Part 1 book “Respiratory nursing at a glance” has contents: The origins of respiratory nursing, working in secondary care, working in primary care, ambulatory, intermediate and tertiary care, the future of respiratory nursing, respiratory public health, the respiratory system,… and other contents.
Respiratory Nursing at a Glance Edited by Wendy Preston Carol Kelly Respiratory Nursing at a Glance This title is also available as an e-book For more details, please see www.wiley.com/buy/9781119048305 or scan this QR code: Respiratory Nursing at a Glance Edited by Wendy Preston, RGN, PGCHETL, PG Cert in Non-medical prescribing, BSc, MSc Nurse Consultant George Eliot Hospital Nuneaton, UK Carol Kelly, RN, PGCHETL, BSc, MA, PhD Senior Lecturer Postgraduate Medical Institute Faculty of Health and Social Care Edge Hill University Ormskirk, UK Series Editor: Ian Peate This edition first published 2017 © 2017 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Preston, Wendy, editor | Kelly, Carol (Carol Ann), editor Title: Respiratory nursing at a glance / edited by Wendy Preston, Carol Kelly Other titles: At a glance series (Oxford, England) Description: Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2017 | Series: At a glance series | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016007514 | ISBN 9781119048305 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119048299 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119048275 (epub) Subjects: | MESH: Respiratory Tract Diseases—nursing | Handbooks Classification: LCC RC735.5 | NLM WY 49 | DDC 616.2/004231—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007514 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Cover image: © Getty/IAN HOOTON/SPL Set in 9.5/11.5pt Minion Pro by Aptara 1 2017 Contents Contributors vii Preface viii About ARNS ix Part The context of respiratory nursing 1 Part Respiratory health 11 10 11 12 13 14 Part The respiratory system 12 Preventing respiratory disease 14 Epidemiology and contributing factors 16 Smoking and smoking cessation 18 Exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation 20 Nutrition and hydration 22 The upper airways 24 Respiratory disease and sexuality 26 Assessment and diagnosis of respiratory disease 29 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Part The origins of respiratory nursing Working in secondary care Working in primary care Ambulatory, intermediate and tertiary care The future of respiratory nursing Respiratory public health Respiratory history taking 30 Respiratory clinical examination 32 Measuring dyspnoea 34 Sputum assessment 36 Pulse oximetry 38 Blood gas sampling and analysis 40 Spirometry 42 Measuring quality in healthcare 44 Assessing anxiety and depression 46 Respiratory diseases 49 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Asthma 50 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 52 Pleural disease 54 Lung cancer 56 Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome 58 Acute respiratory infections 60 Cystic fibrosis 62 Bronchiectasis 64 v 32 33 34 35 36 37 Part Models of care 79 38 39 40 41 42 Part Pharmacology and prescribing 92 Inhaler technique 94 Nebuliser therapy 96 Emergency oxygen therapy 98 Domiciliary oxygen therapy 100 Other routes of administration 102 Adherence and concordance 103 Acute care of the respiratory patient 105 50 51 52 53 54 Part Care pathways and care bundles 80 Self-management in chronic respiratory disease 82 Telemedicine and telehealth 84 Patient education 86 Voluntary organisations and patient support groups 88 Respiratory medication 91 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Part Occupational and environmental lung disease 66 Interstitial lung disease 68 Sarcoidosis 70 Pulmonary tuberculosis 72 Venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism 74 HIV and respiratory disease 76 Respiratory failure 106 Pre-hospital care 108 Non-invasive and invasive ventilation 110 Pleural procedures and management 112 Tracheostomy care and management 114 Supportive and palliative care 117 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Communication 118 Psychosocial impact of respiratory disease 120 Management of dyspnoea 122 Anxiety and depression in respiratory disease 124 Other symptom management 126 NIV as a domiciliary therapy 128 End-of-life care 130 Families and carers 132 References 134 Index 139 vi Contributors Joe Annandale, Chapters 52, 60 Shauna McKibben, Chapters 8, Katy Beckford, Chapter 11 Tom Moreton, Chapters 26, 36, 37, 38 Andrew Booth, Chapter 44 Sarah Murphy, Chapter 35 Joanne Bousanquet, Chapter Sandra Olive, Chapters 19, 46, 47 Michaela Bowden, Chapters 12, 45 Lorraine Ozerovitch, Chapter 31 Dave Burns, Chapters 13, 49 Minesh Parbat, Chapter 48 Julie Cannon, Chapter 32 Ella Pereira, Chapter 40 Caroline Cowperthwaite, Chapter 30 Wendy Preston, Chapters 2, 3, 4, 10, 29, 36, 38, 48, 54 Jo Coyle, Chapter 12 Sam Prigmore, Chapter Alexander Christie, Chapter 11 Jaclyn Proctor, Chapter 16 Nicola Cross, Chapter 51 Heather Randle, Chapter Jennifer Daniels, Chapter 30 Elaine Reid, Chapter 53 Annette Duck, Chapters 55, 61 Jo Riley, Chapters 21, 43 Jan Dunne, Chapter 30 Ann-Marie Russell, Chapters 23, 33, 34 Paula Dyce, Chapter 30 Jane Scullion, Chapter 14 Jenny Fleming, Chapter 57 Rebecca Sherrington, Chapter Elizabeth Gillam, Chapter 53 Clare Sumner, Chapter 30 Beverly Govin, Chapter 30 Heidi Swift, Chapters 20, 50 Karen Heslop-Marshall, Chapters 56, 58 Lisa Taylor, Chapter 24 Matthew Hodson, Chapters 22, 25 Emma Vincent, Chapter Tracy Kates, Chapter 27 Liz Walker, Chapter 28 Carol Kelly, Chapters 7, 17, 57 Lindsay Welch, Chapter 18 Lynn Keogan, Chapters 59, 62 Carol White, Chapter 15 Dave Lynes, Chapter 40 Steven Wibberley, Chapter 42 Victoria Malone, Chapter 30 Jane Young, Chapters 39, 41 Mike McKevitt, Chapter 42 vii Preface R espiratory nursing covers a diverse range of respiratory diseases including acute, chronic and acute on chronic presentations Nurses caring for these patients need a variety of skills and approaches to provide holistic management in both the short and the long term An insight into normal and abnormal anatomy and physiology is required but this needs to be related to the symptoms that the patient presents with; awareness of assessment, investigation, holistic treatment and care required for quality patient management are necessary in today’s health care arena This book aims to provide a summary of topics related to respiratory nursing in an easy to read format with illustrations and diagrams to aid clarity It is designed to provide a quick reference guide to common respiratory conditions, presentations and treatment options that require nursing care Additionally, a focus on respiratory health will enable the nurse to promote preventative measures in both health and disease in order to prevent, minimise or control respiratory disease The book has been organised into parts, each containing chapters that focus on individual aspects of respiratory care You may viii choose to read the book as a whole in order to gain an overview of respiratory nursing issues, or you may use it as a reference book which will guide you to further reading for each topic Respiratory Nursing at a Glance is aimed at nurses, health care professionals and students (nursing, medical and professions allied to medicine) at all levels providing an overview of relevant topics As part of an established series it will be large enough to provide informative illustrations while being concise enough to provide quick reading and an overview of topics The focus of nursing care adds depth by including holistic care from birth to death covering subjects like childhood development of the respiratory system, communication and end-of-life care This book spans both acute and chronic spectra of respiratory disease and in doing so provides a comprehensive overview of the various disease trajectories followed by the majority of patients Wendy Preston Carol Kelly About ARNS T his book has been developed in collaboration with the Association of Respiratory Nurse Specialists (ARNS), which was created in 1997 by respiratory nurses and is still the only nursingled organisation within the respiratory specialty field in the UK ARNS has approximately 1500 members who are represented by an executive committee consisting of a broad range of expert respiratory nurses from a variety of backgrounds: nurse consultants, researchers, academics and nurse specialists working within primary, secondary and tertiary care ARNS collaborates with other respiratory care organisations, as well as government and NHS initiatives in order to influence policy and developments for respiratory services, such as the National Insititute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guidelines ix Respiratory diseases Chapters 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Asthma 50 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 52 Pleural disease 54 Lung cancer 56 Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome 58 Acute respiratory infections 60 Cystic fibrosis 62 Bronchiectasis 64 Occupational and environmental lung disease 66 Interstitial lung disease 68 Sarcoidosis 70 Pulmonary tuberculosis 72 Venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism 74 37 HIV and respiratory disease 76 Part Overview In order to provide the necessary care and management for patients with respiratory conditions, nurses need to be familiar with a variety of conditions and diseases While it is not possible to include all presentations here, some of the more common respiratory diseases are discussed and the main management strategies outlined 49 50 Part Respiratory diseases Asthma 24 Figure 24.2 Common triggers Figure 24.1 The airways and asthma Normal airway Asthmatic airway Asthmatic airway during attack Source: BTS SIGN Thorax 2014; 69:i1-i192 Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Ltd Exercise Pollen Pets Air trapped in alveoli Bugs in the home Stress Relaxed smooth muscles Tightened smooth muscles Wall inflamed and thickened Anger Chemical fumes Pollution Cold air Fungus spores Strong odours Smoke Dust Figure 24.3 Stepwise approach to asthma SR, slow release Source: BTS SIGN Thorax 2014;69:i1-i192 Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing Ltd Patients should start treatment at the step most appropriate to the initial severity of their asthma Check concordance and reconsider diagnosis if response to treatment is unexpectedly poor p Move u ed s need ontrol a ve c to impro Step wn to ove M Step Mild intermittent asthma Inhaled short-acting O2 agonist as required: tain d main find an p ing ste controll lowest Step Regular preventer therapy Add inhaled steroid 200–800 mcg/day*: 400 μg is an appropriate starting dose for many patients Start at dose of inhaled steroid appropriate to severity of disease Step Step Initial add-on therapy Add inhaled long-acting agonist: (LABA) Assess control of asthma: • good response to LABA – continue LABA • benefit from LABA but control still inadequate – continue LABA and increase inhaled steroid dose to 800 μg/day* if not already on the dose • no response to LABA – stop LABA and increase inhaled steroid to 800 μg/ day.* If control still inadequate institute trial of other therapies leukotriene receptor antagonist or SR theophyline Persistent poor control Consider trials of: • increasing inhaled steroid up to 2000 μg/day* • leukotriene receptor antagonist SR theophyline, agonist tablet Continuous or frequent use of oral steroids Use daily steroid tablet in lowest dose providing adequate control Maintain high dose inhaled steroid at 2000 μg/day* Consider other treatments to minimise the use of steroid tablets Refer patient for specialist care *BDP or equivalent Symptoms VS Treatment Respiratory Nursing at a Glance, First Edition Edited by Wendy Preston and Carol Kelly © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Symptoms A pathological response to an irritant in the airways (Figure 24.1) causes muscle tightening and narrowing of the lumen, additionallythe lining becomes subject to an inflammatory response and increasing mucus production This leads to the clinically recognised symptoms of: • Shortness of breath • Wheeze • Tightness of chest • Cough A wheeze may not always be present, some asthmatics experience a simple cough or feel breathless and thereforewhen exacerbating the presence of a wheeze should be documented in the health records Diagnosis Accurate history taking is arguably the most important aspect of patient assessment and can provide a great deal of the information required for a diagnosis Clinical diagnosis is based on the recognition of a characteristic pattern of symptoms and signs and the absence of an alternative explanation for them in order to establish the level of probability of asthma A history of atopy and allergic conditions in the patient and family members, such as eczema and rhinitis, increase the probability of asthma Spirometry is the preferred initial test to assess the presence of airflow obstruction (NICE, 2013), in order to establish the probability of asthma: high, intermediate or low and treatment and management of symptoms Serial peak expiratory flow (PEF) can also be used to identify variable airflow obstruction; however, it only looks at the large airways and therefore underestimates the level of obstruction when using this method in diagnosing asthma From the identification of probability of asthma a treatment pathway can be established as per NICE quality standards 2013 Treatment The severity of asthma is dynamic, and therefore it is important to treat according to the current level of severity using the Stepwise Approach (Figure 24.2) as guided by NICE quality standards 2013 This approach aims to achieve early control and step up or down treatment on individual need basis Pharmacological management is in the form of inhaled medication, as per the Stepwise Approach Reliever and preventer inhalers are used to control symptoms, with regular monitoring in order to assess the effectiveness of the treatment which involves always checking adherence to inhalers and inhaler technique to ascertain if a referral to a specialist centre is indicated Non-pharmacological management should always include smoking cessation advice and lifestyle advice taking into consideration the individual’s identified asthma triggers (Figure 24.2) This enables the patient to reduce exposure to triggers, reducing the impact of asthma on their daily lives Management The goal of management is for people to be free from symptoms and able to lead normal active lives Patients with asthma whose lung function (PEF) declines over a few days or weeks sometimes significantly underestimate the severity of their condition prior to seeking medical help Asthma is responsible for a large number of accident and emergency attendances and hospital admissions, mostly emergencies, where as many as 70% of these could have been preventable with appropriate early intervention There are around 1000 deaths a year from asthma, about 90% of which are associated with preventable factors (Levy, 2014) Therefore, as asthma is a long-term condition it requires ongoing proactive management and regular professional review in order to ensure the symptoms are well controlled With self-management emphasising the importance of recognising and acting on the signs and symptoms of deterioration, education should include a written Personalised Asthma Action Plan (PAAP) as such direction improves health outcomes in a proactive environment The PAAP can be based on symptoms and/or PEF with clear indications given as to what to when symptoms worsen and peak flow declines so seeking medical advice in a timely manner (Chapter 39) Further reading Levy M (2014) Why asthma still kills asthma still kills The National Review of Asthma Deaths https://www.rcplondon ac.uk/sites/default/files/why-asthma-still-kills-full-report.pdf (accessed 24 February 2016) NICE (2013) Asthma: diagnosis and monitoring https://www.nice org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-cgwave0640 (accessed 24 February 2016) 51 Chapter 24 Asthma A sthma is a respiratory condition affecting the airways It is a disease that may be diagnosed at any age and currently over million people in the UK are receiving treatment The British Thoracic Society (BTS) defined asthma as: ‘A common and chronic inflammatory condition of the airways, whose cause is not completely understood As a result of inflammation, the airways are hyper responsive and they narrow easily in a response to a wide range of stimuli … narrowing of the airways is usually reversible’ (BTS, 2014) The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published quality standards in 2013 for the management of asthma, stating: ‘The goal of management is for people to be free from symptoms and able to lead a normal active life This is achieved partly through treatment, tailored to the person, and partly by people getting to know what provokes their symptoms and avoiding these triggers as much as possible.’ 52 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Figure 25.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Figure 25.2 Time-volume curve for patients with COPD compared with healthy subjects Chronic bronchitis Healthy Inflammation and excess mucus Liters Part Respiratory diseases 25 FEV1 Emphysema Healthy Alveolar membranes break down COPD FEV1 Normal Seconds FVC FVC Box 25.1 The four classification of severity of COPD based on FEV1% Stage I: Mild Spirometry shows mild airflow limitation (FEV1 ≥80% predicted: FEV1/FVC