(BQ) Part 2 book “Successful writing at work” has contents: Doing research, evaluating sources, and preparing documentation in the workplace, summarizing information at work, designing clear visuals, designing successful documents and websites, writing instructions and procedures,… and other contents.
www.downloadslide.net P art III Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net Gathering and Summarizing Information Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Summarizing Information at Work Part opening image: George Hammerstein/Fancy/Corbis Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net CHAPTER George Hammerstein/Fancy/Corbis Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Chapter Outline Skills Necessary to Do Research Characteristics of Effective Workplace Research The Research Process Two Types of Research: Primary and Secondary Primary Research Secondary Research The Importance of Note Taking Documenting Sources A Business Research Report Conclusion Being able to research is crucial for success on the job, whatever company or department you work for and whatever your job title Research is the lifeblood of a company You can expect to spend as much as 25 to 30 percent of your time at work doing research Companies use research to make major decisions that affect production, sales, service, hiring, promotions, and locations, as the research report at the end of this chapter illustrates (Figure 8.10, pages 349–363) Research follows a process You have to gather, summarize, and organize information before you can interpret it Then, in interpreting it, you must be able to answer questions and solve problems Research does not always go as smoothly as you might expect it to Don’t get discouraged Understand that such hurdles are temporary, and see them as opportunities to make sure your work is accurate, complete, and relevant Skills Necessary to Do Research To effective research, you need to know how to ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● network with people in your department, within your company, outside of your company, and potentially across the globe to gather relevant data read a host of print and online sources at your company or a library to find the most relevant studies/opinions on your topic direct observations, perform tests, and make site visits interview one person or a carefully selected group of people prepare and send out surveys and analyze the results 304 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net ●● ●● The Research Process 305 organize information into clear and accurate reports that answer questions and solve problems carefully and completely document your sources to give proper credit and to help readers find your sources Characteristics of Effective Workplace Research The research you on the job needs to follow the highest professional and ethical standards Businesses leave little margin for error and often not give employees a second chance to get it right To make sure your research meets your employer’s expectations, it must be Relevant Job-related research must focus directly on providing specific answers and solutions to the key questions and problems affecting your company Current Your information must be up-to-date Markets and technologies change rapidly, and employers will insist that your research is on the cutting edge of your profession Accurate Double- and triple-check all of the facts and figures, dates, addresses, names, regulations, URLs, and so on, used in your research Don’t substitute guesswork and unsupported estimates for hard facts Make sure you record all information accurately Thorough Look at a question or problem from all sides Network with colleagues to look for any gaps or inconsistencies, as well as business opportunities Confirm all options and opinions Never omit important data Realistic Base your research on realistic, profitable conclusions Unsubstantiated recommendations that fly in the face of a company’s protocol (e.g., drop a product line, hire or fire twenty-five people, or move a plant) may not be logical, profitable, or acceptable Be sure that your research is consistent with your company’s policies Ethical and legal Obtain your findings ethically and lawfully so that you not infringe on the rights of others Plagiarism (see “What Must Be Cited,” page 338), raiding someone’s unpublished research, sharing confidential or privileged information with a third party, or skewing the results of a survey are all unethical acts Be sure, too, that all of your recommendations are environmentally sound; follow a strong green philosophy The Research Process As in the writing process, in doing research you may find yourself repeating certain steps Say, for example, you are writing a business proposal and are incorporating information from several sources you’ve researched At this stage of the process, you might think you’ve gathered enough information However, as you work on the proposal, you may realize that it raises new questions That may lead you back to repeating previous steps Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 306 www.downloadslide.net chapter 8 Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Let’s look at the process in more detail: Step Confirm the purpose and audience of your report. Know who your audience is and why you are writing to them Step Consult a variety of resources. Consult different sources in different media formats: print, online, and possibly audio and video Don’t rely on only a single source—one website or one trade journal Step Evaluate sources, both in print and online. Given the explosion of information online, you have to be able to evaluate the content of what you read Be prepared to read newspapers, journals, tests, surveys, interviews, websites, social media sites, blogs, and printed sources critically to see if the writers have a particular agenda or bias that might slant their opinion on the topic For more information, see “Evaluating Websites” on pages 331–333 Step Confer with appropriate resource people and experts at work, in your profession, and in your community. These can be individuals from different divisions of your company (IT, human resources, finance) or co-workers and members of your collaborative team You might also consult various specialists who work for the local, state, or federal government Step Continue to ask questions. Be sure to ask the right questions at each stage of your investigation As you read, conduct an interview, make a site visit, send emails, or search databases, you may encounter dead ends, contradictions, and even new sources or leads you need to investigate Step Document your sources. One of the most important steps in the research process is documenting—citing the various sources of information (online, in print, from interviews, site visits, etc.) on which your report or presentation is based A later section of this chapter (“Documenting Sources,” pages 337–347) will give you specific guidelines for how to this Two Types of Research: Primary and Secondary As we saw, you can expect to use many sources of information during the research process But essentially your research will fall into two categories: primary and secondary Both kinds of research are important to help you obtain a better understanding of your topic and provide your supervisor or customers with the careful and complete answers and recommendations they expect You will often both types of research, as the marketing report at the end of this chapter (Figure 8.10, pages 349–363) illustrates In fact, one type of research sheds light on the other Conducting Primary Research Doing primary research means consulting sources of information not found in printed documents or on the Web It involves interacting directly with people, Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net Primary Research 307 places, and things, and it is often done in the office, in the field, or in a laboratory This type of research often requires gathering information from customers, clients, or other individuals who rely on your company’s products or services Doing Secondary Research Secondary research involves consulting existing print and online sources When you conduct secondary research, you work with materials that someone else—an expert in your field, a government agency, even a competitor—has published, posted, or distributed Methods of Primary versus Secondary Research Here are some examples of the different methods of doing primary and secondary research on the job: Primary Secondary making direct observations performing tests going on site visits/inspections conducting interviews coordinating focus groups developing, sending, and analyzing surveys evaluating websites and social media sites searching databases reading books, journals, and magazines consulting manuals and reference works examining product reviews using government documents Primary Research There are several ways of doing primary research, including the following: ●● ●● ●● direct observation, site visits, and tests interviews and focus groups surveys Direct Observation, Site Visits, and Tests Direct observation is seeing what is right in front of you—for instance, watching how an individual performs a task, determining how a piece of equipment works, or studying how a procedure is performed The key to conducting effective research is observing actively, not passively Site visits require you to use the same keen attention to detail that you use in direct observation, except you will need to go to an off-site location to report what you find there A site visit could take you to another department in your company, a prospective customer’s office, the scene of an incident or accident, or an agricultural or manufacturing location relevant to your business report See Figure 14.11 (see pages 585–586) for an example of an incident report based on visiting the site where a railroad accident occurred Regardless of the location, you will have to describe for your boss precisely what you witnessed firsthand Figure 14.8 (pages 576–577) contains an example of a trip report about opening a new restaurant based on information obtained from a site visit Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 308 www.downloadslide.net chapter 8 Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Conducting tests is another productive way to primary research involving the observation of people, places, conditions, and things A test can be as simple as examining two pieces of comparable office equipment side-by-side and noting how they compare, or trying out a new email marketing strategy Or it can be as scientifically demanding as conducting a laboratory test Figures 14.9 (page 580) and 14.10 (pages 581–583) are examples of reports based on laboratory tests conducted in the world of work Sometimes you may have to use all three types of research based on observation when preparing your report, as Kirk Smith did for a water-quality study in Figure 8.1 Not only did he observe and record the data-collection methods used at the three different municipal reservoirs, but he also visited these sites and conducted his own tests Interviews and Focus Groups Two other important sources of primary information come from interviews and focus groups You can a one-on-one interview with an expert in the field, a co-worker, a client, or another resource person Or you can hold a focus group, a question-and-answer session with multiple people—both company representatives and customers—attending Interviews with employees as well as with focus groups allow you to gather essential information from and about a variety of customers Interviews Interviews can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or through email, although Skype conversations and face-to-face meetings are the most productive way to generate relevant information Figure 8.2 (page 310) contains an excerpt from an interview with a U.S manager whose company transferred her to the company’s Hongzhou, China, location for eighteen months Note how the interviewer researched and structured his questions to help other employees who might be transferred to China Follow the process below when you have to conduct an interview for your workplace research Set Up the Interview ●● ●● ●● Ask your supervisor or co-workers to help you identify experts or relevant customers you should interview, or consult other sources, such as business directories, client or customer lists, or professional organizations Politely request an interview with the individual at his or her convenience Be flexible Your interviewee is giving you his or her time Always let the individual know ahead of time exactly what you would like to discuss and why you are conducting the interview Specify how much time you will need for the interview Be realistic— fifteen minutes may be too short; two hours much too long Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net Primary Research 309 Figure 8.1 A Report Based on Direct Observation, Site Visits, and Tests Water Flow and Quality Evaluation of the Cambridge, Massachusetts, Drinking Water Source Area Kirk P Smith The drinking water source for Cambridge, Massachusetts, consists of three primary storage reservoirs (Hobbs Brook Reservoir, Stony Brook Reservoir, and Fresh Pond), two principal streams (Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook), and nine small tributaries Because previous investigations identified specific areas as potentially important sources of contaminants, several sites were selected for continuous monitoring to address the water supply regulations followed by the Cambridge Water Department (CWD) The purpose of this report is to evaluate the measurement methods used by the CWD Reservoir altitude and meteorological measurement were recorded by monitoring stations installed at each reservoir Water quality measurements of reservoir water were also recorded at USGS stations 01104880 and 42233020 These data were recorded at a frequency of 15 minutes, were uploaded to a U.S Geological Survey (USGS) database on an hourly basis by phone modem, and were put on the Web at http://ma.water.usgs.gov Stream-stage measurements were also recorded by monitoring stations on each principal stream and at the outlet of the Stony Brook Reservoir These data were recorded every 15 minutes and were uploaded to a USGS database on an hourly basis by phone modem In addition to measurements made on the principal streams, stream-stage and water-quality data were recorded by monitoring stations on of the small tributaries My visits to these sites and independent water samplings confirm that CWD’s measurements comply with USGS standards Since the drainage areas of these sites are small and have large percentages of impervious surface, the risk of flooding, and often the quality of the water itself, can change rapidly To document these responses effectively, the monitoring stations have recorded stream-stage and water-quality measurements at variable frequencies as high as minute These data were uploaded to a USGS database on an hourly basis and are available through http://ma.water.usgs gov I have found through visits and water sampling that CWD is not only compliant with, but exceeds, USGS standards in measuring drainage area water quality Provides key background information States purpose Explains methods using specific techniques to record accurate measurements Records data objectively Identifies variables important for tests Gives conclusion based on tests and observations Source: Adapted from Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Bed-Sediment, Soil-Chemistry, and Statistical Summaries of Data for the Cambridge, Massachusetts, Drinking-Water Source Areas, Water Year 2004, by Kirk P Smith U.S Department of the Interior/U.S Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1383 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 310 www.downloadslide.net chapter 8 Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Logical opening question about preparation for visit Q: How did you prepare for your transfer to China? A: Before I left for my eighteen-month stay, I profited most from participating in teleconferences with our other Chinese offices and attending China trade fairs in the United States and Canada I also immersed myself in intensive, but admittedly very basic, conversational Chinese And, of course, I partnered with several of I-Systems Chinese employees and managers here in Pittsburgh Turns to problems in new job Q: What would you say was the biggest obstacle an American manager might face when working in China? A: Seeing China through Western eyes Asks for clarification Q: When you say “seeing China,” what you mean? A: By that I mean looking at China from an American business perspective We tend to think in U.S terms about expanding and opening markets, that is, what we can for China But my Chinese colleagues reminded me about China’s impact on American markets While the United States accounts for only about percent of the world’s population, China has about 20 to 25 percent of it and can powerfully influence our company’s decisions Accordingly, we needed to shift our thinking about what China could for us To this, we must have an appreciation of the Chinese way of doing business Relevant follow-up question Q: What characterizes the Chinese way of doing business, as opposed to how we it in the United States? A: Americans have no problems mixing business and pleasure In fact, we are famous for the business lunch or dinner Banquets are great occasions to talk shop, to sell our products, services, and websites But in China a dinner is strictly a social event, one for entertaining and not marketing It is considered rude in China to inject talk about sales, quotas, operations, or e-markets at a dinner Keeps interviewer focused on topic Asks for further information Q: Do you have any other advice for U.S workers whose companies relocate them to China? A: Be careful about gestures and gifts Good follow-up question Q: Why you link the two? A: To illustrate a major blunder, one of my colleagues kept patting a Chinese executive on the back, a sign in America of friendship and approval Not so in China It is seen as discourteous Q: And the gifts? A: While some business gifts are appropriate, never give a Chinese executive a clock or stopwatch It signals doom or death © 2017 Cengage Learning Figure 8.2 An Excerpt from an Interview Transcript Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net Primary Research 311 Prepare for the Interview ●● ●● Continue to research your topic so that you have sufficient background information and not waste time by requesting information available on the Web or from another source Determine what information you need from the interview to help you solve the problem or answer the questions essential to your report Be sure to prioritize getting the essential information you need Draft Your Questions Prepare your questions ahead of time, and take them to the interview Never try to wing it Your questions should be ●● ●● ●● focused on the topic you want to find out about to avoid vague answers open-ended and designed to prompt thoughtful responses, not just yes or no answers objectively worded so that the interviewee is not forced to respond to loaded questions Here are some examples of poorly written questions with effective revisions: Vague Question Restricted Question How can a website help customers? In what ways can we improve the navigational signals on our website to help customers find information quicker? Yes or No Question Open-Ended Question Do you think big business is opposed to a healthy environment? Would you identify two or three ways we could green our office space? Loaded Question Objectively Worded Question Isn’t the future of real estate security investments doomed to a bleak future? What are your thoughts about the future of real estate security investments? Conduct the Interview ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● Show up for the interview on time, and dress appropriately Always ask permission to record the interview or to take photographs Stay focused Don’t stray from the topic or delve into personal matters Be an attentive and appreciative listener Let the interviewee most of the talking If the interviewee does not want to answer a question or has no further information to add, don’t press the point Move to the next question If the interviewee(s) says that something is “off the record,” respect his or her request and not include it in your transcript or notes, or on tape At the end of the interview, allow time for your interviewee to clarify any of his or her responses Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-2 Index applicant tracking system (ATS), 272, 276, 279 application, 194 apps development of, 528–529 legal and ethical guidelines, 118 social media, 139 text messages, 138 word processing, 56 Arial, 455, 460, 486 articles documenting in MLA and APA style, 343–344 research methods, 547 research reports, proposals for, 542 summaries of, 376–382 Associated Press (AP), asterisks, 22, 331, 441, 526 atlases, 325–326 ATS (applicant tracking system), 272, 276, 279 attachments to email, 123, 154, 273 attention, reader’s, 194, 196 attention span, 625 attention-grabbing headline, 132 audience analysis See also international readers advertisements, 11–13 attention span, 625 blogs, 132 business letters, 192 case study, 15, 18–19, 488–489 diversity, 173–175, 177–180 document design, 463–464 example of, 11–13 formal presentations, 627–628 identification, 11–14 informal presentations, 625–626 instructions, 484–486 interactions with, 625 letters, 152 long reports, 596 progress reports, 567 proposals, 524 questions to ask about, 14, 16 sales proposals, 536 www.downloadslide.net short reports, 556–557, 562 social media, 143 surveys, 318 author, documenting in MLA and APA style, 341 automobile vs vanpool, 409 autoplay videos, 469 back matter, 599, 605 back up files, 8, 124 background, in long reports, 602 background color, 459, 470, 472, 637 bad news message case study, 200–202 direct vs indirect, 199–200 news releases, 390 overview of, 198–199 Bagin, Don, bar charts, 402, 403, 416–418, 434–436, 437 ethical use, 434, 436 Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 633 Becker, Kim, bias, 472 biased questions, 315 Bible, 339 bibliographic citations, 323 bibliographic information, 334 Bing, 329, 330 BizStats, 558 Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management, 325 blogs business blogs, guidelines for, 129–133 case study, 133–135 documenting in MLA and APA style, 342, 345 external, 129–131 examples of, 130–131 interactivity, 125–126 internal, 127, 128 as legal records, 117 sponsors, 127 targeting audience, 132 types of, 127–131 Bloomberg Businessweek, 289 body in emails, 154 in formal presentations, 633–634 in a letter, 160 in long reports, 603–604 in memos, 224–226 in a news release, 390, 392 in a sales letter, 178 body language, 641 boldface, 21, 226, 455–456, 457, 487, 637 books documenting in MLA and APA style, 340, 342–343 research methods, 547 research reports, proposals for, 542 Boolean connectors, 330–331 borders, 638 boxes, 458 brainstorming, 46–48, 49, 486, 524 brake machines, cleaning, 225 Branch Out, 266 brand loyalty, 401 brochures, documenting in MLA and APA style, 346 broken links, 470–471 budget in proposals, 527–528, 535 in sales proposals, 536, 541 bullet lists, 22, 226, 487, 526, 560, 634, 637 bullet résumés, 265–266 bullying, 28, 30–31, 34 business databases, 324 business etiquette, 290 business letters, 187–228 collaboration, 188–189 cover letters, 191 customer relations letters, 198–219 inquiry letters, 189–191 message formulation, 187–189 sales letters, 192–198 special request letters, 191–192 summary of, 228 types of, 189 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net business research report, 347–363 long report, 349–363 transmittal letter, 348 business.com, 330 buyer’s protection plans, 196 campus placement office, 239 “can do” attitude, 519 capital letters, 457, 637 capitalization, 21 captions, 407, 458, 472 Career Builder, 240 career objectives, 260–261 Career One Stop, 240 career portfolios/webfolios, 252–254, 290 case study audience identification, 15, 18–19, 488–489 bad news message, 200–202 collaborative writing, 78–79, 89–95, 100–101 company newsletter, designing, 462 diverse audience, 173–175, 177–180 e-communications, 133–135 editing, 78–79 instructions, 488–489 internal proposals, 528–529 meeting audience’s needs, 488–489 print document organization vs website organization, 465–466 procedures, 511–513 résumé preparation, 276–278 revising, 57–59 short reports, 562–565, 579–583 summaries, 376–382 surveys, 315–318 test reports, 579–583 writing process, 57–59 cause-and-effect relationships, 634 cautions, warnings, and notes, 487, 497–499 centered text, 456 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12, 13, 391, 469 central idea, A-2 chain of command, 28 change, announcing, 196 charts, 414–421 bar charts, 402, 403, 416–418, 437 ethical use, 434-436 flow charts, 403, 420–421 organizational charts, 403, 418–420 pie charts, 403, 414–416, 436, 438 checklists, 598–599 child care, 373 China, transfer to, 310 cholesterol screening, 450–453 chronological résumé organization, 265, 271 CIO Magazine—Information Technology Professional Research Center, 241 circle chart See pie charts citations, 605 Citibank, 8–9 Citigroup, city budget, 415 civilian workforce, transitioning to See military, transitioning to civilian workforce classic literary works, citation and, 339 clauses, vs phrases, A-5–A-6 cliches, 10 clients/customers, writing persuasively to, 23–24 clip art, 404, 430–431, 432, 440, 463, 638 clustering, 46, 47, 486 clutter, in social media content, 144 coherence, A-2–A-4 collaborative writing, 75–109 advantages of, 76–77 being a valuable team player, 80–81 business letters, 188–189 Index I-3 case study, 78–79, 89–95, 100–101 computer-supported, 95–103 conflict, 81–83 editing, 78–79 email, 96–97 example of, 85–86, 88–89 flexibility in, 80 guidelines for, 79–80 importance of, 75–76 long reports, 597–598 meetings, 103–109 models for, 83–89 research, 77 writing process and, 77 collection agency, 217 collection letters, 217–219 College Grad, 240 College Recruiter, 240 colors accessibility and, 472 in company newsletter, 462 cultural significance of, 177 in graphs, 413 in heads and subheads, 457 for international readers, 440, 486 in pie charts, 416 for print documents, 459 warnings and cautions, 498–499 Columbia Encyclopedia, 324 columns, 410, 454 comma splices, A-7–A-9 Commerce Business Daily, 523 community involvement, 227 community leaders/groups, presentations for, 626 community or civic service, 264 company letterhead, 221 company newsletters, 462 company profiles, 244 company protocol, in blogs, 129, 132 company research, 289 company-specific applications, comparisons, 196 competence, and ethics, 27 competitors, research on, 524 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-4 Index complaint letters effectiveness, 203–208 example of, 205, 206 tone, 203 complaints, responding to in social media, 145 completeness, A-4–A-5 complimentary close in email, 123 for international readers, 173 in a letter, 160 compliments, 196 compound words, A-13 Computer Ethics Institute, 29 computer purchases, 402 computer skills, 264, 271 computer-supported collaboration, 95–103 advantages of, 96 avoiding problems, 103 case study, 100–101 document tracking software, 97, 98 email, 96–97 groupware and face-to-face meetings, 96 models for, 102–103 web-based collaboration system, 97–99 concise phrases in blogs, 133 in complaint letters, 207 editing unnecessary words, 62–63 in email, 123 in social media content, 144 conclusion in formal presentations, 634–635 in instructions, 499 in long reports, 604, 618 in memos, 224–226 in proposals, 535–536 in a sales letter, 178 in sales proposals, 541 in short reports, 559 in a summary, 374 concrete words, 194 conference expenditures, 438 confidentiality www.downloadslide.net in collaborative writing, 83 in e-communications, 118 in email, 121–122 ethical requirements on the job, 27–28 in focus groups, 313 in letters, 154 in memos, 221 conflict, in group dynamics, 81–83 conjunctions, A-8–A-9 connective words and phrases, 491, A-3 constructive criticism, 81–82 ConsumerReports.org, 558 contact information, 260, 281 contact lists, 138 content evaluation of, 386 revision of, 55 on social media, 144 continuing pages, 157 contractions, 172, A-12 contractor progress report, 570 contracts, sale proposals as, 536 convenience in instructions, 481–482 cooperative model, 84 coordinated grammatical structures, A-4 coordinating conjunction, A-8–A-9 copy notation, 162 copyright sign, 441 Corel Presentations, 635 corporate identity, 401 Corporate Information, 327 corporate libraries, 319–320 cost, and document design, 464 costs mentioning, 197 in proposals, 527–528, 535 in sales proposals, 536, 541 courtesy, 167–168 cover letters, 191 co-workers, presentations for, 625 Craigslist, 240 creativecommons.org, 147 credentials, 261, 263–264 credibility establishment of, 628 website evaluation, 332 credit, refusing, 216 crime alert, 626 crime reports, 562–565 critical care nursing services, 420 criticism, responding to in social media, 145, 146 critiques, 385–387 cropping photos, 425 cross-hatch bar charts, 418 cross-hatch slices, 416 cultural diversity, 6–9, 83 See also international readers culture-bound descriptions of place, 172 current information, 305, 332 curriculum vitae (cv), 254 See also résumés customer relations letters, 198–219 adjustment letters, 208–215 bad news messages, 199–202 collection letters, 217–219 complaint letters, 203–208 customers always write, 199 diplomacy and reader psychology, 199 direct or indirect, 199–202 follow-up letters, 203 good news messages, 198, 199 positive or negative, 189 refusal-of-credit letters, 215–217 customer surveillance, 537–539, 569 customers/clients, presentations for, 625 cutaway drawings, 404, 428–429, 431 cyberbullying, 28, 30–31 dangling modifiers, A-11 data sheet, 319 databases, 323–324, 542 date line, 159 dates, A-13 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net day-to-day calendar, 598–599 Deardorff’s Glossary of International Economics, 325 decision making, and ethics, 32–34 dedicated videoconferencing, 104, 106 defective products, 205, 206, 210, 213, 214 delimiters, 331 delivery of presentations, 624 demonstrative adjectives, A-4 Denver Water, 485 dependent clause, A-5–A-6 dependent variable, 412 descriptive abstracts, 387, 389 design considerations before choosing a design, 463–464 desktop publishing, 459–463 effective design, characteristics of, 448 organizing information visually, 449 print document design, 449–463 print document organization vs website organization, 465–466 for proposals, 525–526 for short reports, 560 websites, 464–473 design, print documents, 449–463 colors, 459 effective design, 451–453 example of, 450–453 graphics, 458–459 heads and subheads, 456–458 page layout, 449–454, 462 poor design, 450 print document organization vs website organization, 465–466 typography, 454–456 web vs print readers, 465–467 vs website organization, 465–466 white space, 449, 454, 457 designated writer/editor in functional model, 87 desktop publishing, 459–463 details, 17 dictionaries, 325, A-12 Dictionary.com, 60, A-12 digital cameras, 424 digital résumé, 271–280 See also résumés applicant tracking systems and, 276, 279 creation of, 276–278 cyber security, 279 example of, 274, 275, 277–278 Facebook, link to, 260 HTML résumé, 276 scannable résumé, 273–276, 278 submission of, 272–276 testing, proofreading, and sending, 279–280 diplomacy, 199, 212–215 direct customer relations letters, 199–200 direct observation, 307–308, 309 direct quotation, 335 directional signs and shapes, 441 directories, 326–327 Directory of Libraries, 320 disabilities, and discrimination, 69 discussion See body distance, taking photos, 425 distribution of documents, 464 diverse audience See international readers Diversity Employers, 240 document design considerations before choosing a design, 463–464 desktop publishing, 459–463 effective design, characteristics of, 448 organizing information visually, 449 print document design, 449–463 print document organization vs website organization, 465–466 for proposals, 525–526 Index I-5 for résumés, 255, 273 for short reports, 560 websites, 464–473 document format, and accessibility, 472 document tracking software, 97, 98 documentation See also APA references lists; MLA works cited lists ethics, 28 purpose of, 337 of sources, 133 what not to cite, 338–339 what to cite, 338 Dogpile, 330 domain name, 468 dossiers, 251–252 dpi (dots per inch), 406 drafting in collaborative writing, 77, 89–91 example of, 52–54 guidelines for, 50–54 instructions, 489 key questions, 50 drawing tools, 463 drawings, 428–429 ethical use, 436 exploded, 404, 429, 432, 485, 492 dreamstime, 472 dress, professional, 641 drinking water, 309 DuckDuckGo, 330 due diligence, 29 EBSCOhost, 323 e-communications, 116–147 blogs, 125–135 case study, 133–135 differences among, 117 email, 118–125 flow of information, 116–117 as legal records, 117–118 messages vs emails, 136–137 messaging, 135–139 social media, 139–147 economy, in executive summaries, 383 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-6 Index editing, 59–69 See also revising case study, 78–79 collaborative writing, 77, 78–79, 98 example of, 64, 65 lean, clear sentences, guidelines for, 59–62 photos, 425, 427 sexist language, avoidance of, 66–68 sexist language, elimination of, 65–66 stereotypical language, 68–69, 176 unnecessary words, 62–65 education in letters of application, 284, 287 in résumés, 263 Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), 324 EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), 68 efficiency, 383, 481 electric car, 431 electronic note-taking software, 335 electronic version of a printed book, documenting in MLA and APA style, 343 e-libraries, 322–323 ellipses, 336, 441, A-14, email attachments, 123, 154 business vs personal, 119–120 collaboration, 96–97 documenting in MLA and APA style, 346 ease of reading, 122 employee activity/performance reports, 572 examples of, 120–121, 125, 126 guidelines for using on the job, 120–124 importance of, 118–125-9 international readers, 123–124 as legal records, 117 memos, 221 www.downloadslide.net vs messages, 136–137 netiquette, 122–123 progress reports, 567 research reports, proposals for, 542 short reports, 561 when not to use, 124–125 email addresses, 260 email attachments, 123, 154, 273 emoticons, 122–123 employee activity/performance reports, 571–573 employee training, 384 employer hiring process, 236–237 employer-provided application forms, 272 employment agencies, 242 employment process, 236–296 career portfolios/webfolios, 252–254 digital résumé, 271–280 dossiers and letters of recommendation, 251–252 employer hiring process, 236–237 interviews, 288–294 job offer, accepting or declining, 296 job search record, 294–295 job search resources, 239–242 job search, restriction of, 237–238 letters of application, 280–288 online social and professional networking sites, 242–250 professional image, enhancement of, 238 résumé preparation, 254–266 steps in, 237 strengths, analysis of, 237–238 transitioning into the civilian workforce, 266–271 enclosure line, 162 Encyclopedia Britannica, 324–325, 340 Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 325 Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance, 325 encyclopedias, 324–325, 547 envelopes, 163 environment, and ethics, 31 Environmental Protection Agency, 597 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 68 equipment, for presentations, 625 equipment and materials, in writing instructions, 494, 496 Erdlen, John D., 239 ergonomics, 22 ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), 324 essays, documenting in MLA and APA style, 343 ethics business letters, 194 charts, 434–436 confidentiality, 27–28 cyberbullying, 30–31 dilemmas, 34–35 drawings, 436 e-communications, 117–118 effective workplace research, 305 email, 121–122 employers insist on and monitor ethical behavior, 26–27 and the environment, 31 graphs, 434 guidelines for reaching ethical decisions, 32–34 international readers, 31–32 m-commerce, 537–539, 569 online, 29–30 photographs, 436 pictographs, 436 proposals, 525 requirements on the job, 27–29 sales proposals, 536, 539 short reports, 557–558, 562 social media content, 144 source documentation, 337–339 summaries, 376, 383 Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics, 29 using visuals, 433–436, 437–438 website design, 472 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ethics (continued ) www.downloadslide.net writing ethically on the job, 35–37 ethnic heritage See also international readers respect for, 176–177 and stereotypical language, 68 evaluation in executive summaries, 383 of formal presentations, 642–643 websites, 331–333 evaluative summaries, 385–387, 388 Evernote, 335 evidence, supplying, 197 Ex Libris Primo, 320 exaggeration, in hiring and firing, 37 executive summaries, 383–385 expediency, in executive summaries, 383 experience in letters of application, 284, 287 in résumés, 263–264 experiment reports See test reports exploded drawings, 404, 429, 432, 485, 492 extended care facility, 574–575 extension cords, 492 external blogs, 129, 130–131, 134–135 external proposals, 520, 523 See also sales proposals extracurricular activities, 291 eye contact, 640 Facebook concise phrases, 144 connection to other social media, 142 documenting in MLA and APA style, 346 e-communications, 116–117 importance of, 139–140 job searching, 242–243 link to on résumés, 260 model post, 143 professional image, 238 professional networking, 243–244 as recruiting tools for focus groups, 313 tracking visitors, 143 visuals, 147 face-to-face networking, 239 facts vs impressions, 20–21 Fast Company, 289 fax, 155 FB@Work, 97 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 127 feasibility of a proposal, 524–525 FedBizOpps, 521, 523 federal and state employment offices, 239, 241 Federal Business Opportunities, 521 Federal Digital System, 597 Federal Register, 521, 523 Federal Reserve, 558 Federal Trade Commission, 328 FedsHireVets.com, 267 FedStats, 325, 328 feedback blogs, 132 collaborative writing, 80 computer-supported collaboration, 96 encouraging, 142, 143 presentations, 640 proposals, 519 websites, 472 fictitious benefits, 37 field trip reports, 573–575 figures, 412–433 See also graphics; visuals charts, 402, 403, 414–421 clip art, 404, 430–431, 432, 440, 463, 638 definition of, 410 drawings, 428–429, 436 graphs, 412–414, 434, 458–459 infographics, 431–433 maps, 404, 423, 578, 639 photographs, 404, 424–428, 434, 439 pictographs, 404, 421–422, 436 Index I-7 files, copying, 484 films, documenting in MLA and APA style, 347 financial aid, 467 findings, of short reports, 559 flaming, 121, 125 flash drives, 484 flexibility, in collaborative writing, 80 flextime, 47, 511–513 Flickr, 140, 142 floor covering, 537–539 flow charts, 403, 420–421 focus groups, 308, 312–313 follow up after focus groups, 313 and interviews, 312 follow-up letters, 203, 204, 294, 295 font size, 455 font styles, 455–456 fonts See also typography for desktop publishing, 460 international readers, 470 for letters, 162 in presentation software, 637 print document design, 455 for proposals, 526 selection of, 486 fonts.com, 460 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 127 food costs, 406 footers, 634 footnotes, 411 Forbes, 289 formal presentations, 627–643 audience analysis, 627–628 delivering, 639–642 evaluation of, 642–643 noncomputerized presentations, 638–639 organization of, 635–636 parts of, 629–635 presentation software, 635–638 rehearsing, 639 visuals, 638–639 formality, of letters, 153 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-8 Index formats See also document design collaborative writing, 77, 81, 84, 103 digital résumés, 270–281 email, 122–123 instructions, 482 letters, 154, 155–157, 162, 177, 181 long reports, 596 memos, 220–224 portfolios/webfolios, 252–254 sales letter, 177–178 short reports, 560 writing process, 44, 55, 59, 70 Fortune, 289 fractions used as adjectives, A-13 fragment, A-6–A-7 Free Online Surveys, 319 FreeMind, 46 freerangestock.com, 430 front matter, 599, 601–602 full-block format, 155, 156, 158 full-justified, 456 full-text databases, 323–324 functional heads, 458 functional model, 87 functional résumé organization, 265–266, 267–268, 271 gambling metaphors, 172 gas vs electricity for automobiles, 426 gender identity, and discrimination, 69 gender neutral terms, 67 general audience, 490 General Electric, gestures, 440, 639 gift offers, 196 GlaxoSmithKline, 324 global audiences See international readers global find and replace, 60 glossaries, 325, 605 Gmail, 119 GNP (gross national product), good news message, 198, 199 Google, 329, 330 Google AdWords’ Keyword Tool, 468 www.downloadslide.net Google Docs case study, 100–101 in collaborative writing, 96–97, 100–101 online word-processing system, 99 templates, 162 Google Earth, 326 Google Images, 330 Google Keep, 335 Google Maps, 423 Google News, 330 Google Translate, 14 Google Videos, 330 government documents, 326, 345 Government Printing Office, 597 government-sponsored research, 597 grade point average, 263 grant proposals, 518 graphic icons, 463 graphics See also figures; visuals for desktop publishing, 460, 463 in instructions, 497 in presentation software, 638 print document design, 458–459 warnings and cautions, 498–499 graphics expert in functional model, 87 graphs, 412–414, 458–459 ethical use, 434 gray literature, 328, 547 greening the workplace community residents as audience, 15 contractor progress report, 570 formal presentations, 629 interview questions, 293 recycling, 89–95 gross national product (GNP), group dynamics, 81–83 group emails, 119, 121 group organization, 80 group rules, 80 GroupMe, 138 groupware, 77, 95–96 See also computer-supported collaboration hand gestures, 440 handbooks and manuals, 327–328 handouts, 636 hashtags, 145 headers, 634 headings, 21, 159, 226, 526, 560, 601, 604 headlines, 132 heads, 456–458 Health Information for International Travel, 391 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 28 heavy equipment, 15 heparin, 18–19 highlighting, 459 home health visit reports, 575 home page, 467–468 honesty, 27, 255, 281–282, 571 honors/awards, 170, 252, 264, 271 Hoover.com, 327 Hoover’s Business Directory, 205 horizontal, 412 horizontal bar chart, 417 hospital parking expansion, 98 how-to statements, 196 HTML résumé, 276 human resource departments, 242 humor, 144, 633 hyperlinks, 470, 487, 494, 560 hypertext, 21 hyphens, A-13 icons, 463 See also clip art for a broad range of readers, 487 internationally recognized, 439 in warnings and cautions, 498–499 in website design, 471 identification details in incident reports, 584 identity theft, 124 IDI Web Accessibility Checker, 471 idiomatic expressions, 10, 171–172 illustrations, 639 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net illustrations, list of, 601, 609 iMindMap, 46 imperative verbs, 490, 491 inappropriate questions, 315 Inc Magazine, 289 incident reports, 561, 584–587 inconvenience, describing, 207 Indeed, 240 independent clause, A-5–A-8 independent variable, 412 indirect customer relations letters, 199–200 industrial extension cords, 492 infographics, 431–433 Infoplease, 325 informal briefings, 626–627 information, flow of, 116–117 information overload, 627, 636 Information Please Almanac, 633 informative abstracts, 387, 389 InfoTrac, 324 infusion pump, 495 in-house personnel, writing persuasively to, 24–26 initial capital letters, 457 inquiry letters, 189–191 inside address, 159 Instagram, 140, 142, 147 instant messages, 135–136 instructions, 480–514 audience’s needs, assessing and meeting, 484–486 case study, 488–489 conclusion, 499 importance of, 480–482 introduction, 480, 493–494, 495 list of equipment and materials, 494, 496 model of full set of instructions, 499–509 numbered lists, 484–485 process of writing, 487–490 six parts of, 493–499 steps for instructions, 494–497 style, 490–491 troubleshooting guide, 499 variety of, 482–484 with a visual for each written step, 483 visuals, 491–493 warnings, cautions, and notes, 497–499 wordless instructions, 482 word-processing software, 486–487 integrated model, 87, 102 interactivity, of blogs, 125–126 internal blogs, 127–129 internal proposals, 526–536 case study, 528–529 chain of command, 527 common topics for, 526–527 ethically anticipating and resolving corporate readers’ problems, 527–528 example of, 530–534 vs external, 523 organization of, 529–536 vs other types, 520 internal summaries, 634 international business, competition for, international business correspondence, 169–180 international English, 10–11, 486, 560 international readers, 628 advertisements, 7, blogs, 132 communication with, email, 123–124 ethics, 31–32 gestures, 440 guidelines for communication with, 169–173 icons, internationally recognized, 439 instructions, 486, 497 introduction to, 6–7 letters, 154, 169–180 letters case study, 173–175, 177–180 misleading, 37 place of in world economy, 176 respect readers’ nationality and heritage, 176–177 sample sales letter, 170 sentences for, 169, 171 short reports, 560 visuals for, 436, 439–441 Index I-9 website design, 470 websites, 472 white space for, 470 International Statistical Agencies, 325 Internet letters in the age of, 153–154 online job-posting sites, 239, 240 posting résumé on, 272–273 Internet Archive, 323 Internet Public Library, 322–323 Internet searches keyword searches, 322, 323, 330–331 overview of, 329–330 research for short reports, 558 research methods, 547 research reports, proposals for, 542 website evaluation, 331–333 InterNIC, 468 interpolation, 336 interruptions, 82, 105, 641 interviews, 308–312 See also job interviews conducting, 311 documenting in MLA and APA style, 342, 346 drafting questions, 311 follow-up, 312 for a long report, 595 preparation for, 311 research methods, 547 research reports, proposals for, 542 setting up, 308 intranets, 321 introduction, 352 in formal presentations, 629, 633 in instructions, 493–494 in long reports, 602–603, 610–612 in memos, 224–226 in proposal for a research report, 546–547 in sales proposals, 539–540 inventory tracking software, 529–534 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-10 Index investigation reports See test reports iStockphoto, 472 italics, 21, 455–456, 457, 637 jargon, 10, 122–123, 279, 315, 374, 486 job interviews, 288–294 do’s and don’ts, 293–294 follow-up letters, 294 phone interviews, 288 preparation for, 288–290 questions interviewers cannot ask, 293 questions to ask, 292–293 questions to expect, 290–292 salary discussions, 292 Skype interviews, 289 job search Facebook, 242–243 resources, 239–242 restriction of, 237–238 job shadowing, 238 job-related writing accurate measurements, 22–23 characteristics of, 20–26 facts vs impressions, 20–21 persuade and offer recommendations, 23–26 practical information, 20 state responsibilities precisely, 23 visuals, 21–22 jobs/employment process, 236–296 career portfolios/webfolios, 252–254 developing civilian résumés, 266, 269–271 digital résumé, 271–280 dossiers and letters of recommendation, 251–252 employer hiring process, 236–237 interviews, 288–294 job offer, accepting or declining, 296 job search record, 294–295 job search resources, 239–242 www.downloadslide.net job search, restriction of, 237–238 letters of application, 280–288 LinkedIn and, 244–245, 246–249 online social and professional networking sites, 242–250 professional image, enhancement of, 238 résumé preparation, 254–266 social networks, 242–250 steps in, 237 strengths, analysis of, 237–238 transitioning into the civilian workforce, 266–271 JSTOR, 324 justification, 456 keyboard access, 471 keyword nouns, 279 keyword searches, 322, 323, 330–331 keywords, in résumés, 256, 276, 279 knowledge oriented, 20 Koran, 339 Kwik Surveys, 319 labeling, 416, 429 laboratory reports See test reports languages, 271 large numbers, A-13 law enforcement training, 376–382 layout See document design; print document design lead, in a news release, 390, 392 leader in functional model, 87 leading questions, 315 leaky faucet, repairing, 485 lecture, documenting in MLA and APA style, 347 left-justified, 456 legal issues/obligations incident reports and, 586–587 in sales proposals, 536, 539 legal records, 117–118, 153 legalese, 168 letter of transmittal, 599–600, 606 letterhead, 458–459 letterhead stationery, 155 letters, 152–181 appearance of, 162–163 continuing pages, 157 envelopes, 163 essential advice, 152–153 example of, 158, 161 formats, 154, 155–157, 162, 177, 181 international business correspondence, 169–180 in the of the Internet, 153–154 making a good impression, 164–168 organization of, 164 parts of, 158–162 summary of, 181 ways to send, 154–155 letters of application, 280–288 body, 282, 284, 287 closing, 287–288 education, 284, 287 example of, 283, 285, 286 experience, 284, 287 opening paragraph, 282 vs résumés, 280 writing, 281–288 letters of recommendation, 251–252, 253 Lexis-Nexis Academic, 324 librarians, 322 libraries corporate, 319–320 e-libraries, 322–323 online catalogs, 320, 322 public and academic libraries, 320–322 secondary research in, 319–323 Library of Congress, 326 Library of Congress Online Catalog, 323 Library of Congress Virtual Reference Shelf, 329 lighting, and photos, 425 line graph, 402, 403 line length, 454, 470 line spacing, 162, 487, 637 LinkedIn honesty on, 27 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net LinkedIn (continued ) job searching, 242, 244–245 link to on résumés, 260 and professional image, 238 profile example, 246–249 for veterans, 245, 266 links in online catalogs, 322 list of illustrations, 601, 609 lists, 458 loaded questions, 311 local taxes, 165–166 logo, 458–459 long reports, 594–621 back matter, 605 characteristics of, 595–598 government-sponsored research, 597 introduction to, 594–595 model of, 605–621 pagination, 599 parts of, 596, 599–605 research for, 595–596, 598 sample report (APA style), 607–621 sample report (MLA style), 349–363 summary of, 373 text of, 602–604 writing process, 598–599 loyalty, 28 magazines, 547 mail merge, 194 main clause, A-5–A-7 Mamma, 330 manipulation of information or context, 36–37 manuals and handbooks, 327–328 Mapquest, 326 maps, 347, 404, 423, 578, 639 See also atlases margins, 162, 454 marketing plan, 348–363 masculine pronouns, 67 m-commerce, 537–539, 569 measurements, accuracy of, 22–23 media presentations, 252 media release, 390–392 medium, for survey delivery, 313–314 meetings agenda, 105 collaborative writing, 103–109 in computer-supported collaboration, 96 courtesy in, 105 domination of, 82, 105 interruptions, 82, 105 minutes, 105–109 planning, 103–104 virtual meetings, 104 memorandum See memos memos, 220–227 email vs hard copy, 221 example, standard format, 223 example of, 225, 227 formats, 221 incident reports, 561, 585–586 organizational markers, 226–227 organizational strategies, 224–226 parts of, 221–222 policy procedures, 512–513 progress reports, 567 protocol and company politics, 220–221 questions to answer, 222–224 research reports, proposals for, 542 short reports, 561 style and tone, 224 summary of, 228 Merriam-Webster dictionary, 60 Merriam-Webster Online, A-12 message formulation, 17, 187–189 messages, 133–135 See also text messages e-communications, 135–136 vs emails, 136–137 example of, 136 guidelines for using in the workplace, 137–138 instant messages, 135–136 messaging, 135–139 metaphors, 172 metasearch engines, 329, 330 methods of research, 547–548 metropolitan area populations, 417 Index I-11 Microsoft Excel, 407 Microsoft FrontPage, 473 Microsoft Office 365, 99, 119 Microsoft OneNote, 335 Microsoft Outlook, 119 Microsoft PowerPoint career portfolios/webfolios, 252 example of, 629, 630–633 overview of, 635 remote control for, 641 using effectively, 636–638 visuals, 21 Microsoft Word, 95, 96–97, 162, 276, 407 milestones, 599 military, transitioning to civilian workforce, 237, 266–271 balancing education and experience, 257 Career One Stop, 240 chronological résumé organization, 271 civilian résumé format, language, and context, 269, 271 education, 263 functional résumé, 265, 266, 268, 271 honors/awards, 264, 271 letters of recommendation, 251 LinkedIn, 245, 266 sample résumé, 247, 262, 270 skill area résumé organization, 267, 268 web resources, 266, 269 Military.com, 266 mind mapping software, 46 minimization, in hiring and firing, 37 Minority Business Development Agency, 328 minutes of meetings, 105–109 misleading interpretations, and visuals, 434–436 misplaced modifiers, A-11 misquoting, 36 mission statement, 252 MLA (Modern Language Association), 339 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-12 Index MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 339 MLA style long reports, 599, 601, 605 parenthetical documentation, 339–340 MLA works cited lists vs APA references lists, 341–342 example of, 362–363 formats for specific sources, 340–347 introduction to, 339–340 research reports, proposals for, 548 mobile health app, 528–529 models, for collaboration, 83–89 Modern Language Association (MLA), 339 See also MLA style; MLA works cited lists modified-block format, 155, 157 modifiers, 62, A-11 Monster, 240 Monster College, 240 Moody’s Manuals, 328 motion pictures, documenting in MLA and APA style, 347 multinational corporations, 5–6 multinational workforce, recruiting, 606–621 multiple choice questions, 314–315 multiple-bar chart, 418, 419 multiple-line graphs, 412, 414 My Next Move for Veterans, 241, 266 National Archives, 323 National Center for Educational Statistics, 558 National Center for Health Statistics, 558 National Commission on Writing, National Consumer League, 333 National Geographic Atlas, 326 National Geographic Map Machine, 326 National Resource Directory, 241, 266 www.downloadslide.net nationality See also international readers respect for, 176–177 stereotypical language, 68 navigation, 468–469 navigational cues, 466, 474 negative criticism, 82 negative letters, 189 nervousness, 640 Net Temps, 240 netiquette, 122–123 NetObjects Fusion, 473 networking, 238, 239, 242–250, 304 neutral letters, 189 Nevada Business, New Jersey State Library, 320 New York Stock Exchange, 558 New York Times, 239, 289 news releases, 390–392 NewsBank, 324 newsletters, company, 462 newspapers, 239, 547 Newspapers.com, 330 noncomputerized presentations, 638–639 North Dakota State University, 328 no-smoking advertisements, 12–13 note taking, importance of, 333–337 notebook computer, 432 notes, warnings, and cautions, 487, 497–499 nouns collective, A-9 for digital résumés, 273 possessive forms and A-13 numbered lists, 226, 484–485, 487, 560 numerals vs words, A-14 objectively worded questions, 311 objectivity employee activity/performance reports, 571 incident reports, 587 short reports, 557–558, 562 test reports, 583 website evaluation, 333 Occupational Outlook Handbook, 241, 292, 327 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 597, 624 office collaboration software, 97 omitting key information, 36 online catalogs, 320, 322 online dictionaries, 60 online encyclopedia article, documenting in MLA and APA style, 344 online encyclopedias, 325 online ethics, 29–30 online job-posting sites, 239, 240 online profiles, 250 online résumé See digital résumé online survey builders, 319 online surveys, 314, 315–318, 519, 524 online word-processing system, 99 onsite child care, 373 open letters, 154 open-ended questions, 311 opening, of a sales letter, 178 operations reports See test reports opinion, 374, 587 ordering products online, 421 organization of formal presentations, 635–636 of functional résumé, 265–266, 267–268, 271 of internal proposals, 529–536 of letters, 164 of research reports, proposals for, 542, 546–548 of résumé preparation, 265–266 of résumés, 255 revision of, 55–56 of sales proposals, 539–541 of short reports, 558–559, 562 organizational charts, 403, 418–420 organizational markers, 226–227 outlining, 48–49, 486, 626, 635–636 oxygen mask, 482 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it www.downloadslide.net page layout, 449–454, 462 page layout software, 459–463 page numbers, 341, 599 page references, A-13 pagination of long reports, 599 paragraph length, 282 paragraphs characteristics of, A-2–A-5 topic sentence, A-1–A-2 parallelism , grammatical, 457–458, A-4 paraphrasing, 334, 336–337 parenthetical documentation, 339–340 parts of formal presentations, 629–635 of instructions, 493–499 of letters, 158–162 of long reports, 596, 599–605 of memos, 221–222 of progress reports, 568, 571 of a résumé, 260–265 parts included visual, 500 passwords, 30, 124 patchworking, 338 PDF files, 472 for long reports, 596 progress reports, 569 for résumés, 276–277 short reports, 561 pension funds, 422 Pep Boys, 141 percentages, A-13 performance reports, 571–573 periodic reports, 561 periodical databases, 323 permission, and photos, 425, 434 personal interviews, documenting in MLA and APA style, 342, 346 personal networking, 239 persuasion in advertisements, 12–13, 24 in blogs, 132–133 in email, 25 example of, 24, 25 in job-related writing, 23–26 phishing, 124 phone interviews, 288 photocopying/scanning, 333 photographs, 404, 424–428, 439 ethical use, 434 Photoshop, 427 phrases, vs clauses, A-5–A-6 pictographs, 404, 421–422, 436 ethical use, 436 pie charts, 403, 414–416, 436, 438 Pinterest, 140, 142, 144, 147 plagiarism, 35–36, 305, 338, 472 planning, 46–49, 77 plans, in proposals, 535 Plunkett Research, 325 podcast, documenting in MLA and APA style, 345 points, 455 policy procedures, 510–513 political imagery, 439 pompous vs contemporary words, 168 population of metropolitan areas, 417 portfolios See career portfolios/ webfolios positive letters, 189 possessive, A-13 posture, 641 pound sign, 441 practical information, 20 precautions, 494 precise terms, 490 preliminary research, 542 preparation, for job interviews, 288–290 prepositional phrases, 63–64, A-7 presentation software, 635–638 presentations, 624–643 example of, 630–633 formal presentations, 627–643 informal briefings, 626–627 types of, 625–626 visuals for, 625, 636 writing vs making a presentation, 624–625 press releases documenting in MLA and APA style, 347 writing process, 390–392 Prezi career portfolios/webfolios, 252 Index I-13 overview of, 635 remote control for, 641 using effectively, 636–638 visuals, 21 Price, Deborah, primary research, 595 direct observation, site visits, and tests, 307–308, 309 focus groups, 308, 312–313 interviews, 308–312 vs secondary research, 306–307 surveys, 313–318 print document design, 449–463 colors, 459 effective design, 451–453 example of, 450–453 graphics, 458–459 heads and subheads, 456–458 page layout, 449–454, 462 poor design, 450 print document organization vs website organization, 465–466 typography, 454–456 web vs print readers, 465–467 vs website organization, 465–466 white space, 449, 454, 457 Print Preview, 163 printer installation See all-in-one printer priority, and letters, 154 problem in long reports, 602–603 in proposal for a research report, 547 in proposals, 529, 534 problem-solving, approaching proposals as, 524 procedures, 510–513 professional association memberships, 264 professional employment agencies, 242 professional image, 238, 245, 249, 250 professional journals, 241 professional networking sites, 238, 242–250 professional titles, 66 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-14 Index progress reports audience for, 567 example of, 569, 570 frequency of, 568 parts of, 568, 571 projectors, 636 prompt handling of complaints, 207–208 pronoun references, A-12 pronouns, 67, A-4, A-7–A-8 proofreading, 279–280 proofreading marks, A-19 proposals, 518–548 as collaborative efforts, 520 document design, 525–526 guidelines for, 524–526 internal proposals, 523, 526–536 introduction to, 518 as persuasive plans, 519–520 for research reports, 542–548 sales proposals, 536–541 types of, 520–523 visuals in, 526 proposed product or service, in sales proposals, 540 ProQuest, 324 protein sources, 411 public image, and letters, 153 public libraries, 320–322 publication, documenting in MLA and APA style, 342 Publication Manual for the American Psychological Association, 339 punctuation, 441 purpose establishment of, 16–17 of executive summaries, 385 for letters, 152 in proposal for a research report, 546–547 of proposals, 529 of short reports, 559 of a summary, 374 purpose statement, 603 qualifications, in sales proposals, 541 quality check, 638 www.downloadslide.net Qualtrics, 319 question marks, 441 question-and-answer session, 641–642 questions allowing time for, 635 asking, 196 bias in, 315 for focus groups, 312 for research interviews, 311 for surveys, 314 quotations marks, 331 quotes direct quotation, 335 electronic note-taking software, 334–335 ellipses, 336 incorporating, 334–335 paraphrasing, 336–337 recording, 333 racial heritage respect for, 176–177 stereotypical language, 68 radio, documenting in MLA and APA style, 345 ragged right justified, 456 ranking questions, 315 rapport, building, 629 rate of delivery, 640–641 readability, 637 reader psychology, 192, 199 reader-centered design, 560 reader’s interest, 401 recommendations LinkedIn, 244 in long reports, 598, 604, 618 offering, 23–26 in short reports, 559 in a summary, 374 recruiting multinational workforce, 606–621 recycling, 89–95 red flag words, 123 Reference Center and General Government Page, 326 reference materials almanacs, 325 atlases, 325–326 dictionaries, 325, A-12 directories, 326–327 encyclopedias, 324–325, 547 government documents, 326, 345 gray literature, 328, 547 handbooks and manuals, 327–328 statistics, 328, 603 references in long reports, 619–621 in résumés, 252, 264–265 refrigerator door, removal, 496 refusal-of-credit letters, 215–217 regional magazine project, 88–89 Rehabilitation Act, 471 rehearsing, formal presentations, 639 related skills and achievements, 264 relative pronouns, A-8 relevance clip art, 431 effective workplace research, 305 visuals, 402 website evaluation, 332–333 religious symbols and images, 439 rent increase, 200–202 repetitious words and phrases, 63 repetitive strain injury (RSI), 195 report text, 599 reports See long reports; short reports reproduction of documents, 464 request for approval, 548 request for proposals (RFP), 518, 520–523 rereading material, 374–375 research, 304–363 business research report, 347–363 characteristics of, 305 in collaborative writing, 77 conclusion, 363 documentation of sources, 337–347 for long reports, 595–596, 598 note taking, importance of, 333–337 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it research (continued ) www.downloadslide.net primary vs secondary, 306–307 process of, 305–306 for proposals, 524 secondary research, 319–333 for short reports, 557, 558, 562 skills for, 304–305 in the writing process, 45–46 research materials, 320 research methods, 547–548 research reports, proposals for example of, 543–546 organization of, 542, 546–548 researcher in functional model, 87 resolution, and photos, 425 respect, 28 responsibilities, 23, 80 restricted questions, 311 résumé database service, 242 résumés, 254–266 See also digital résumé action verbs, 256, 279 case study, 276–278 developing civilian digital résumé, 266–269, 271 education and experience, balancing, 257 examples of, 258–259, 262, 267–268, 270 items to exclude, 260 HTML, 276 vs letters of application, 280 multiple versions, 255–256 organization of, 265–266 parts of a résumé, 260–265 what employers like to see in, 254–256 white space in, 255 writing process, 257–260 reusableart.com, 430 review sites, 145 reviews, 547 revising, 54–59 allowing time for, 55 case study, 57–59 in collaborative writing, 77, 92–95 content, 55 instructions, writing, 490 key questions, 55–56 long reports, 598 organization, 55–56 tone, 56 RFP (request for proposals), 518, 520–523 rfpzone.com, 521 right-justified, 456 Riley Guide: Employment Opportunities and Job Resources, 239 roman, 455–456 Roman numerals, 599 rule, 410 rules for effective design, 458 safety, and writing instructions, 481, 494 salary discussions, 292 sales figures, 414 sales letters example of, 193, 195, 537–539 four A’s of, 194–198 mail merge, 194 as positive letters, 189 preliminary guidelines, 192–194 product’s appeal, highlighting, 197 product’s or service’s application, showing the customer, 197 reader’s attention, getting, 196 sales proposals, 536–541 sales reports, 561–567 sales/customer visit reports, 575, 578 salutations in email, 123 for international readers, 173 in a letter, 159–160 sexist language, 67, 68 sans serif, 455 scale in graphs, 413 in photos, 425 scannable résumé, 273–276, 278 scanning visuals, 407 scheduling employees, 511–513 schematic drawing, 428, 430 Index I-15 scope, 17, 595, 603 screen names, 137 search engines, 329, 330, 468, 542 Search.com, 330 searchenginecolossus.com, 330 secondary research, 595 databases, 323–324 Internet searches, 329–331 libraries, 319–323 vs primary research, 306–307 reference materials, 324–328 website evaluation, 331–333 Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, 471 security in e-communications, 118 of letters, 153, 154 security system, 161 segmented bar charts, 418, 419 selective misquoting, 36 self-introduction, 629 semi-block format, 155, 190 semicolon, A-8 seminar evaluation, 388 senses, appeal to reader’s, 194 sentence fragments, A-6–A-7 sentences active verbs, 61–62 combining, 61, 62 comma splices, A-7–A-9 components of, A-5–A-6 constructing and punctuating, A-5 contextually appropriate words, A-10 for international readers, 169, 171 lean and clear, 59–62 length and complexity, 60–61 logical sentences, A-10 modifiers, 62, A-11 pronoun references, A-12 sentence fragments, A-6–A-7 subject-verb agreement, A-9–A-10 subject-verb-object pattern, 61 synonyms, 62 well-placed modifiers, A-11 sequencing slides, 637 sequential model, 84, 102–103 serif, 455 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it I-16 Index sexist language avoidance of, 66–68 elimination of, 65–66 salutations, 67, 68 sexual orientation, and discrimination, 69 shading, 459 shoptalk, 279 short reports, 554–588 anticipate audience use of, 556–557 case study, 562–565, 579–583 clear, concise writing, 560 conclusion, 587–588 employee activity/performance reports, 571–573 ethics, 557–558, 562 example of, 572, 574–575, 576–577, 585–586 guidelines for, 555–561 importance of, 554–555 incident reports, 561, 584–587 most appropriate format, 561 objectivity, 557–558, 562 organization of, 558–559, 562 periodic reports, 561 progress reports, 567–571 reader-centered design, 560 research, 557, 558, 562 sales reports, 561–567 templates, 556 test reports, 579–583 trip/travel reports, 573–579 types of, 555 visuals, 561, 562 shortcuts, 331 Shutterstock, 147, 472 side conversations in meetings, 105 Sierra Club, 127 signature, 160, 173 signature block, 123 signposts, 491, 634 simple bar charts, 417 simple line graphs, 412, 413 Simply Hired, 240, 266 site inspection reports, 575, 576–577 site visits, 307–308, 309 size, of visuals, 405, 408 skewing numbers, 36 www.downloadslide.net skill area résumé organization, 265–266, 267–268 skills gap, 433 Skype interviews, 288, 289, 308 meetings, 103 for presentations, 625 videoconferencing, 106 Slack, 97 slang, 10 slash marks, 441 slug (headline), 390, 392 Small Business Administration, 328, 597 The Small Business Bible (Strauss), 144 small caps, 455 SMART boards, 636 smartphones, 424, 636 Smithsonian Digital Library, 323 smoke detector locations, 430 Snagajob, 240 snowfall amounts, 413 social media See also Facebook; LinkedIn; Twitter audience, 143 complaints on, 209 content, 144 criticism, responding to, 145, 146 cyberbullying, 30 documenting in MLA and APA style, 342 example of, 141 feedback from, 519, 524 introduction to, 139–140 as legal records, 117 preferred sites of teenagers, 418 research methods, 547 staying connected, 142–143 style, 144–145 uses of in business, 140 visuals, 145, 147 social networking sites, 242–250, 313 social work visit reports, 575 solar panels, 488–489 solicited proposals, 518, 520–523, 537–539, 540 solutions, in proposals, 535 sound effects, 638 source documentation APA references lists, 340–347 ethics of, 337–339 importance of, 306 MLA works cited lists, 340–347 MLA works cited lists vs APA reference lists, 341–342 parenthetical documentation, 339–340 sources, evaluation of, 306 speaking slowly, 639 special request letters, 191–192, 193 specialized databases, 324 specialized dictionaries, 325 specialized search engines, 329, 330 specific audience, 490 speeches, documenting in MLA and APA style, 347 spell-checker, 60, A-12 spelling, A-12 sports metaphors, 172 sports-related imagery or symbols, 441 Squarespace, 473 Standard and Poor’s Corporate Descriptions, 328 Starbucks, 31 statistics, 328, 603 steps for instructions, 494–497 stereotypes, in visuals, 406, 434, 439 stereotypical language, 68–69, 176 stock images, 147, 463, 472 stopfraud.gov, 27 storyboards, 473–474 Strauss, Steven D., 144 structure, of letters, 153 stub, 410, 411 study carrels, 521 style, 17–18 evaluation of, 386 instructions, writing, 490–491 in letters, 152 in memos, 224 in social media, 144–145 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... monitoring stations installed at each reservoir Water quality measurements of reservoir water were also recorded at USGS stations 01104880 and 422 33 020 These data were recorded at a frequency of 15 minutes,... Twitter to generate participants, or have their followers participate in a tweet chat that takes place at a designated day/time and uses specially designated hashtags to allow participants to...www.downloadslide.net Gathering and Summarizing Information Doing Research, Evaluating Sources, and Preparing Documentation in the Workplace Summarizing Information at Work Part opening image: