China and Europe’s Partnership for a More Sustainable World Challenges and Opportunities Transboundary environmental problems and European Union (EU)-China environmental trade, investment, and technical interactions are multidimensional, multinational, and multilevel Delving into such themes to generate in-depth and policy relevant knowledge requires multi-country teams with broad disciplinary expertise using diverse analytical tools and methodologies China and Europe’s Partnership for a More Sustainable World is such a work Rich and comprehensive, it sheds light on diverse topics like European investment in China’s environmental sector, Chinese environmental FDI in Europe, environmental goods trade, EU and Chinese corporate social responsibility concepts, and biomass utilization and will be of immense interest to academics, businesspeople, and policymakers in China, the EU, and elsewhere – Jean-Marc F Blanchard, Executive Director,Mr & Mrs S.H Wong Center for the Study ofMultinational Corporations, Los Gatos, CA, USA This book offers new insights into an understudied and very important topic – EU-China relations in the environmental and energy field The carefully researched chapters are rich in data and case studies and illuminating analysis This book is of interest to academics, practitioners, and policymakers – Genia Kostka, Professor ofGovernance of Infrastructure and Energy,Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany A multifaceted, interdisciplinary enquiry into what actually drives bilateral investment policies and practices between the EU and China in their effort to pursue higher sustainability standards and the greening of their respective economies This book has the rare merit of striking the right balance between theoretical and empirical research While pragmatically recognizing the barriers to be faced, it offers direct insights into economic, legal and technological options, which can feed directly into policy formulation in both the EU and China, and adds a valuable building block to their joint aspiration for a mutually beneficial cooperation – Andrea Ricci, Vice President of ISINNOVA – Institute ofStudies for the Integration of Systems; Rapporteur of the ECIntegrated Roadmap of the SET Plan and Chairman of theEU Transport Advisory Group for Horizon 2020, Roma In this book you will find the interesting outcomes of a four-year EU-funded research project about the effects of EU-China cooperation in a very fast-moving field: renewable energies and environmental industries As the research skilfully combines economic, legal and engineering approaches, the book is aimed at many readers – from academics and policy makers to general readers – Augusto Ninni, University of Parma, Parma (PR), Italy China and Europe’s Partnership for a More Sustainable World Challenges and Opportunities Edited by Francesca Spigarelli University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Louise Curran Toulouse Business School, Toulouse, France Alessia Arteconi Università eCampus, Novedrate, Italy United Kingdom – North America – Japan India – Malaysia – China Emerald Group Publishing Limited Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK First edition 2016 Copyright © 2016 Emerald Group Publishing Limited Reprints and permissions service Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-78635-332-0 The research leading to this book was funded by the IRSES People Marie Curie Action of the Seventh Framework Programme, European Union FP7/2007-2013/ under REA Grant agreement no 318908, POREEN This publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the EU Contents List of Contributors Foreword Introduction Part 1 Europe and China Integration through Trade and Foreign Direct Investments CHAPTER Policies That Promote Environmental Industry in China Haitao Yin, Francesca Spigarelli, Xuemei Zhang and Hui Zhou CHAPTER The Environmental Goods Trade between China and the EU: Development and Influencing Factors Ruxiao Qu and Yanping Zeng CHAPTER International Integration and Uneven Development: An Enquiry into the Spatial Distribution of Foreign Firms in China Hongbo Cai and Eleonora Cutrini CHAPTER The Liability of Foreignness of EU Environmental Protection Companies in China: Manifestations and Mitigating Strategies Lee Keng Ng and Louise Curran CHAPTER The Renewable Energy Industry in Europe: Business and Internationalization Models A Focus on the Chinese Market Elena Cedrola and Loretta Battaglia CHAPTER China’s FDI in the EU’s Environmental Protection Industries Chunming Zhao, Mi Dai, Qun Zhang and Lei Wen CHAPTER Chinese OFDI to Germany in the Environmental Industries: A Multiple Case Study Katiuscia Vaccarini, Francesca Spigarelli, Christoph Lattemann, Federico Salvatelli and Ernesto Tavoletti Part II Environment and Regulations CHAPTER China: The Long March toward a Virtuous Environmental Legal Framework Lihong Zhang CHAPTER Chinese Environmental Protection: Between National Laws and Governance System Federica Monti CHAPTER 10 Efficient Energy Systems in the Chinese Electricity Sector: Some Legal Issues Fabio Lorusso CHAPTER 11 Corporate Social Responsibility Standards in Green Energy Industry: A Comparison between European Union and China Giuseppe A Policaro and Paolo Rossi CHAPTER 12 Energy Investments in China and the Role of Environmental Regulation: The Legal Perspective Changmian Zhang and Piercarlo Rossi Part III Alternative Fuels and Low Carbon Buildings: Research Trends in Europe and China CHAPTER 13 The Feasibility of Liquefied Methane as an Alternative Fuel in Europe and China Marco Spitoni, Fabio Polonara and Alessia Arteconi CHAPTER 14 Vapor Compression Heat Pumps and District Thermal Energy Networks for Efficient Building Heating and Cooling Neil Hewitt, Ye Huang, Mingjun Huang and Caterina Brandoni CHAPTER 15 Research on Biomass Energy Utilization in Chinese Rural Area Xu Zhang, Mingling Zhai, Yanyan Wang, Yulei Gao, Haoliang Zhao, Xiang Zhou and Jun Gao CHAPTER 16 Novel Energy Systems for Smart Houses Yong Li and Ruzhu Wang Index List of Contributors Alessia Arteconi Università Telematica e-Campus, Novedrate, Italy Loretta Battaglia University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Caterina Brandoni University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK Hongbo Cai Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Elena Cedrola University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Louise Curran Toulouse Business School, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France Eleonora Cutrini University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Mi Dai Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Jun Gao Tongji University, Shanghai, China Yulei Gao Tongji University, Shanghai, China Neil Hewitt University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK Mingjun Huang University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK Ye Huang University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK Christoph Lattemann Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany Yong Li Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Fabio Lorusso Istituto Universitario di Studi Europei (IUSE), Torino, Italy Federica Monti University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Lee Keng Ng Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia Giuseppe A Policaro University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy Fabio Polonara Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Ruxiao Qu Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Paolo Rossi University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy Piercarlo Rossi University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy Federico Salvatelli University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Francesca Spigarelli University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Marco Spitoni Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy Ernesto Tavoletti University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy Katiuscia Vaccarini University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy; Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany Ruzhu Wang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Yanyan Wang Tongji University, Shanghai, China Lei Wen Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Haitao Yin Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China Yanping Zeng Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Mingling Zhai Tongji University, Shanghai, China Changmian Zhang East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China Lihong Zhang East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China Qun Zhang Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Xu Zhang Tongji University, Shanghai, China Xuemei Zhang Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China Chunming Zhao Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Haoliang Zhao Tongji University, Shanghai, China Hui Zhou Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China Xiang Zhou Tongji University, Shanghai, China In GEL, a new GREE smart room has started in 2015 Various system components including hardware elements, software algorithms, network connections, and sensors will cooperate with each other to provide monitoring and various services in smart home The electrical appliances used in this room were all contributed by one GREE electric appliances, including which is one of the biggest public companies in the world A HEM system App which is installed in a smart phone has been used A user can monitor the energy consumption and control the home appliances such as air conditioner, refrigerator, air cleaner remotely through the smart phone (Figure 7) Figure 7: Layout of the GREE Smart Room Source: Authors Another aspect of smart home is healthy indoor environment The indoor temperature, humidity ratio, air cleanness, and water quality will all be checked regularly A new conceptual refrigerator will be added, the idea of the refrigerator is to make it “smarter,” which can self-adjust during peak energy times, turning up the coolness when rates are down and cutting back when they’re high It is also expected to notify owners via mobile phones and tablets when, say, a door is left open The smart phone will inform you the grocery lists, search recipes, upload photos, check the weather, control/monitor the machine’s temperature, read news about food, discuss friends about the cooking method It’s like a cooker adviser in your kitchen The objective of this room is to demonstrate and integrate the renewable energy technology with the information technology in home application The energy use features will also be studied Small Temperature Difference Fan-Coil Unit China is now one of the biggest energy consumers in the world Its energy structure mainly depends on coal, which has led to serous air pollution problem Heavy air pollution mainly happens in autumn and winter, particularly in winter, when coal burning significantly increases heating in north China Many cities in China frequently suffer from thick smog, cutting visibility, and posing health hazards Local government measures to try to limit the problem have included restricting traffic and halting industrial production Heat pump is looked as an option to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel in urban area However existing indoor units are not efficient in heating modes in winter An important issue is that the air distribution is not optimal because the air conditioners in room are usually installed in an upper space, making heating temperature relatively high and energy efficiency reduced In addition, defrosting frequently has influenced the heating comfort of the traditional air source heat pump To solve these problems, a heat pump system with small temperature difference air conditioning terminal has been proposed The system includes a heat pump, which can be air source or ground source heat pump Other source such as waste water or lake water can also be applied Different from conventional system, the system use water as the secondary heat transfer fluid The indoor unit is actually an improved fan coil, which is usually installed in the low level of the room With increased heat transfer area and enhanced heat exchanger design inside, the hot water with temperature range of 35–40°C can provide comfortable heating for the indoor environment An experiment has been conducted for a residential house with 100m2 indoor area in GEL The variation of indoor temperature in January in Shanghai is shown in Figure When the outdoor temperature is around 4°C, the indoor temperature can be kept over 20°C Figure 8: The Variation of Indoor Temperature in a Typical Winter Day Figure shows the variation of COP with time It can be found that the COP is higher than 2.5, even when the capacity of the pump is oversized and the compressor is not in high efficiency Figure 9: The Variation of System COP in a Typical Winter Day Conclusions Three new building energy projects have started in GEL in 2015 which include PV-driven air conditioner, the GREE smart room, and the small temperature difference fan-coil units Some initial results have been obtained It is expected that the new research projects will make the building more comfortable, smart, and energy efficient Acknowledgments This work was supported by POREEN—Partnering Opportunities between Europe and China in the Renewable Energies and Environmental industries, People Marie Curie Actions International Research Staff Exchange Scheme (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IRSES) References Arens, E., Federspiel, C., Wang, D., & Huizenga, C (2005) How ambient intelligence will improve habitability and energy efficiency in buildings In W Weber, J M Rabaey, & E Aarts (Eds.), Ambient intelligence (pp 63–80) New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Barbose, G., Darghouth, N R., Weaver, S., et al (2015) Tracking US photovoltaic system prices 1998–2012: A rapidly changing market Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 23(6), 692–704 International Energy Agency (2015) CO2emissions from fuel combustion – 2015 edition Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion -2015-edition -excerpt.html Accessed on December 1, 2015 Li, Y., Zhang, G., Lv, G Z., Zhang, A N., & Wang, R Z (2015) Performance study of a solar photovoltaic air conditioner in the hot summer and cold winter zone Solar Energy, 117, 167–179 Martinot, E (2001) World bank energy project in China: Influences on environmental protection Energy Policy, 29, 581–594 Ministry of Construction of P.R.C (1993) Thermal design code for civil building (GB 50176-93) Beijing: China Planning Press (in Chinese) Nguyen, T A., & Aiello, M (2013) Energy intelligent buildings based on user activity: A survey Energy and Buildings, 56, 244–257 Page, J., Robinson, D., Morel, N., & Scartezzini, J.-L (2008) A generalised stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence Energy and Buildings, 40(2), 83–98 Price, L., de la Rue du Can, S., Sinton, J., Worrell, E., Nan, Z., Sathaye, J., & Levine, M (2006) Sectoral trends in global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions LBNL-56144 Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory REN21’s Renewables (2015) Global status report Retrieved from www.ren21.net/gsr Wan, K W., Li, H W., Yang, L., & Lam, J C (2010) Climate classifications and building energy use implications in China.Energy and Buildings, 42, 1463–1471 WBCSD (2009).Transforming the market: Energy efficiency in buildings, survey report The World Business Council for Sustainable Development Yao, R., Li, B., & Steemers, K (2005) Energy policy and standard for built environment in China Renewable Energy, 30, 1973–1988 Index Agricultural biomass, 260 Air traffic safety, 261 Alternative fuel, 216, 220, 221 AOF See Asset of foreignness APEC, 27, 32, 105 Asja, 89–90 Asset of foreignness (AOF), 62, 63, 71 Biogas technology Chinese rural areas, 270–273 solar energy, 268–270 Biomass power generation cost composition analysis, 261, 262, 263 dynamic cost analysis, 263–264 environmental cost analysis, 264–265 game-theoretic analysis, 274–280 generation cost vs each fuel price, 264 principle of, 262 supply chain, 265–267 typical Chinese method of, 262–263 Biomass power plants, 261 biomass supply chain, cost optimization, 265–267 straw collection, transportation model of, 266 Biomethane air pollution reduction, 217 China, 225–226 European Union, 224–225 GasHighWay project, 217 as gas source, 223–227 Italian case study, 226–227 reduced taxation, 217 Building’s heating system, 237 Caleffi, 90–92 Carbon capture and storage (CCS), 235 Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, 210 Carbon emission, 286 Catalog for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industry, 15 CBCR See Country by country CBDA See Costs of doing business abroad CEC See Chinese Enterprise Confederation China biogas potential, 226 biomass feedstock, 226 biomass power generation, 261–267 ecological damage, 192–199 economic growth, 189 economy, 132 electric power infrastructure, 161 electric regulation, 162–163 electricity sector, change in, 166–169 energy efficiency, 163–165 extensive growth, 132 GHG emission reduction, 213–215 liability without fault, 199–204 natural gas vehicles (NGVs), 192–199, 225–226 renewables in, 165–166 unlawfulness, requirement of, 190–192 China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), 13 China, company experience in Asja, 89–90 Caleffi, 90–92 China Environmental Labeling Plan, 19 China Environment Labeling Product Certification Committee, 19 China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (SINOSURE), 104 China’s environmental goods, low competitiveness of, 31–32 China’s environmental legal framework, 133 See also Environmental legal framework China Southern Power Grid Corporation, 161 Chinese electricity infrastructure, 160 Chinese Enterprise Confederation (CEC), 179 Chinese environmental governance, 148–150 Chinese environmental policies carrot and stick, 17–20 database of, economic policies, 10–12 environmental industries, environmental protection, Environment Cooperation Program, Europe and China, international landscape, investment, 13–14 laws, 10–12 market, 16–17 negative incentive, 18 official typology, 10–12 pollution abatement investment, positive incentive, 19–20 production, 12–14 profitable market, regulations, 10–12 rules, 10–12 trade, 14–15 trade-oriented relationship, Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database (CIED), 47 Chinese investments, qualitative analysis of, 115 Chinese outward foreign direct investment energy industry, 114 to Germany, 116–121 Chinese rural area, solar energy, 268–273 CIED See Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database Civil law, 188, 190 Cleaner Production Promotion Law, 10–11 CNG See Compressed gas CO2 emissions, 5, 237 Compressed gas (CNG), 216, 217 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in China, 178–179 in EU, 173–178 in EU-China cooperation, 179–184 functions, 172 natural environment, 172 Costs of doing business abroad (CBDA), 61 Country by country (CBCR), 174 Crop straw anaerobic digestion, 268–273 Decision of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries (DADSEI), Department for Environment and Climate Change (DECC), 240 District cooling challenges, 243–247 District heating efficiency in, 242–243 system, 236, 238 technologies, 239–241 Eco-label system, 19 Ecological damages liability, 200 Economic and Technological Development Zone (ETDZ), 54 Economic reform, China, 40 EGS See Environmental goods and services EIA See Environmental Impact Assessment Eighth Five-Year Plan, 135 Electricity generation, 244 Electricity supply chain, 160 Electric power infrastructure, 161 Electric regulation, 162–163 11th Five Year Plans, 47, 163 Energy efficiency, 163–165 Energy Efficiency Credit Guide, 14 Energy from waste plant (EfW), 241 Energy service company (ESCO), 245 Enterprises, size of, 85–86 Environmental economic policies, 11 Environmental goods and services (EGS), 105 Environmental goods trade air pollution control, 27 benefits, 26 definition and classification of, 28 development of, 34–35 domestic industry, 27 export and import trade, 30 imbalances in trade, 31–32 international interests, 27 liberalization of, 27 merchandise sewage treatment, 27 negative impact, 27 partner, trade structure by, 30–31 primary and industrial processes, 27 tariff revenue, 27 trade frictions and barriers in, 33–34 UN COMTRADE, 28–29 United Nations commodity trade database, 28 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 154 Environmental industries carrot and stick, 17–20 economic policies, 10–12 incentive approach, 17–20 incentive types, 19 investment stands, 12–14 laws, 10–12 market, 16–17 negative incentive, 18 official typology, 10–12 positive incentive, 19–20 production, 14 regulations, 10–12 rules, 10–12 trade, 14–15 Environmental legal framework in China’s legislation, 137–139 economic reforms, 153 energy laws, 141–142 environmental laws, 139–141, 141–142 harmonious socialist society, 136 history of, 152 liability rules, 139–141 reform, 133–135 socialist market economy, 135–136 Xi Jinping, 136–137 Environmental problems, 60 Environmental protection (EP) industry, 26 sector, in China, 60, 64 and sustainable development, 188 Environmental Protection Law (EPL), 11, 67, 153, 154 Environment Cooperation Program, Europe and China, Environment protection, China, 6, EP See Environmental protection EPL See Environmental Protection Law ESCO See Energy service company ETDZ See Economic and Technological Development Zone EU-China cooperation environmental goods trade, 28–31 Environment Cooperation Program, institutional distance (ID), 65–67 nationwide carbon emission trading market, See also Environmental goods trade EU companies, experience of, 60 European Union biomethane, 224–225 GHG emission reduction, 211–213 natural gas vehicles (NGVs), 217–220 EU SME center, 105, 112 Fan-coil unit, 294–295 Five Year Plans, in China, 46–47 Sixth, 114, 134 Seventh, 134 Eighth, 135 10th, 47 11th, 47, 163 12th, 102–103, 163, 229 13th, 220 Foreign-capital enterprises, 49–50 Foreign direct investments (FDIs), 40, 41, 43–47, 54–55, 99, 100, 114 Foreign firms, in China and FDI, 40 geographical location of, 41, 51–52 location patterns of, 47 non-residents, 52 spatial distribution of, 41, 51 Foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs), 52 Foreignness, 67 Forestry Law, 153 Fuel economy, 214 Game-theoretic analysis biomass power generation, 274–280 rural energy efficiency construction, 280–283 Germany Chinese OFDI, 116–121 environmental industry in, 116 Nanjing-based Phono Solar Technology Co Ltd., 121–122 Risen Energy Co., Ltd., 117–119 Sany Heavy Industry Co Ltd., 120 Shenzhen Everbest Machinery Industry Co Ltd., 122–123 Wuxi Suntech Power Co Ltd., 119–120 Global Carbon Project, Global economic growth, 114 Global emissions, Government Procurement Act, 16 Go-West Development Policies, 41 Grassland law, 153 Green Credit Guide, 13 Green Energy Laboratory (GEL), 287 Green FDI, definition of, 105 Green government purchase, 16 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 160, 210 Green OFDI, 106–109 GREE smart room, 292–294 Grid-based electricity, 246 Heat Networks Delivery Unit (HNDU), 240 Home energy management (HEM) system, 292 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 245 Hydronic heating systems, 237 Income Tax Law of PRC for Enterprises, 11 Indicative governance, 66 Industrial agglomeration, 42 Information technology, 294 Institutional distance (ID), 62, 65–67 Institutional indicators, 66 Intentional Conduct of Plaintiff, 200, 201 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 210 International business, 115 International Business (IB) theory, 60 Internationalization, 80–89 Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Conduct of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigations (IECPIL), 189–190 Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Liability for Environmental Tort (IIALTLET), 189 Jiangsu’s green OFDI in environmental industries, 106 in environmental protection industries, 108 in EUs, 106 in foreign countries, 107 to individual countries, 107–108 industry distribution of, 108–109 investment value, 107 total flows, 106–107 Joint-Ventures (JV), 116 Law on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, 153 Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, 153 Legitimacy, exchange ownership for, 116 Liabilities of foreignness (LOF) affected EU companies, 67 and asset (AOF), 63 causes of, 60, 61, 62 for Chinese companies investing in Europe, 63 concept of, 60, 61 evolution of, 62 findings in, 67–69 key aspects of, 64 sources of, 62 spatial and institutional, 60, 61 types of, 62 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 264 Liquefied biogas (LBG), 226–228 Liquid form gas (LNG), 216, 219, 220, 221, 223 LOF See Liabilities of foreignness Low-temperature district heating networks, 247–256 Marine Environmental Law, 153 Merger and acquisitions (M&A), 116 Methane See Biomethane Mineral Resources Law, 153 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 7, Nanjing-based Phono Solar Technology Co Ltd., 121–122 National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), 14, 162 National Environmental Protection Conference, 152 Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) China, 192–199, 225–226 European Union, 217–220 New economic geography (NEG), 42 Nomenclature of Economic Activities (NACE), 105, 112 Non-Governative Organizations (NGO), 155 OECD, 27, 28 OECD Development Assistance Committee (ODA), 105 Open Door Policy, 153 Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) bilateral and multilateral treaties, 102 China, evolution of, 101 China’s policy on, 100–103 data, 104 defining green FDI, 105 environmental protection industries, 108 EU, in environmental industries, 104 flow and stock, 98 to individual countries, 107–108 industry distribution of, 108–109 Jiangsu’s green, 106–107 1979 to early 1990s, 101 renewable energy sector, 100 12th five year plan period, 102–103 2000 to present, 101 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 10–11 Power plant, cost optimization of biomass supply chain, 265–267 PV air conditioner, 289, 292 PV-driven air conditioner, 288–292 Regulations for Levy Standard on Pollution Discharge, 18 Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, 9–10 Renewable Electricity Pricing and Financing, 14 Renewable energy (RE) industry, 114 development, 26 directly and indirectly, 81 of European and Chinese firms, 82–84 expansion of, 79 in international markets, 79 preferential taxes, 79 wind power, 79 Renewable Energy Law (REL), 13, 14 Renewable energy technology, 294 Report on the State of the Environment in China, 2013 (RSEC), Risen Energy Co., Ltd., 117–119 Sany Heavy Industry Co Ltd., 120 Seventh Five Year Plan, 134 Shenzhen Everbest Machinery Industry Co Ltd., 122–123 Sino-Italian Green Energy Laboratory (GEL), 287 Sixth Five Year Plan, 114, 134 Small temperature difference, 294–295 Solar energy biogas digester system, 269 biogas technology, 268–270 Solar Fraction (SF), 289 Solar photovoltaic array, 289 State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC), 162 State Grid Corporation, 161 State Owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), 179 State-owned enterprises (SOE), 116 State Planning Commission, 101 State Power Corporation, 161 Straw biomass demand dilemma of, 262 fuel cost of, 265 open burning of, 261 power plants, 261 Supply chain, companies in, 85–87 10th Five Year Plans, 47 Theoretical biogas production, 273 13th Five Year Plans, 220 Tort law, 192–194, 199 Tort Liability Law (TLL), 189 12th Five Year Plans, 102–103, 163, 229 United Kingdom, cost of heat provision in, 241 United Nations commodity trade database (United Nations COMTRADE database), 28 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Vapor compression heat pumps, 247–256 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF), 290, 291, 292 Water Law, 153 Western China Development Program (GO-West), 41 Wholly foreign owned enterprise (WFOE), 78, 80, 93 World Bioenergy Association (WBA), 260 WTO, 26, 39 Wuxi Suntech Power Co Ltd., 119–120 ... University, Shanghai, China Changmian Zhang East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China Lihong Zhang East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China Qun Zhang.. .China and Europe’s Partnership for a More Sustainable World Challenges and Opportunities Transboundary environmental problems and European Union (EU) -China environmental trade, investment, and. .. China (and also in India, Brazil, and South Africa) may have knock-on effects on the demand for and availability of global resources Global weather may become more volatile and severe (cf hurricanes,