Globalization and Migration GLOBALIZATION Series Editors Manfred B Steger Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and University of Hawai‘i–Ma¯noa and Terrell Carver University of Bristol “Globalization” has become the buzzword of our time But what does it mean? Rather than forcing a complicated social phenomenon into a single analytical framework, this series seeks to present globalization as a multidimensional process constituted by complex, often contradictory interactions of global, regional, and local aspects of social life Since conventional disciplinary borders and lines of demarcation are losing their old rationales in a globalizing world, authors in this series apply an interdisciplinary framework to the study of globalization In short, the main purpose and objective of this series is to support subject-specific inquiries into the dynamics and effects of contemporary globalization and its varying impacts across, between, and within societies Globalization and Sovereignty John Agnew Globalization and Terrorism, 2nd ed Jamal R Nassar Globalization and War Tarak Barkawi Globalization and Culture, 3rd ed Jan Nederveen Pieterse Globalization and Human Security Paul Battersby and Joseph M Siracusa Globalization and Democracy Stephen J Rosow and Jim George Globalization and the Environment Peter Christoff and Robyn Eckersley Globalization and International Political Economy Mark Rupert and M Scott Solomon Globalization and American Popular Culture, 3rd ed Lane Crothers Globalization and Citizenship Hans Schattle Globalization and Militarism Cynthia Enloe Globalization and Islamism Nevzat Soguk Globalization and Law Adam Gearey Globalization and Urbanization James H Spencer Globalization and Feminist Activism Mary E Hawkesworth Globalisms, 3rd ed Manfred B Steger Globalization and Postcolonialism Sankaran Krishna Rethinking Globalism Edited by Manfred B Steger Globalization and Media Jack Lule Globalization and Labor Dimitris Stevis and Terry Boswell Globalization and Social Movements, 2nd ed Valentine Moghadam Globaloney 2.0 Michael Veseth Supported by the Globalization Research Center at the University of Hawai‘i, Ma¯noa Globalization and Migration A World in Motion Eliot Dickinson ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 by Rowman & Littlefield All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dickinson, Eliot, author Title: Globalization and migration : a world in motion / Eliot Dickinson Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2016] | Series: Globalization | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016005015 (print) | LCCN 2016017223 (ebook) | ISBN 9781442254961 (cloth : alk paper) | ISBN 9781442254978 (pbk : alk paper) | ISBN 9781442254985 (electronic) Subjects: LCSH: Emigration and immigration | Emigration and immigration—Economic aspects | Globalization | Globalization—Economic aspects Classification: LCC JZ1318 D536 2016 (print) | LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | DDC 304.8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016005015 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Für Barbara, meine geliebte Frau, die mit mir bis ans Ende der Welt gegangen ist und mich auf dem Camino des Lebens begleitet Contents List of Tables and Maps ix Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 The Onset of a Borderless World The Most Intimate form of Globalization Migration Nation Explaining Global Migration 11 North and South, Core and Periphery 16 Conclusion 19 2 Historical-Structural Origins of Global Migration 21 We Are All Immigrants 23 The Quest for Material Benefits and Profit 25 Trans-Atlantic European Migration 31 An American Empire 36 Slavery 39 The Scramble for Africa 44 From Colonialism to Neocolonialism 48 Conclusion 52 3 The Global South Mexico and NAFTA Central America and CAFTA The Middle East: Syria 55 57 66 72 vii viii contents North Africa: Libya 76 South Asia: Capitalism Versus the Climate in Bangladesh 78 Brain Drain 82 Conclusion 84 4 The Global North 87 Europe 89 Brain Gain 113 Climate Change 115 Conclusion 116 5 The Coming Transformation 119 The Gathering Storm 121 What Is to Be Done? 126 Conclusion 131 Notes 135 Recommended Readings 159 Index 171 About the Author 181 Tables and Maps Table 1.1. Projected Population of the World and Major Areas, 2015, 2030, 2050, and 2100 Table 1.2. International Migrant Stock by Development Level and Major Area, 1990–2010 Table 1.3. Migration Theories Across Disciplines 13 Table 2.1. African Immigrants, by Period and Place of Arrival 40 Table 2.2. Political Division of Africa in 1914 46 Map 1.1. The World’s Main Mass Migration Routes 18 Map 3.1. Migration Routes through Central America and Mexico 59 Map 3.2. Migration Routes in Southeast Asia 81 ix recommended readings 167 Naples, Nancy A., and Jennifer Bickham Méndez Border Politics: Social Movements, Collective Identities, and Globalization New York: New York University Press, 2014 Ngai, Mae M., and Jon Gjerde Major Problems in American Immigration History: Documents and Essays Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2013 Oˉmae, Ken’ichi The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy New York: Harper, 1990 ——— The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies New York: Free Press, 1995 ——— The Next Global Stage: Challenges and Opportunities in Our Borderless World Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Pub., 2005 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Globalisation, Migration, and Development Paris: OECD, 2000 Orozco, Manuel “Globalization and Migration: The Impact of Family Remittances in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 44, no (2002): 41–66 Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire London: Verso, 2012 Papastergiadis, Nikos The Turbulence of Migration: Globalization, Deterritorialization, and Hybridity Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2000 Payne, Richard J Global Issues: Politics, Economics, and Culture New York: Pearson Longman, 2009 Pellerin, Hélène “Global Restructuring in the World Economy and Migration: The Globalization of Migration Dynamics.” International Journal 48, no (1993): 240–254 Perz, Stephen G “The Rural Exodus in the Context of Economic Crisis, Globalization and Reform in Brazil.” International Migration Review 34, no (2000): 842–881 Pieterse, Jan Nederveen Globalization or Empire? New York: Routledge, 2004 Piper, Nicola “Feminisation of Migration and the Social Dimensions of Development: The Asian Case.” Third World Quarterly 29, no (2008): 1287–1303 Portes, Alejandro, and John Walton Labor, Class, and the International System New York: Academic Press, 1981 Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G Rumbaut Immigrant America: A Portrait Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2006 Prazniak, Roxann, and Arif Dirlik Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001 Quintero-Rivera, Ángel G “Cultural Struggles for Hegemony: Salsa, Migration, and Globalization.” Latin American Perspectives: A Journal of Capitalism and Socialism 38, no (2011): 58–70 Reich, Robert B Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2015 168 recommended readings Ribas-Mateos, Natalia The Mediterranean in the Age of Globalization: Migration, Welfare & Borders New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005 Robbins, Richard Howard Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2008 Robertson, Roland Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture London: Sage, 1992 Rosenau, James N Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond Globalization Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003 Rupert, Mark, and M Scott Solomon Globalization and International Political Economy: The Politics of Alternative Futures Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006 Samers, Michael “‘Globalization,’ the Geopolitical Economy of Migration and the ‘Spatial Vent.’“ Review of International Political Economy 6, no (1999): 166–199 Sanderson, Matthew R., and Jeffrey Kentor “Globalization, Development and International Migration: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1970–2000.” Social Forces 88, no (2009): 301–336 Sassen, Saskia The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 ——— Globalization and Its Discontents New York: New Press, 1998 Schaeffer, Robert K Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009 Schain, Martin The Politics of Immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: A Comparative Study New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 Scholte, Jan Aart Globalization: A Critical Introduction New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000 Sernau, Scott Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability Boston: Pearson, 2009 Singer, Peter One World: The Ethics of Globalization New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002 Sinke, Suzanne M “Gender and Migration: Historical Perspectives.” International Migration Review 40, no (2006): 82–103 Smith, Adam, and Edwin Cannan The Wealth of Nations New York: Modern Library, 2000 Smith, Jackie Global Democracy and the World Social Forums Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2007 Snarr, Michael T., and Neil Snarr Introducing Global Issues Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012 Snethen, John D “The Evolution of Sovereignty and Citizenship in Western Europe: Implications for Migration and Globalization.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 8, no (2000): 223–249 recommended readings 169 Solimano, Andrés International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization: Historical and Recent Experiences New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010 Soros, George George Soros on Globalization New York: Public Affairs, 2002 Sowell, Thomas Migrations and Cultures: A World View New York: Basic Books, 1996 Stalker, Peter Workers Without Frontiers: The Impact of Globalization on International Migration Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000 Steger, Manfred B Globalization New York: Sterling Publishing Co Inc., 2010 ——— Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 ——— Globalization and Culture Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012 ——— Globalization: The Greatest Hits, a Global Studies Reader Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2010 ——— The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 Stiglitz, Joseph E Globalization and Its Discontents New York: W.W Norton, 2002 ——— The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2015 ——— The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2012 Talani, Leila Simona From Egypt to Europe: Globalisation and Migration Across the Mediterranean London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2010 Talbott, Strobe The Great Experiment: The Story of Ancient Empires, Modern States, and the Quest for a Global Nation New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008 Thurow, Lester C The Future of Capitalism: How Today’s Economic Forces Shape Tomorrow’s World New York: William Morrow, 1996 Tilly, Charles Durable Inequality Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 ——— Identities, Boundaries, and Social Ties Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2005 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees World at War: UNHCR Global Trends Geneva: UNHCR, 2015 United Nations Statistics Division Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision New York: United Nations, 1998 Veseth, Michael Globaloney 2.0: The Crash of 2008 and the Future of Globalization Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010 Wallerstein, Immanuel The Decline of American Power: The U.S In a Chaotic World New York: New Press, 2003 ——— Does Capitalism Have a Future? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 ——— Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization London: Verso, 2011 ——— The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century Berkeley: University of California, 2011 170 recommended readings ——— The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750 Berkeley: University of California, 2011 ——— The Modern World-System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730s–1840s Berkeley: University of California, 2011 ——— The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914 Berkeley: University of California, 2011 ——— The Modern World-System in the Longue Durée Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2004 ——— World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004 Waters, Malcolm Globalization London: Routledge, 1995 Weatherford, Jack Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World New York: Crown, 2004 Wermuth, Laurie Ann Global Inequality and Human Needs: Health and Illness in an Increasingly Unequal World Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2003 Wickramasekara, Piyasiri “Globalisation, International Labour Migration and the Rights of Migrant Workers.” Third World Quarterly 29, no (2008): 1247–1264 Wolf, Martin Why Globalization Works New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004 Zakaria, Fareed The Post-American World New York: W.W Norton, 2008 Zolberg, Aristide R A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008 Index Page references for figures are italicized Aegean Sea, 100 African slaves, 31, 39, 41–43 Age of Discovery, 27 Agee, Philip, 51 Agenda on Migration, 99–100 agribusiness, 65, 71 Alentejo, Portugal, 10 Aleppo, Syria, 73 Alesana, Sigeo, 120 Allahu Akbar!, 77 Allt för Sverige (Everything for Sweden), 140n5 al-Qaeda in Iraq, 75 American Enterprise Institute, 88 Amygdaleza detention center in Athens, 101 Anglo-American, 35, 123 Anglo-Saxon, 35 anticommunist, 68 anti-union, 67 Apocalypse Now (film), 143n61 1973 Arab-Israeli War, 93 Arab Spring, 5, 75, 96 Arbenz, Jacobo, 67 Arévelo, Juan José, 67 Armas, Carlos Castillo, 68 Assad, Bashar, 73 Atlantic Ocean, 22, 42, 103 171 172 index Atlantic slave trade, 28, 44 Aztec Empire, 58 Bachman, Lutz, Baden-Württemberg, 72 BAE Systems, 128 Baja California Peninsula, 49 Baker, Lorenzo Dow, 67 Balde, Sekou, 91 Bangladesh, 78–82, 121 Bartletti, Don, 55, 56, 57 Bataclan concert hall, Bay of Bengal, 80 the Beast (train), 55, 56 Benelux countries, 108, 109 Benin, 41, 106 Berlin Wall, 91, 94, 109 Berlusconi, Silvio, 76 Biafra, 41 bifurcated economy, 15 Big Bang, 24 Black Africa, 44 Black Death, 32 Blowback, Bodrum, Turkey, 74 Boeing, 128 Bohemian migrants, 122 Bolshevik Revolution, 122 Border Patrol, 62 Bouyeri, Mohammed, 88, 89 Bracero Program, 60 Brahmaputra River, 80 brain drain, 15, 82, 83, 113, 114 brain gain, 15, 113, 114 brain waste, 115 British Empire, 90 British Library catalogue, 16 British Nationality Act (1948), 90 British Refugee Council, 98 British War Office, 11 Buffett, Warren, 131 Bulgaria, 1, 2, 74, 75, 100, 109, 111 Burkas, 122 Burundi, 106 Byzantines, 103 Calais, France, 92 Cali, Muhamud Cabdale, 77–78 Cameron, David, 98 Cameroon, 41, 46 Canaan, 43, 44 Cape of Storms, 27 Cape of Good Hope, 27, 36 capitalism: American empire and, 36; versus the climate, 78–79; corporate, 57; emergence of, 5; global environment and, 15–16; as a global project, 62; logic of, 38; mercantilism and, 33; as a system, 14 capitalist world-system, 5, 53, 89, 90, 124, 130 Carlsen, Laura, 64 Carthaginians, 103 Castells, Manuel, 113–114 Castro, Raul, 70 Catania, Sicily, 99 Cayman Islands, 71 Central America: children looking for parents, 56–57; mercenaries in, 49; migration routes through, 59; population in 1492, 30; slaves brought to, 42; U.S meddling in, 50–51 Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 66, 71 Ceuta, 103–106, 108 Chamorro, Violeta, 51 Channel Tunnel, 92 Charlie Hebdo, Charter of Fundamental Rights, 113 Chavez, Hugo, 70 climate change, 15–16, 78–79, 82, 113, 115–117 climate-related migration, 15–16, 80, 85 index coal-fired steam engine, 32 Coca-Cola, 65 Cold War (1945–1991), 16, 68, 70 collateral damage, 75 Colom, Álvaro, 68 Columbia University’s Earth Institute, 115 Columbian Exchange, 28, 30 Columbus, Christopher, 25, 27–30, 52 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, 91 communal land, 14, 84 Congo Free State, 45, 47 Congolese, 46–47 Conquistadors, 27, 28, 52, 58 contra rebels, 51 Contra War, 51 Contreras, Denis, 56, 57 Coppola, Francis Ford, 143n61 core-periphery relationship, 17 Cortés, Hernán, 58 Cortines, Adolfo Ruiz, 61 cost-benefit: behavior, 13; calculations by the family unit, 58; decisionmaking of migrants, 12 Council of Europe, 108 Crosby, Alfred, 28 Curse of Ham, 43 Cyclone Bhola, 80 Cyclone Pam, 119 da Gama, Vasco, 27 Damascus, Syria, 72–73 Dark Continent, 45 the Death Train, 56 del Valle, Ignacio, 64 de Maizière, Thomas, 75 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 48 Democracy Now!, 70 Demography, 8, 12, 13 Diagne, Babacar, 107 Diamond, Jared, 29, 79 173 Dias, Bartolomeu, 26 Díaz, Adolfo, 49 Doctors Without Borders, 101 Dortmund, Germany, drug war, 68–70 Dublin III Regulation, 111 Dutch Model, 89 Eagles of Death Metal, Eisenhower, Dwight, 61, 128 Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany, el-Karim, Abd, 104 El-Ojeili, Chamsy El Requerimiento (The Requirement), 27 The Emigrants (film), 21, 23, 25 Emmanuel, Arghiri, 64 Engels, Friedrich, 33, 117 Enrique’s Journey, 55 environmental migrants, 16, 82 Equatorial Guinea, 41 Eric the Red, 25–26 Ericson, Leif, 25–26 Eritrea, 46, 92, 96 Eritreans, 78, 99 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 108 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 101 European Economic Community (EEC), 108–109 European Jews, 72 European Parliament, European Union (EU), 108 European Union asylum law, Euro zone, 102 externalization of costs, 63 Facebook, Farage, Nigel, farmworkers, 123 Favoriten neighborhood in Vienna, 122 Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), 94, 100 174 index Fernandez, Maria Benedicta, 10 Fiévez, Léon, 46 First World, 16–17 Fort Benning, Georgia, 68 Fort Gulick, Panama Canal Zone, 68 Fox News television channel, 51 Franco, Francisco, 104 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 11 Freedom Alliance, 144n73 Free Syrian Army, 73 French-Algerians, 92 Friendship Treaty, 76–77 Frisch, Max, 94 Frontex, 98 Gabon, 41 Gaddafi, Muammar, 76–77 Galeano, Eduardo, 58 Galicia, Spain, 10 Ganges Delta, 80, 82, 121 Gastarbeiter, 94 General Act of the Conference of Berlin Concerning the Congo, 45 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 116 German Democratic Republic (East Germany), 93–94 German Left Party, 75 Ghana, 41 Giddens, Anthony, 19 Global Cities, 15 Global Goals of the UNDP, 129–130 Global North, 16–17, 87 Global South, 16–17, 55 Global Village, 121 globality, globalization: capitalist world-economy and, 14; contradictions of, 19; definition of, 4–5; democratic control of, 127; deregulated capitalism and, 79; dislocation and, 31, 57, 84, 120; economic effect on Mexico, 62–66; future of, 130; of migration, 8; modern era and, 25; slavery and, 39; theoretical explanations of, 11; war and, 51 glocalization, González, Juan, 70 Great Britain, 90–92 Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland, 26 Great Recession, 102, 106 Great Wall, 71 Grexit, 102 Grogan, Ewart S., 47 Groningen, the Netherlands, 110 Groth, Annette, 75 Guatemala, 51, 56, 66–71 Guterres, António, Hansen, Marcus Lee, 14, 36, 139n48 Heart of Darkness, 47, 143n61 Helú, Carlos Slim, 66 Hemptinne, Jean-Félix de, 48 Herjólfsson, Bjarni, 140n6 Her Majesty’s Government, 98 heterogeneity, 11 high-skill migrants, 83 Himalaya Mountains, 79–80 Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 8789 HIV/AIDS pandemic, 84 Hollande, Franỗois, 3, 111 Holocaust, 72, 95 homogeneity, 11 Homs, Syria, Honduras, 49, 55–57, 66, 70–71 HSBC, 69 human trafficking, 97 Hussein, Saddam, 77 immigration, The Immortals, 49 Indochina, 48 Indus, 79 index Industrial Revolution, 14, 30–31, 33, 35, 53, 82, 84 internal population movements, international migrant, 6, International Labor Organization (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), 62, 102 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 17–19, 59, 77, 81 Internet, 5, 83, 114 Ionian Sea, 100 Iran-Contra Scandal, 51 Islamic State militants, 3, 73, 103 Island of San Salvador, 27 Italian Navy, 97 Ivy League, 65 Japheth, 43 Jihadists, 3, 102–103 the Jungle (Calais side of Chunnel), 92 jus sanguinis, 95 Jyllands-Posten newspaper, 89 Kalashnikov rifles (AK-47), Kammenos, Panos, 102–103 Kanakis, Nikitas, 101 Karim, Tariq, 80 Keith, Minor, 67 Kennedy School of Government (Harvard), 88–89 King Leopold II, Belgium, 45–48 King Manuel I, Portugal, 27 Kiribati, 120–121 Klein, Naomi, 79 Kobani, Syria, 74 Komotini near the Turkish border, 101 Koran, 76 Korean War, 61 Kos (Greek island), 74 Kouachi, Chérif and Saïd, 175 Kurdi, Aylan, 74 Lampedusa, Italy, 77, 96–97, 99, 112 L’Anse aux Meadows, 26 Laws of Migration, 11 Leiden University, 88 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 93 Le Pen, Marine, 3, 93 Lockheed Martin, 128 long-term international migration, Lopez Pérez, Rigoberto, 50 Los Zetas Mexican drug cartel, 69 low-wage workers, 15 Lutheran Church, 22 Maldives, 120 Malmström, Cecilia, 109 Malta, 77, 96–97, 126 Malthus, Thomas Robert, Manifest Destiny, 37 Manoa, Afa’ese, 119 maquiladoras, 63, 84 Mare Nostrum, 97–98 Marlow, Charles, 47 Marx and Engels, 117, 156n83 Matagorda County, Texas, 38 Médicins du Monde, 101 Mediterranean Sea, 17, 78, 96–100, 103–104 Mekong Delta in Vietnam, 121 Melilla, 103–106, 108, 154n59 Melville, Herman, 37 Mercado, Sergio, 56 mercantilism, 32–33, 139n49 Mexican-American War, 49, 60 Mexican guest workers (braceros), 60–61 Mexico-U.S border, 56 Micheletti, Roberto, 71 Middle East: Arab Spring and the, 5; Global South and the, 17; labor from the, 10; Libya and, 76–78; Oil Crisis 176 index (1973), 92–94; refugees from, 19, 93, 95, 97, 112; Syria and, 72–75 Middle Passage, 42 migra corridos, 62 migration nation, 8–9 military industrial complex, 15, 75, 85, 128, 131, 133 Millennium Development Goals, 129 Minnesota, 21–23 Misrata militiamen, 77 Moberg, Vilhelm, 23, 140n4 Mogherini, Federica, 100 Molina, Otto Pérez, 69–70 Montezuma II, 58 Montt, Ríos, 68 Mora, Camilo, 115–116 Morocco, 46, 93–94, 103–108, 111 Mosel River, 109 Mr Kurtz, 47, 143n61 Mundus Novus, 28 multicultural, 8, 89–90 multinational corporations (MNCs), 15, 53, 67, 84–85, 127–128, 131 Myanmar, 80 Najaf, Ali (pseudonym), 1, 19, 135n1 narco-terrorism, 69 nation-states, 11, 16, 117, 125 National Front, 93 National Geographic, 18, 59, 78, 81 Native Americans, 24, 28–29, 35, 37 nativists, 124 Nazario, Sonia, 55 neocolonialism, 15, 39, 48, 53, 57 neoliberal, 7, 51, 62, 65, 70–71, 126, 133 neorealist, 11 New Commonwealth, 90 Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, 24–26 The New Land, 21 New World, 14, 21, 25, 35–37, 39, 52 New Zealand, 17, 31, 83, 89, 116–117, 119–20 Nicaragua, 49–51, 71 Niger Delta, 41 Nilsson, Karl Oskar, 21, 35 nonindustrialized countries, 16–17 nonwhite immigration, 91 North Africa, 5, 19, 24, 72, 76–78, 93–94, 97, 112 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 57, 62–65, 71 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 75, 77 Northern Triangle, 56, 66 Northrop Grumman, 128 Oder-Neisse line, 93 Oil Crisis (1973), 92, 94 Oliveira, Arlindo, 10 Operation Triton, 98–99 Operation Wetback, 61 Operation Xenios Zeus, 101 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 83 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), 93 out-migration, overpopulation, 12 Oxfam International, 127 Palau, 120–121 Palestinian Diaspora, 72 Panama Canal Zone, 68 Pangaea, 24 Paris, 2–3, 30, 103, 110–111, 121 Party for Freedom and Democracy, 88 Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West (Pegida), 2, 135n2 Paz, Claudia, 68 petro-authoritarianism, 133 Phoenicians, 103 index Polanyi, Karl, 31, 84 Pope Francis, 122 positive peace, 130 Potato Famine, 30 Powell, Enoch, 91 power-looms, 32 Pravda, 122 prehistory, 24 pre-modern, 25 Preston, Andrew, 67 Prophet Muhammad, 2, 89 1967 Protocol, 116 psychosocial aspects of international migration, 62 push and pull forces, 12, 107 push-pull theory, 12 Rahman, Atiq, 82 rational-choice behavior, 12 Ravenstein, Ernst Georg, 11–12 Raytheon, 128 refugees: climate change, 115, 120; Geneva Convention definition of (1951), 116; Germany and, 75, 95; George W Bush’s invasion of Iraq and, 75; Italy and, 96, 112; Libyan, 77; Palestinian, 73; Syrian, 72; Vietnamese, 49; war, 15, 51; worldwide number of, remigration, 5, 43 Rio Grande River, 17, 55, 61 Ronald Reagan, 51, 123 Rotting Face (smallpox), 28–29 Rutte, Mark, 111 safe third country, Sahel region in Africa, 121 Samaras, Antonis, 102 Sandinistas, 49–51 Sandino, Augusto César, 49–50 San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 57 São Tomé, 42 177 Satanic Mills, 34, 84 Save the Children, 73 Schengen Agreement, 91, 100, 104, 109–111 School of the Americas, 68 Scramble for Africa, 44–45 sea-level rise, 120 Second World, 16 semi-periphery, 17 short-term international migration, Sierra Leone, 46, 99, 106 Silent Spring (Rachel Carson), 132 Sinclair, Peter, 120 Single European Act (SEA), 109 Sjöblom, E V., 46 Småland, Sweden, 21, 23 Smith, Adam, 33, 36 Soda, Federico, 77 Somalia, 87, 96, 99 Somoza, Anastasio, 50 Sopoaga, Enele, 121 South Africa, 31, 46, 83–84 South America, 17, 24, 30, 57, 69 South China Sea, 49 Soviet Union, 16, 91, 94, 109 Spanish Civil War, 104 Spaulding, J K., 42 stateless persons, 51 steamboat, 22 Strait of Gibraltar, 103 Strait of Sicily, 97 subcultures, 11 sub-Saharan countries, 105 Sumer (present-day Iraq), 24 superbugs, 131 super-rich, 71, 126–127, 130 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 129–130 sweatshop factories, 63 Swedish-Americans, 23, 140n5 Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 74 178 index Tapachula, Mexico, 56 Telmex, 66 Third World, 16–17 Thoreau, Henry David, 36, 60 Three-D Jobs (dirty, difficult, and dangerous), Timmermans, Frans, 100 trans-Atlantic European migration, 23, 31 trans-Mediterranean migration, 96 transoceanic migration, 31, 39, 52 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), 109 Treaty of Maastricht (1992), 109 Treaty of Rome (1957), 108 Triangular Trade, 41–42 Troell, Jan, 21, 23 Tropical Cyclone Mahasen, 80 Trump, Donald, 124 Tryggvason, Olaf, 26 turbo-capitalism, 79 Tusk, Donald, 111 Tuvalu, 119–121 Typhoon Haiyan, 5, 80 underdevelopment, 16, 53, 83–84, 113, 117 unequal exchange, 53, 64 United Fruit Company, 67 United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 67, 129 United Nations Climate Summit, 121 United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP), 82 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 19, 129 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 140n9 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 129 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 3, 18, 73, 99, 105, 115, 125 United Nations Population Division, 9–10 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), 73 United States Department of War, 68 University of Vienna, 122 U.S Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 51, 67, 70 U.S Marines, 49–50 U.S Military Academy West Point, 50 Valls, Manuel, van Buren, Martin, 42 Vancouver, Canada, 74 Vandals, 103 van Gogh, Theo, 88 Varoufakis, Yanis, 102 venereal syphilis, 29 Veracruz, Mexico, 58 Vietnam 39, 48–49, 51 Vietnamese Boat People, 49 Vikings, 24–26, 52, 140n6 Viktor-Adler Markt, 122 Vinland the Good, 26 Wachovia, 69 Wada, Aboubakar, 106 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 5, 139n49 war profiteering, 75 Watt, James, 32 West Africa, 41, 43, 46 West Riding of Yorkshire, 32, 35 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, 35 Wirtschaftswunder, 100 World Bank, 19, 62 world-economy, 5, 10, 14, 17, 32, 36, 51–52, 65, 103, 109 World Food Program, 129 World Health Organization, 129 index world polity, 11 World Refugee Day, world-system, 5, 53, 89–90, 106, 124, 130, 139n49 world-systems theory, 14, 17, 139n49 World Trade Organization (WTO), 62 World Trade Towers, 5, 110 World War I, 48 179 World War II, 48, 60, 72, 90, 94–95, 100, 116 Wren, Maurice, 98 Yangtze River, 79 Yankov, Krasimir, 135n1 Yarmouk refugee camp, 72–73 Yellow River, 79 Zelaya, Manuel, 70 About the Author Eliot Dickinson is professor of politics and peace studies at Western Oregon University He earned a PhD in political science from Purdue University and worked at both the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa and Hope College in Michigan before moving to Oregon His areas of expertise include comparative politics, international relations, and political theory He is author of the book Copts in Michigan (Michigan State University Press, 2008) and a number of articles and book chapters on South African politics, Austrian politics, and German immigration policy 181 ... Schattle Globalization and Militarism Cynthia Enloe Globalization and Islamism Nevzat Soguk Globalization and Law Adam Gearey Globalization and Urbanization James H Spencer Globalization and Feminist... societies Globalization and Sovereignty John Agnew Globalization and Terrorism, 2nd ed Jamal R Nassar Globalization and War Tarak Barkawi Globalization and Culture, 3rd ed Jan Nederveen Pieterse Globalization. .. Eckersley Globalization and International Political Economy Mark Rupert and M Scott Solomon Globalization and American Popular Culture, 3rd ed Lane Crothers Globalization and Citizenship Hans Schattle