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After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Leadership ethics perspective, ethical theories, principles of ethical leadership, diverse ethical perspectives, how does the leadership ethical perspective work?
Art of Leadership & Motivation HRM – 760 Lecture 30 FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood Role of Leaders in Organizational Learning & Organizational Performance Learning In Organizational development (OD), learning is a characteristic of an adaptive organization, i.e., an organization that is able to sense changes in signals from its environment (both internal and external) and adapt accordingly What is Organizational Learning? • Argyris defines organizational learning as the process of "detection and correction of errors." In his view, organizations learn through individuals acting as agents for them What is Organizational Learning? • Huber clarifies that learning need not be conscious or intentional Further, learning does not always increase the learner's effectiveness, or even potential effectiveness Moreover, learning need not result in observable changes in behavior What is Organizational Learning? • Duncan & Weiss, argue that individual learning occurs when people give a different response to the same stimulus, but Organizational Learning occurs when groups of people give the same response to different stimuli." How organizations learn? • Argyris and Schon were the first to propose models that facilitate organizational learning: • Argyris and Schon (1978) distinguish between single-loop and double-loop learning • In single-loop learning, individuals, groups, or organizations modify their actions according to the difference between expected and obtained outcomes • In double-loop learning, the entities (individuals, groups or organization) question the values, assumptions and policies that led to the actions in the first place; if they are able to view and modify those, then second-order or double-loop learning has taken place Types of Learning Two types of learning: • Operant conditioning • Social learning Operant Conditioning • Learning that takes place when the learner recognizes the connection between a behavior and its consequences Social Learning Theory • A learning theory that takes into account the fact that thoughts and feelings influence learning • Necessary components include: – Vicarious learning – Self-control – Self-efficacy 10 Learning vs Rejection of New Ideas 19 Learning vs Rejection of New Ideas Gladwell believes: Our preferences are quite unstable, especially when we are first introduced to something new This is because we need time to "learn" about the new object or idea We also tend to make up stories by picking up clues when we are introduced to something new 20 Reframe for the Holistic Generally heart patients, don’t follow the doctors instructions even facing a life or death situation Thus, how can we expect leaders to change people? • • Dr Ornish, proved that through a holistic program that includes going after their feelings by having them attend a twice-weekly support group sessions led by a psychologist A study showed that after three years, 77% of the patients had stuck with their lifestyle changes and avoided the surgery • Facing death for most people is much too frightening to think about, thus patients often go into denial; where as making daily life more enjoyable is a powerful motivator 21 Flow Rather than Script Give employees flexibility in their work so that the situation is allowed to design itself, rather than just becoming a carbon copy 22 Velocity and Viscosity Velocity - the speed with which knowledge moves through an organization Viscosity - the richness or thickness of the knowledge transferred Knowledge requires viscosity, which uses rich sources This is why knowledge can be so hard to come by at times Organizational performance improves by focusing on learning, reframing, flowing, and viscosity 23 What is the Performance Gap? Performance Gap Actual performance Desired performance 24 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY UNDER-PERFORMANCE? Consistently failing to deliver key aspects of the role 25 Performance Problems Major causes of performance problems: Incompetence Poor working conditions Lack of Resources Motivation or Culture - The employee knows how to perform, but does so incorrectly 26 REASONS WHY MANAGERS SOMETIMES DO NOT ADDRESS PROBLEMS • • • • • • • • • • • • They hope the problem might go away by itself Lack of confidence Discomfort with the role of manager A fear that if the problem is highlighted, more problems might come up A fear of confrontation Worry that working relationships might be damaged Fear of being challenged Lack of time Not knowing where to start Unclear whose role it is to address performance issues Lack of understanding that a performance issue exists Lack of support 27 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF UNDER PERFORMANCE • • • • • • • Lack of training or support Poor supervision Tools/equipment not working adequately Unclear instructions or no clear targets Lack of understanding of the role Unrealistic targets ill-health Personal problems Relationships at work are difficult Workload Stress Change In the wrong job 28 PROCEDURE FOR MANAGING POOR PERFORMANCE LEGALLY Investigation Informal discussion Formal discussions Time to improve Monitoring: provide training, support, coaching, etc Consideration of alternative action before dismissal 29 PLANNING A “DIFFICULT” CONVERSATION The desired outcome that you want How to start the meeting The content of the conversation Managing oneself Dealing with conflict 30 DEAL WITH PROBLEMS PROMPTLY Otherwise: • The person can reasonably assume their performance is acceptable • Others may become demotivated and stressed • The problem behaviour will become a habit • A precedent may be set • Your credibility may be damaged 31 How to Insure Improved Organizational Performance Set improvement goals Establish comfort Allow employee influences Provide constructive information 32 FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood 1-33 33 ... damaged Fear of being challenged Lack of time Not knowing where to start Unclear whose role it is to address performance issues Lack of understanding that a performance issue exists Lack of support... between single-loop and double-loop learning • In single-loop learning, individuals, groups, or organizations modify their actions according to the difference between expected and obtained outcomes... environment (both internal and external) and adapt accordingly What is Organizational Learning? • Argyris defines organizational learning as the process of "detection and correction of errors." 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