grant and lee a study in contrasts summary

...  P’lots,alsowithin a twoorthreeminutewalkofthe study area:at577 Palmerston,365 Lippincott and 19Spadina.ThedatatrackspaymentsmadeusingTPA’spay and display machinesforbothon‐streetparking and off‐streetTPAlots. Foron‐streetparking,dataisreportedasthenumberofvalidticketsduring15‐minuteintervals throughoutthedaysthatcorrespondwith thepedestriansurveydays(July8,9,10,15,16,17 and 19).However,dataforSaturday,July19 th wasnotavailable,soSaturday,July12 th was substitutedinstead.Theresearcherstookhourlysnapshotsbetween10:00 a. m. and 9:00p.m.– thehourswhenthemachinesaregenerally in use– and determinedtheaveragenumberof validticketsthroughouttheday,aswellasmorning‐midday,afternoon, and eveningaverages. Fortheoff‐streetlots, parkingdataisreportedasdaily and eveningpeaks–thehighest recordednumberofvalidticketsatanygiventime in thedayoreveningperiod.Again,theTPA supplieddataforthesamedaysastheon‐streetparkingdata,whichcorrespondtothe pedestriansurveydays. Theaverage validticketcountswerecomparedtotheoverallcapacity–eitheron‐streetor in lots–todeterminetheaverageusageofon‐street and off‐streetpaidparking. 3.4 ... In ordertounderstandtheeffectsofremovingonelaneofon‐streetparking,theresearchers neededtoknowthecurrentsupplyofpublicon‐street and off‐streetparking in thearea, and the currentratesofusage.Ifonelaneofparkingisremoved,merchants and Citydecision‐makers  willwanttoknowiftheexistingparkingdemandcanbeaccommodatedwiththeremaining supply.(Itisimportanttonotethateveniftheremainingsupplycannotaccommodateexisting demand,municipalitieshavetheoptionofconstructingnewmunicipalparkinglotsor convertingsidestreetparkingtopayparking.For example,aspartofthenewlyconstructedSt. Clairstreetcarexclusiveright‐of‐way,TPAisbuildingnew‘GreenP’lotstomakeupforsome oftheloston‐streetparking.) Ratherthanusingobservationaldata,parkingcapacity and usagedatawasrequestedfromthe TorontoParkingAuthority(TPA).Because theTPAnowexclusivelyemployspay and display parkingmachinesforon‐streetparking and in mostmunicipalparkinglots(‘GreenP’lots),the TPAhas a robust,sophisticated, and reliablesystemfortrackingparkingusage. ExecutiveDirector EvaLigeti,CleanAirPartnership  Researcher and Author: FredSztabinski,ActiveTransportationResearcher,CleanAirPartnership  SurveyTeam: DepartmentofHealthSciences,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofToronto  ParkingData: PlanningDepartment,TorontoParkingAuthority  AdvisoryCommittee: MichaelCanzi,TransportationPolicy and PlanningAdvisor,Metrolinx AlanFilipuzzi, SeniorTransportationPlanner,CityofToronto PaulHess,AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofGeography&Program in Planning, UniversityofToronto JenniferPenney,DirectorofResearch,CleanAirPartnership  Supporthasbeenprovidedby a grant fromtheTorontoCommunityFoundation.CAP wouldalsoliketothankTransportCanada and the CityofTorontofortheirgenerous supportofthiswork, and thefollowingpeoplefortheirhelp in reviewingthereport: GordBrown,DanielEgan,JenniferHyland,JanaNeumann,LukaszPawlowski,Nancy SmithLea and StephanieTencer.     ©CleanAirPartnership,2009  Formoreinformation,contact: CleanAir Partnership 75ElizabethStreet Toronto,Ontario,M5G1P4,Canada 416‐392‐6672 ... a bikelaneinherentlysuggests improvedconditions forcycling, a widersidewalkdoesnotpromiseanythingotherthan a widersidewalk.Theintentoftheresearcherswastosuggestthat a widersidewalkwouldalso providemorespaceforbenches,trees, and otheramenitiesthatwouldlikelyimprovethe pedestrianenvironment.However,unfortunatelythisintentwasnotaccurately conveyed in the surveyquestion. Finally,regardingtheparkingdata,theTPAemploys a pay and displaysystemthatcanonly trackpayment and notactualusage.Soitislikelythatsomeuserspayformoretimethanthey actuallyparktheircar, and alsothatsomeusersdo notpayforsomeorallofthetimetheyuse. Also,thecapacityofon‐streetparkingdependsonthesizeofcarsparked,asthereareno designatedspaceswithin a block.So,forexample,therecouldbe10largesportutilityvehicles or20minicompactcars –oranycombinationthereof–parked in thesameamountofspace. However,theTPAhasbeenusingthisdataasitsprimarysourceforcapacityanalysissothe researchersfeelthisis a reasonabledatasettouse. In futurestudies,itcouldbeusefulto combinetheTPA’s pay and displaydatawithobservationalrecordingssotoincludeany noteworthylocalconditions,suchaspick‐up/drop‐offvehiclesthatstopforshortperiodsof time and commercialdeliveriesthatdonotpayforparking ...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 00:20

... national emergency, generally war.  e principal direct tax was the land tax, ori- ginally a tax on real and personal property and incomes 20 but it became a tax purely on land in the nature ...   inadequate, a law of commercial association rudimentary and a property law inhibiting the full exploitation of land and minerals. Finally the legal process was one of in nite slowness, ... that everyone was paying their due taxes and promoted public co-operation. To use a traditional means of tax administration which was famil- iar and understood by all taxpayers and sympathetic...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20

... bear some of the archaic markings common on the rock faces both in Scotland and in Central Australia: on large rocks they are painted, in Australia, in Scotland they are incised. I maintain that ... (dismissing the Kintyre and Tappock stones,) the "manufacturers" did know, apparently, that perforated and inscribed, or uninscribed tablets and plaques of shale and schist and slate and gas ... pattern. In Australia, in Portugal, in Russia, in France, in North America, in Scotland, as we shall see, such stones may be unmarked, may bear no inscription or pattern. {81} These are plain magic...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 14:20

... for nearly a thousand years of philosophical growth, beginning with the early Church Fathers and culminating in the great Scholastics. But, at last, its generative ideas—sin and salvation, nature and ... says, "certainly have quite elaborate 'ape-ways' into which a newcomer is gradually acculturated, including among other patterns ways of using available instruments for reaching ... Physicists may think of certain facts in place of constants and variables, but the same constants and variables will serve somewhere else to calculate other facts, and the mathematicians themselves...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 17:25

... wc h1" alt=""

Ngày tải lên: 31/05/2014, 00:53

... contrast, in an animal model of sepsis VEGF -A levels increased in liver, kidney and heart, and no difference could be detected between VEGF -A levels in serum and plasma, arguing against a majorroleofplateletsasasourceofVEGF -A[ 8] .In our ... the stage for a future and planned validating study [31], as well as to gain insights about the time-course of sFlt-1 and VEGF- A release during the very initial phase of sepsis. Alves et al. Journal ... neutropenia and before 3 0 days. Differences in continuous and categori- cal variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney or Fisher’s exact test respectively. Data are expressed as median and range...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... ventricular access, the ani- mals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (75 and 10 mg/Kg, respectively, i.p.) and placed in a stereotaxic appa- ratus. A midline saggital incision was made in the ... S100B secretion: a study in cerebrospinal fluid and astrocyte cultures from rats Maria Cristina Guerra † , Lucas S Tortorelli † , Fabiana Galland, Carollina Da Ré, Elisa Negri, Douglas S Engelke, Letícia Rodrigues, ... factor a (TNFa) measurement This assay was carried out in 100 μLofCSF,serumor extracellular medium, using a rat TNFa ELISA from eBioscience (San Diego, USA). Statistical analysis Parametric data are...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 03:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 03:33

Ngày tải lên: 28/08/2013, 09:18

... overwhelming. However, you can make any study schedule for a high stakes test manageable by creating a study plan. WHAT IS A STUDY PLAN? Basically, a study plan is an agreement that you make with ... Jessica. Start overall review. Continue overall review and taper all week until test day on Saturday. JANINE SALAZAR MATH Review absolute value. Review decimals and percentages. Review mean, median, and ... your actual needs. Here is Janine’s SAT exam study plan. Creating and Implementing a Study Plan 85 February 1 Week 1: Feb. 2– Feb. 8 Saturday Class None None SAT STUDY PLAN VERBAL Take practice...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2013, 15:20

... cause cascading failure across many nodes. De-localisation means that there are many more places and events that can transmit failure, and major structural stresses can build at a global scale. ... scale in critical infrastructure. The fixed costs of critical infrastructure are adaptive to scale and economic activity. As economy contracts and demand falls, fixed maintenance costs remain. ... financial failure, a fast and powerful positive 8 enabled the more than doubling of the human population, each individual on average consuming more year-on-year, and habituating to that....

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 21:20