ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY INDIAN ENERGY RESOURCES ANALYSES OF DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND RENEWABLES POTENTIAL No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY INDIAN ENERGY RESOURCES ANALYSES OF DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND RENEWABLES POTENTIAL CINDY FLETCHER EDITOR New York Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: 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this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-1-63484-174-0 (E-Book) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Index vii Indian Energy Development: Poor Management by BIA Has Hindered Energy Development on Indian Lands United States Government Accountability Office Oil and Gas Leasing in Indian Country: An Opportunity for Economic Development Office of Inspector General, U.S Department of the Interior 41 Geospatial Analysis of Renewable Energy Technical Potential on Tribal Lands E Doris, A Lopez and D Beckley 85 141 PREFACE Indian energy resources hold significant potential for development, but remain largely undeveloped Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs’ (BIA) reviews and approves leases and other permits required for development Other Interior components and federal agencies also have roles in this process The Energy Policy Act of 2005 provided the opportunity for interested tribes to pursue tribal energy resource agreements (TERA)—agreements between a tribe and Interior that allow the tribe to enter into energy leases and agreements without review and approval by Interior The act also authorizes Interior to provide grants to tribes to develop the capacity needed to enter into a TERA However, no tribe has entered into a TERA This book examines factors that have hindered Indian energy development; factors that have deterred tribes from pursuing TERAs; and the effectiveness of Interior’s efforts to build tribes’ capacity to enter into TERAs Moreover, the book provides results of a final evaluation report on oil and gas leasing in Indian Country; and uses an established geospatial methodology to estimate the technical potential for renewable energy on tribal lands for the purpose of allowing Tribes to prioritize the development of renewable energy resources either for community-scale on-tribal-land use or for revenue-generating electricity sales In: Indian Energy Resources Editor: Cindy Fletcher ISBN: 978-1-63484-165-8 © 2016 Nova Science Publishers, Inc Chapter INDIAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: POOR MANAGEMENT BY BIA HAS HINDERED ENERGY DEVELOPMENT * ON INDIAN LANDS United States Government Accountability Office WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY Indian energy resources hold significant potential for development, but remain largely undeveloped Interior’s BIA reviews and approves leases and other permits required for development Other Interior components and federal agencies also have roles in this process The Energy Policy Act of 2005 provided the opportunity for interested tribes to pursue TERAs—agreements between a tribe and Interior that allow the tribe to enter into energy leases and agreements without review and approval by Interior The act also authorizes Interior to provide grants to tribes to develop the capacity needed to enter into a TERA However, no tribe has entered into a TERA GAO was asked to review Indian energy development This report examines (1) factors that have hindered Indian energy development, (2) factors * This is an edited, reformatted and augmented version of a United States Government Accountability Office publication, No GAO-15-502, dated June 2015 Table A2-1 (Continued) Tribal Land North Fork Rancheria Northern Cheyenne Northwestern Shoshoni Oil Springs Omaha Oneida (East) Oneida (West) Onondaga Ontonagon Osage Ozette Paiute of Utah Pala Pascua Yaqui Passamaquoddy Homestead Trust Lands Pauma Payson (Yavapai-Apache) Community Pechanga State CA MT UT NY IA, NE NY WI NY MI OK WA UT CA AZ Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) 17,254 69 14,736 789 135 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 2 0 Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 10,969 16,660 358 31 61,961 14 143,838 723 33,087 2,880 727 200 33,957 13,679 121 2,268 2,933 415 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 18 0 0 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 35 0 44 232 17 659 24 12 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ME CA 220 5,322 - - 12,789 - - 0 AZ - - - - 0 CA 357 - - 219 32 Tribal Land Penobscot Picayune Rancheria Picuris Pueblo Pine Ridge Pinoleville Rancheria Pit River Tribe of California Pleasant Point (Passamaquoddy) Poarch Creek Pojoaque Pueblo Poospatuck Port Gamble Port Madison Potawatomi Forest County Potawatomi Prairie Band Prairie Island Community Puyallup Pyramid Lake Quartz Valley Rancheria Quileute Quinault Ramah Navajo Community State ME CA NM NE, SD CA CA Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) 11,905 36 312 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 0 Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 189,260 43 12,513 8,657 27 29,895 13,596 71 2,098 168 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 2 0 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 13 124 0 0 0 0 ME - - - - 28 AL NM NY WA WA WI KS MN WA NV CA WA WA NM 5,128 20 46 324,409 406 1,875 0 41 0 567 772 9,170 31,167 339,978 - 0 78 - 27 571 27 111 2,192 2,377 11,095 65 15,640 222 76 408 161,549 0 0 0 0 20 0 61,835 19 427 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table A2-1 (Continued) Tribal Land Ramona Red Cliff Red Lake Redding Rancheria Redwood Valley Rancheria Reno-Sparks Colony Resighini Rancheria Rincon Roaring Creek Rancheria Robinson Rancheria Rocky Boy's Rohnerville Rancheria Rosebud Round Valley Rumsey Rancheria Sac and Fox (Iowa) Sac and Fox (KS-NE) Salt River San Carlos State CA WI MN CA CA NV CA CA CA CA MT CA NE, SD CA CA IA KS, NE AZ AZ Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) 26 29 1,991 101 22 54 3,044 1,672 3,589 179,374 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 2,145 117 124,764 18 69 18 14 968 39 2,858 18,430 27 31,800 20,291 20,205 15,239 3,564 2,952 4,678 8,689 17,910 3,495 49,442 11 12,211 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 16 0 0 2 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 54 0 0 85 2 59,395 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tribal Land San Felipe Pueblo San Felipe/Santa Ana joint area San Felipe/Santo Domingo joint area San Ildefonso Pueblo San Juan Pueblo San Manuel San Pasqual San Xavier (TON) Sandia Pueblo Sandy Lake Santa Ana Pueblo Santa Clara Pueblo Santa Rosa Santa Rosa Rancheria Santa Ynez Santa Ysabel Santee Santo Domingo Pueblo Sauk-Suiattle Sault Ste Marie State NM Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) 13,693 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 9,678 17 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 19 NM 191 - - 0 0 NM 216 - - 0 0 NM NM CA CA AZ NM MN NM NM CA CA CA CA NE NM WA MI, MI 11,631 10,803 41 34 13,619 4,499 17,965 34,534 1,390 43 1,249 20,388 - 1 0 2 0 0 - 13,036 12,465 2,638 1,770 7,128 11,984 108 599 4,184 10,871 - 3 0 - 349 1,859 575 596 133 2,109 18 31 27,871 718 11 104 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 48 293 53 37 104 0 10 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table A2-1 (Continued) Tribal Land Seminole Homestead Trust Lands Seneca (Allegany) Shakopee Community Sheep Ranch Rancheria Sherwood Valley Rancheria Shingle Springs Rancheria Shoalwater Siletz Skokomish Skull Valley Smith River Rancheria Soboba Southern Ute Spokane Squaxin Island St Croix St Regis Mohawk Standing Rock State Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) FL - - - - 10 0 PA, NY MN CA CA CA WA OR WA UT CA CA NM, CO WA WA WI NY SD, ND 37 12 15,562 263 188,245 12,184 - 0 0 0 24 - 15,169 854 243,721 16,571 3,293 18,638 56 4 4,979 126 81 390 1,072 6,301 165 1,978 66,932 1,159 278 2,257 24,045 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 64 144 18 21 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tribal Land Stewarts Point Rancheria Stillaguamish Stockbridge-Munsee Sulphur Bank (El-Em) Rancheria Summit Lake Susanville Swinomish Sycuan Table Bluff Rancheria Table Mountain Rancheria Taos Pueblo Te-Moak Tesuque Pueblo To’Hajiilee Chapter, Navajo Nation Tohono O'odham Tonawanda Torres-Martinez Trinidad Rancheria Tulalip Tule River State CA WA WI Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation (MWh) 16 - Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 0 - Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 74 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 0 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 0 0 CA 76 - - - - 0 NV CA WA CA CA CA NM NV NM 10,851 79 39 46,205 14,860 5,948 0 0 3,080 16,518 6,340 635 176 1,769 985 169 58 0 0 0 0 22 12 0 62 0 0 0 0 NM 11,434 398 10 AZ NY CA CA WA CA 510,243 10,284 62 140 65 0 779 152 815 23,717 0 7,512 156 1,160 42 9,470 788 0 296 10 164 76 0 0 0 Table A2-1 (Continued) Tribal Land Tunica-Biloxi Tuolumne Rancheria Turtle Mountain Tuscarora Twenty-Nine Palms Uintah and Ouray Umatilla Upper Lake Rancheria Upper Sioux Community Upper Skagit Ute Mountain Vermillion Lake Viejas Rancheria Walker River Warm Springs Washoe White Earth White Mountain Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation State (MWh) LA CA ND, MT NY CA 18 UT 78,807 OR 3,998 CA 119 MN WA NM, UT, 40,583 CO MN CA 15 NV 246,481 OR 405,953 NV 687 MN AZ 119,240 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 0 10 0 Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 141 926 83 6,268 708 442,276 101 11,811 57,403 13 31,490 653 22 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 0 1 0 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 34 440,925 335 34 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 34,258 5,442 27 0 31 51 15 16,585 130,737 10,030 3,357 115,435 30 26 137 35,935 121 138,785 14,148 18 14 31 115 182 0 0 0 a Tribal Land Wind River Winnebago Winnemucca Colony Woodfords Community XL Ranch Yakama Yankton Yavapai Yawapa Apache Yerington Yomba Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo Yurok Zia Pueblo Zuni Pueblo Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Annual Generation State (MWh) WY 47,999 IA, NE NV 350 CA 89 CA 8,312 WA 155,549 NE, SD AZ 197 AZ 1,658 NV 268 NV 1,941 TX CA 642 NM 34,064 NM, AZ 44,632 Unidentified Hydrothermal Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 0 20 0 0 Biopower Hydropower Hydropower from Generation Capacity Solid Potential Potential Residuesa (MWh) (MW) (MWh) 350,640 80 6,349 48,821 11 76,709 13 2,726 117 669,640 153 274,750 5,029 114,257 639 14,108 190 172 15 912 25,962 1,864 38 7,926 3,457 Biopower from Solid Residues (MW) 10 0 35 14 0 0 0 Biopower from Gaseous Residuesb (MWh) Biopower from Gaseous Residues (MW) 183 22 0 329 55 74,323 0 6 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solid residues are represented by forest, crop, primary mill, and urban wood residues Generation estimated assuming 1.1 MWh/bone dry tonne of residue b Gaseous residues are represented by landfill and domestic wastewater residues Generation estimated assuming 4.7 MWh/tonne of CH4 produced by the residues INDEX A Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, 78 access, 11, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 36, 51, 54, 109, 113, 114 accountability, 71 accounting, agencies, vii, 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 46 air emissions, 13, 14 Alaska, 8, 118 alienation, 12, 34, 36 AOC, 122 Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, 79 appraisals, 17, 42, 52, 53, 60, 68 appropriations, 56, 76 Appropriations Act, 39 Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, 80 assessment, 10, 14 assets, 7, 15, 23, 35 audit(s), 8, 9, 33, 73 authority(s), 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 28, 32, 36, 51, 61, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 87, 117 autonomy, avoidance, 87, 117 B barriers, 7, 24, 32, 38, 86, 91 base, 45, 71 basic services, 47, 51 batteries, 91 benefits, 4, 27, 34, 40, 43, 47, 48, 57 bioenergy, 89 biomass, 9, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 103 biopower, 89, 92, 93, 94, 102 bone, 85, 93, 94, 104, 139 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), vii, 2, 3, 6, 11, 29, 31, 34, 35, 43, 44, 72, 92 Bureau of Land Management, 3, 6, 31, 37, 44, 66, 68, 71, 72, 85 burn, 89 business management, 24 businesses, 47, 90 C Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, 79 candidates, 48 capacity building, 8, 25, 27, 32 carbon, 89 Census, 10, 12 CFR, 50, 72, 74 challenges, 16, 28, 32, 35, 70 Cherokee Nation, Oklahoma, 81 Chickasaw Nation, Oklahoma, 81 Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma, 78 clarity, 74 classes, 98 coal, 4, 9, 23, 40 142 Index collaboration, 71 collusion, 52 Comanche Nation, Oklahoma, 79 commercial, 24 community(s), vii, 5, 9, 37, 86, 101 compatibility, 61, 70 competing interests, 38 complexity, 20, 26, 61, 69 compliance, 14, 20, 38, 51, 52, 58, 60, 68, 73, 76, 77 conference, 7, 31, 57 Conference Report, 38 conflict, 40 Congress, 6, 20, 23, 27, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43, 54, 60, 61, 76, 117 consent, 22, 39, 55 conservation, 36, 38 consolidation, 21 construction, 5, 14, 32, 39, 51 consulting, 8, 32 consumer markets, 24 Continental, 10 cooling, 90 cooperation, 43, 45, 73, 74 coordination, 49, 61, 70, 73 cost, 20, 21, 22, 51, 55, 60, 89, 90, 91, 117 covering, 49 crop, 104, 139 Crow Tribe of Montana, 80 crude oil, customers, 91 D data collection, 10, 20, 29, 30 data set, 117 database, 16, 54, 92 deaths, 13 decision-making process, 17 Deer, 126 deficiency(s), 7, 15 Department of Defense, 120 Department of Energy, 3, 4, 31, 45, 63, 85 Department of the Interior (DOI), 3, 4, 5, 12, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42-45, 49, 52, 54, 66, 67, 70, 74, 75, 92 Department of Transportation (DOT), 40, 60, 61, 76 deposits, 52 depth, 95 disposition, 37 dissatisfaction, 56, 76 documentary evidence, 57 draft, 29, 42, 49, 61, 66, 67, 70-72, 75, 84 E economic activity, economic development, 5, 18, 21, 24, 28, 34, 37, 40, 44, 45, 87 economics, 87, 90, 117 education, 4, 45, 47, 91 electricity, vii, 4, 9, 22, 34, 39, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 101, 109, 113, 116, 117 employees, 43, 44, 45, 47, 60, 62, 68, 70 employment, 13, 46 employment opportunities, 46 energy consumption, energy efficiency, 89 Energy Policy Act, vii, 1, 6, 43, 44, 46, 53 Energy Policy Act of 2005, vii, 1, 6, 43, 44, 46, 53 enforcement, 73 environment(s), 14, 21, 49, 50, 51, 70, 87, 91, 117 environmental effects, 14 environmental impact, 3, 8, 14, 18, 46 environmental impact statement, 8, 14 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 3, 7, 8, 13, 14, 31, 32, 40, 85, 122 EPACT, 117 equipment, 23, 73 equity, 91 evidence, 8, 9, 33 exclusion, 50 executive order(s), 2, 8, 25, 31, 37 exercise, 6, 37, 54, 60, 68 expertise, 24, 35, 49, 76, 87 Index F farmers, 91 farms, 91 federal agency, 5, 20, 22, 32 federal assistance, 36 federal courts, 23 federal government, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 25, 31, 34, 35, 38, 40 federal hiring, 70 federal law, 21, 23, 31, 34, 35, 37, 40 federal permitting, 8, 31, 37 Federal Register, 26 federal regulations, 25 Federal Reserve, 37, 40 feedstocks, 89 financial, 36, 48, 51 fiscal year, 5, 16, 26, 45 Fish and Wildlife Service, 3, 7, 31, 85, 123 flooding, 57 food, 48 formation, 48 funding, 4, 25, 27, 37, 42, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 68, 76 funds, 15, 26, 27, 35, 58, 77 G GAO, 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 21, 27, 33, 35, 39, 40 Georgia, 34, 35, 118 GIS, 4, 16, 29, 88, 102, 117 governance, 5, 24, 40, 61, 69 governments, 7, 21, 23, 24, 31, 45, 46, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58 grants, vii, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 26, 27, 29, 32 gravitational force, 90 guidance, 2, 3, 13, 15, 16, 25, 29, 31, 42, 43, 75 guiding principles, H Hawaii, 118 heat pumps, 90 143 heavy oil, 47, 75 height, 88, 102 highways, 51 homeowners, 91 homes, 90 housing, 48 human, 50, 89 hydroelectric power, hydrothermal system, 94 I ideal, 89 identification, 29, 62, 86, 91 income, 22, 47 income tax, 22 incompatibility, 54, 55, 61, 70 Independence, 127 Indian reservation, 10, 34, 36, 38, 47, 48, 50, 55, 63, 76 Indians, 5-7, 13, 23, 34, 36-38, 40, 78, 79 industry(s), 2, 7, 8, 13, 31, 32, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 56, 58, 60, 63, 75, 76, 89 infrastructure, 2, 4, 15, 19, 24, 47, 91, 117 inspections, 73 interest rates, 24 investment, 23, 49 Iowa, 118, 129, 134 issues, 13, 38, 42, 44, 49, 55, 58, 61, 70, 84 J Jamestown, 129 jurisdiction(s), 5, 19 K Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, 80 kill, 89 Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, 78 144 Index L landfills, 90 law enforcement, 48 laws, 13, 14, 20, 24, 34, 36, 58, 63, 73, 77 laws and regulations, 13, 20, 58, 73, 77 lease payments, 54 legislation, 43, 56, 76 lending, 24 litigation, 55 Louisiana, 119 M magnitude, 16, 117 major decisions, 35 majority, 22, 55 management, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 27, 28, 32, 35, 42, 44, 54, 72 manufacturing, 9, 89 mapping, 16, 29, 54 marketability, 36, 40 Maryland, 118 materials, 90 measurement, 73 medical, 48 meter, 85, 97 methodology, vii, 8, 45, 86, 92, 95, 101 Mexico, 34, 37, 83, 118 mineral resources, 4, 16 minors, 39 Missouri, 57, 77, 118 MMS, 45, 73, 74 models, 87 modules, 90 Montana, 15, 21, 32, 34, 40, 48, 51, 80, 118 municipal solid waste, 89 Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma, 81 national parks, 98, 100 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 7, 31, 34, 86, 88, 102, 117, 118 national security, natural gas, 9, 18 natural resources, 36, 38, 76 Navajo Nation, 83, 137 negative outcomes, 49 negotiating, 52 negotiation, 61, 73 NEPA, 4, 14, 19, 20, 38, 39, 46, 50, 51, 52, 60, 68, 76 neutral, 89 NOAA, 86, 121 nonprofit organizations, 7, 8, 31, 32 NREL, 86, 88, 96, 102, 117, 118, 121 O Office of Management and Budget, 56 officials, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 43, 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 75, 76 oil spill, 51 Oklahoma, 15, 32, 36, 45, 46, 63, 72, 78, 79, 81, 82, 118 open spaces, 99 operations, 4, 13, 19, 20, 47, 49, 50, 54, 60, 68, 73, 75, 76 opportunities, 2, 5, 10, 14, 16, 17, 22, 27, 28, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 58 Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma, 79 overlap, 88, 102 oversight, 6, 7, 28, 42, 43, 45, 59, 66, 75 ownership, 2, 9-16, 19, 21-23, 28-30, 36, 37, 39, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 67, 77, 91 P N National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 4, 14, 44, 46 National Park Service, 119, 120, 123 Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, 79 permission, 10 permit, 13, 14, 21, 39, 46, 50, 68, 70, 76 personal communication, 121 Index Petroleum, 31, 37 pipeline, 17 plants, 89 policy, 5, 28, 49, 51, 59, 61, 66, 67, 70, 91 policy issues, 61, 70 population, 114 portfolio, 86, 91 potential benefits, 22 power generation, 89 predictability, 25, 52 preparation, 44, 68, 76 private investment, 20, 87 producers, 22, 90 profitability, 24 project, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 87, 90, 117 protection, 35, 51 public interest, 38 public service, 145 requirement(s), 10, 14, 20, 25,26, 31, 39, 40, 44, 52, 57, 74 researchers, 116 Reservations, 34, 39 reserves, 46, 47, 75 residue(s), 89, 104, 105, 139 resolution, 38, 86, 92, 117 response, 2, 15-18, 28, 29, 30, 37, 42, 43, 49, 57, 60, 61, 66, 70, 72, 75, 77, 84 response time, 2, 15, 17, 18, 28, 29, 30 responsiveness, restrictions, 11, 12, 35, 36 revenue, vii, 2, 3, 5, 17, 18, 23, 24, 46, 86, 101 rights, 10, 13, 23, 36, 40 risk, 24, 28, 46 royalty, 15, 52, 73 rules, 13, 77 S Q Quartz, 133 R radiation, 97 recognized tribe, 6, 34, 36 recommendations, 2, 29, 30, 42, 43, 44, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 66, 71, 72, 84 recovery, 60 Reform, 18, 19, 37, 38 regression, 94 regression model, 94 regulations, 3, 6, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 61, 63, 68, 69, 72, 77 regulatory agencies, 13 regulatory framework, 2, 15, 19 regulatory oversight, 8, 32 reliability, renewable energy, vii, 8, 9, 13, 22-24, 26, 27, 32, 36-39, 86-91, 101, 117 Reorganization Act, 36 Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan, 81 savings, 87 scale system, 97 scope, 8, 45, 47, 88 self-sufficiency, 87, 90 Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, 82 Senate, 4, 38, 39 sensitivity, 87, 117 services, 34, 37, 44, 48, 52 shoreline, 121, 122 social services, 48 software, 54 solution, 42, 44, 58, 77 South Dakota, 17, 118 sovereignty, 5, 6, 34, 43 specialists, 55, 61, 70 species, 14 stability, 24 staffing, 60, 68, 69 stakeholders, 2, 7, 9, 14, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 35, 71 146 Index state(s), 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 55, 56, 71, 72, 76, 77, 91, 117 statistics, 71 statutes, 20, 22, 54, 60, 61 storage, 90, 97 structure, 46, 59, 66, 91 style, 87 Supreme Court, 35, 37 T target, 16, 43, 84 tax credits, 15, 19, 22, 23, 39 tax incentive, 22 taxation, 15, 19, 23, 37, 38, 46, 55 taxes, 3, 13, 17, 23, 37 teams, 61, 70 technical assistance, 5, 36, 46, 87, 91 technical comments, 30, 72 techniques, 58, 77 technology(s), 16, 87-92, 102, 116, 117 temperature, 89, 95 territory, 5, 87 thermal energy, 90 trade, 40 trade-off, 40 training, 45, 70, 87 transactions, 16, 30 transmission, 13, 24, 36, 91, 109, 113, 114, 117 transparency, 2, 17, 29, 42, 44 transportation, 9, 24 tribal lands, vii, 6, 20, 28, 36, 56, 86, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 105, 109, 113, 116, 117 tribal officials, 8, 25, 26, 31, 43, 55 Trinidad, 137 trust fund(s), 7, 35 turnover, 56 U U.S Department of the Interior, v, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 U.S economy, United States, v, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 47, 66, 71, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94, 117, 123 urban, 99, 101, 104, 109, 111, 139 USGS, 86, 119, 120, 123 V valuation, 44, 52, 74 vegetation, 90 vibration, 35 Vice President, 39 W Washington, 34, 35, 38-40, 43, 63, 66, 118 waste, 89 wastewater, 105, 139 water, 48, 51, 90, 91, 100, 120 weakness, 42 welfare, 46 wells, 37, 47, 56, 75, 76 wildlife, 90 wind farm, 5, 22, 91 wind speed, 36 wind turbines, Wisconsin, 118 wood, 89, 104, 139 workforce, 44 workload, 44, 47, 49, 52, 74, 75 .. .ENERGY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY INDIAN ENERGY RESOURCES ANALYSES OF DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND RENEWABLES POTENTIAL No part of this digital document may be... lands and resources We selected Indian tribes to ensure a representation of tribes with various types of energy development, including oil and gas and renewable energy development, a range of. .. utility-scale production of hundreds of MWs of electricity Most of this energy was produced from non -Indian resources, but Indian energy resources hold significant potential for future development For