 104, 106, 123-4, 137, 160, 164, 196, 201, 227, 232, 238-9, 241, 296301, 314; utopianism 33, 39, 41, 56, 68, 71, 75, 85, 100, 114, 123-4, 154, 276; urban 112-13, 194; see also Auroville, City of the Sun, Cockaigne, Eden Uttar Pradesh 43 value theory of labour 221 Vanek, Jaroslav 316 Venetian Republic 201 Venezuela 67 Via Campasina 152, 302 Vietnam, North 120 villages 9, 52, 54, 144, 147, 149, 154, 194, 196, 2667, 286, 302, 315 violence 28; and revolution 235 Virgil 16 337 INDEX von Mise, Ludwig 227 Vonnegut, Kurt 247 Voyage to Icaria 36, 303 Wales 257, 287 Wales, Jimmy 312 ‘War of the Flea’ 120 Ward, Colin Warren, Josiah 11, 187-8, 284 Washington, protests 27 Weather Underground 281 Weber, Max 36, 68 welfare, social 31, 134, 159, 161, 194, 263, 266, 289, 292 Wells, H G 36, 81, 241, 247, 308, 310-12; Anticipations 310; Modern Utopia 169, 197, 310; Men Like Gods 310-11; The Time Machine 310; When the Sleeper Wakes 310; Welwyn Garden City 112 West Indian community, UK 65 Wholesale Society 62 Whyte, William 36 Wilson, Bryan 68 Winstanley,Gerrard 74-5 Winthrop, John 179 338 Wikipedia 313 witchcraft 83 Wittig, Monique 99 Wollstonecraft, Mary 28, 113; A Vindication of the Rights of Women 96 Woman on the Edge of Time 31, 84 women, 103, 117, 225; and cults 40, 127; and education 79; and coops 63; and nature 83; political participation of 217 Wordsworth, William 237; The Prelude 237 work, politics/ethics of 17, 70, 77, 187, 241, 252, 263 worker, management/ ownership 10, 62, 75, 90, 130, 140, 142-3, 183, 270, 273-4, 287-8, 316; rights 17, 22, 33, 152-3, 165-6, 167, 222, 246, 264, 279 Workers’ Educational Association 180 World Bank 27, 172, 217, 219, 260 World Conservation Union 277 World Council of Churches 107 World Council of Credit Unions 65 World Economic Forum 317 World Social Forum (WSF) 10, 19, 216, 317-18 World Trade Organization (WTO) 26-7, 36, 76, 219 World War, First 4, 56, 115, 166, 268; Second 4, 26, 66, 120, 152, 268, 283, 290 Wycliffe, John 25 Wyss, Johann, Swiss Family Robinson 236 Yale University, ‘Sculls and Bones’ 250 Yunus, Muhammad 117 Zakât 136, 319 Zamyatin, Yevgeny 81 Zapatistas 10, 14, 77, 119, 172, 234, 251, 282, 31920 Zeno Zerzan, John 12 Zeus 18 Zionism 108, 144 Zoarites 6, 253 ... Management Centre at the University of Leicester Patrick Reedy lectures at the Business School of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne The Dictionary of Alternatives Utopianism and Organization M... sense the wildest forms of utopianism are grounded in the experience of their creators and draw on their social context There are, of course, many more traditions of dissent and alternative ways of. .. rich and come and go as they please There are no clocks, because the greatest nonsense in the world was to regulate one’s life by the sound of a bell, instead of by the promptings of reason and