Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
The topics discussed in chapter 11 are intercultural communication. This chapter includes contents: Introduction: impact of globalisation, understanding the term culture, defining ‘intercultural communication’, Third space communication, strategies for effective intercultural communication.
Chapter 11 Intercultural communication Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-1 Topic overview • • • • • Introduction: impact of globalisation Understanding the term ‘culture’ Defining ‘intercultural communication’ ‘Third space’ communication Strategies for effective intercultural communication Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-2 Impact of globalisation • Globalisation has resulted in diverse societies and workplaces • Australia: – 43 per cent of the population born overseas or at least one parent born overseas – Over 200 languages are spoken (Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs 2005) • Increasing diversity: need to develop intercultural communication competence Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-3 Activity • Form groups of three to four students and discuss the following questions: What are the key components of culture? Individually, or in pairs, write a simple definition of ‘culture’ Compare your definition with another group Note the similarities and differences Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-4 Defining ‘culture’ • There are over 100 definitions of ‘culture’ • The following definitions of culture are tied together by an understanding that: – – – – – culture is learned culture is shared cultural experiences vary within a cultural group culture changes continuously every exchange with others is intercultural • Culture permeates everything we think, say, and are Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-5 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.) Chaney & Martin (2004, p 268): • Culture is ‘the structure through which the communication is formulated and interpreted; deals with the way people live’ Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-6 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.) Ferraro (2002): • Culture is ‘everything that people have, think, and as members of their society’ (cited in Gudykunst & Kim 2003, p 19) Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-7 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.) Gudykunst & Kim (2001, p 15): • ‘Our culture provides us with a system of knowledge that generally allows us to know how to communicate with other members of our cultures and how to interpret their behaviour.’ Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-8 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.) Hofstede (2001): • Culture is ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another’ (cited in Dwyer 2005, p 201) Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 11-9 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.) Mohan, McGregor, Saunders & Archee (2004, p 80): • ‘… culture can best be understood if it is broken up into four main dimensions: – history and world view, including values, beliefs and religion – socialisation, including education, enculturation and personal growth – language – non-verbal communication’ Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 10 11-10 Activity • In groups of three or four, write a brief stereotype for each of the following nationalities: – – – – – – – Australians New Zealanders Chinese British Japanese German French • Present your feedback to class Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 20 11-20 Activity (cont.) Was it easy to agree on a simple stereotype for each nationality? Who taught us these stereotypes? Based on your own experience, are these stereotypes true? How are stereotypes used to discriminate against others? Can you think of any situations where stereotypes might be useful? Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 21 11-21 Conceptualising communication • Communication is a symbolic activity – words, non-verbal displays and objects (e.g the national flag) • The meanings of symbols vary from culture to culture • Communication is a process involving the transmitting and interpreting of messages – messages can be transmitted, but meanings cannot Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 22 11-22 Creation of meaning • The channel used to transmit the message influences how we interpret the meaning For example: – – – – face-to-face telephone computer-mediated (e.g email, Internet) handwritten message • The context also influences the interpretation of the message (e.g work, home, school) and issues of power affect the interpretation of a message Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 23 11-23 Communication awareness • Communication takes place at varying levels of awareness • Much of what we know was learned unconsciously • Most of the time we are unaware of the process of communication • Awareness is heightened in new or strange situations Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 24 11-24 Communication intention • Intention is not a necessary condition for communication • Other conditions include: – habits (rituals such as greetings) – emotions (responding to others without thinking, e.g becoming defensive if we feel we have been insulted) Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 25 11-25 Non-verbal communication • Only per cent of what is communicated between people is transmitted through words (Lahiff & Penrose 1997, p 61) • So often we focus on language (the words), when effective communication is much more about culture Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 26 11-26 Activity Working in pairs, complete the following exercises: List five communication symbols (words, non-verbal displays or objects) Consider issues of power in an educational setting How does this affect the communication between student and teacher? Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 27 11-27 Activity (cont.) Think of a recent communication exchange with a person from another country Can you recall any non-verbal issues that impeded your communication (e.g kissing, touching, hand signals)? Consider the same question in relation to communicating with a person from your own country Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 28 11-28 Intercultural or crosscultural? • Intercultural communication: social interaction, sharing of meanings between people from diverse cultures, focus on ‘understanding and sharing’ rather than ‘comparing’ • Cross-cultural communication: focus on comparison of communication styles Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 29 11-29 Intercultural communication • Concept of ‘stranger’: anyone unknown or unfamiliar • Self-disclosure: a major factor in development of personal relationships with strangers • Need for communication partners to validate and confirm the other • Speaking the same language is no guarantee of shared understandings (consider gender, age, status) • ALL interactions could be called ‘intercultural’ Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 30 11-30 ‘Third space’ • Effective communicators ‘step outside’ their own culture when communicating, taking on a ‘third space’ perspective – Describes the possibility for a negotiated reimagining of cultural identity – Identity is constructed and deconstructed • Removal of ‘us vs them’ distinctions • Requires mutual commitment • Need to find ‘common ground’ Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 31 11-31 Strategies for effective intercultural communication • • • • • • • • Resist stereotypes Resist assumptions Recognise own cultural position Develop empathy Communicate respect Be aware of non-verbal communication Aim for clarity Recognise and rectify mistakes Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 32 11-32 Activity • Do an Internet search on Geert Hofstede and the five cultural dimensions How useful you think Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are in developing effective intercultural communication skills? Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 33 11-33 Summary • To develop intercultural communication competence, we need first to understand the concept of ‘culture’ • Compare cross-cultural communication with intercultural communication • Be aware of ethnocentrism, stereotypes and other barriers to communication • Aim for ‘third space’ communication Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 34 11-34 ... 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 21 1 1- 21 Conceptualising communication • Communication is a symbolic activity – words, non-verbal... Cross-cultural communication: focus on comparison of communication styles Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 29 1 1- 29 Intercultural... personal growth – language – non-verbal communication Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 10 1 1- 10 Defining ‘culture’ (cont.)