Los Zetas Inc Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb i 5/15/17 4:00 PM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Los Zetas Inc Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico Gua dalupe Cor r e a-Ca br er a University of Texas Press Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb iii Austin 5/15/17 4:00 PM Copyright © 2017 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2017 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713–7819 http://utpress.utexas.edu/rp-form The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe, author Title: Los Zetas Inc : criminal corporations, energy, and civil war in Mexico / Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera Description: First edition | Austin : University of Texas Press, 2017 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016038241| ISBN 978-1-4773-1274-2 (cloth : alk paper) | ISBN 978-1-4773-1275-9 (pbk : alk paper) | ISBN 978-1-4773-1276-6 (library e-book) | ISBN 978-1-4773-1277-3 (non-library e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Zetas (Drug cartel) | Organized crime—Mexico | Drug control—Mexico | Drug traffic—Mexico | Narco-terrorism—Mexico. | Transnational crime—International cooperation | Paramilitary forces— Mexico | Political violence—Mexico | Energy industries—Corrupt practices—Mexico Classification: LCC HV5840.M4 C68 2017 | DDC 364.1060972—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016038241 doi:10.7560/312742 Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb iv 5/15/17 4:00 PM To my parents, María Guadalupe Cabrera and Alfonso Correa Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb v 5/15/17 4:00 PM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Maps, Tables, and Figures Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments Introduction ix xv SEC TION I The Zetas: Criminal Paramilitaries in a Transnational Business The Zetas’ Origins The Zetas’ War 15 36 A Transnational Criminal Corporation 56 SEC TION II Mexico’s Drug War: A Modern Civil War? Paramilitarization of Organized Crime and a “War on Drugs” The New Paramilitarism in Mexico Mexico’s Modern Civil War 87 107 126 SEC TION III Los Zetas Incorporated The Zetas’ War and Mexico’s Energy Sector 157 Energy and Security in Tamaulipas, Ground Zero for the Zetas Who Benefits from the Zetas’ War? Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb vii 186 211 5/15/17 4:00 PM viii Contents Conclusion Four Successful Business Models in an Era of Modern Civil Wars 239 Appendix Energy Reform and the Zetas’ Expansion (Timeline) 259 Appendix History of Organized Crime in Tamaulipas: Timeline of Key Events 267 Appendix Map of Criminal Paramilitaries and Natural Resources in Mexico 281 Appendix El disfraz de la guerra (The War’s Disguise): Communiqué by Residents of La Ribereña 283 Appendix Organizational Charts: Constellis Holdings, LLC, and Los Zetas Inc 289 Appendix Areas of Dominant Influence of Major TCOs in Mexico, 2015 291 Notes 293 References Index Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb viii 315 341 5/15/17 4:00 PM Maps, Tables, and Figures Maps Map 1.1 Tamaulipas: A strategic Mexican border state Map 2.1 The battle for the Tamaulipas territories 16 40 Map 2.2 The Zetas’ area of influence in Mexico (2010–2013) 41 Map 7.1 Energy in Chihuahua, northeastern Mexico, and the Gulf corridor 160 Map 7.2 Oil and gas in Mexico 161 Map 7.3 Shale gas reserves in Mexico 162 Map 7.4 Hydrocarbons in northeastern Mexico 163 Map 7.5 Territorial control by three major TCOs, 2013 Map 7.6 Violence in Coahuila 164 167 Map 7.7 Water, energy resources, and energy infrastructure in Coahuila 168 Map 7.8 Violence, mining, and infrastructure in Michoacán Map 8.1 Tamaulipas Plan (Plan Tamaulipas) Map 8.2 Hydrocarbons in Tamaulipas I 192 195 Map 8.3 Hydrocarbons in Tamaulipas II and Burgos Basin Map 8.4 New infrastructure in Tamaulipas Map 8.5 Land property in Tamaulipas 175 196 203 208 Map 9.1 Mexican states at risk of “expropriation” 222 Map 9.2 The Eagle Ford Shale formation and Mexico’s basins Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb ix 237 5/15/17 4:00 PM Index 365 Murphy Energy Corporation, 245 music piracy, 1, 60, 242 Nacional de Valores Services Inc., 73 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 24, 102, 162, 213, 259, 308n10 Naidu, Suresh, 109–110 Nájar, Alberto, 23, 61 Napolitano, Janet, 209 narco-entrepreneurs, 169–170 narco-fl ights, 301n30 narcofosas (narco-graves), 42, 44 See also mass graves narcoinsurgency, 128, 214, 301–302n5 narcolaboratorios, 184 narco-paramilitary groups, 135–136 narcoterrorism, 47–48, 128, 301–302n5 narco-videos, 30 National Action Party (PAN), 88, 97–98, 253, 260, 271 National Defense University, 102 National Hydrocarbons Commission (CNH), 262 National Infrastructure Plan (PNI 2014–2018), 204 National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), 293n2, 303n18 National Liberation Army (ELN), 111 National Registry of Data of Missing or Disappeared Persons (RNPED), 226 national security: and border energy policies, 209–210; and cyberspace, 148; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 127–128, 138; and paramilitarization, 109, 120; and private security contractors, 229; versus public safety, 304n3; and USNORTHCOM, 102; and Zetas’ criminal model, 138 natural gas: and Altamira terminal, Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 365 308–309n15; in Chihuahua, 221; versus coal, 307n10; and crossborder pipelines, 234; and electricity, 166; and energy reform, 180, 259; exploitation of, through violence, 159; and fracking, 160– 161; and multiple services contracts, 260; and steel industry, 169; in Tamaulipas, 194; US boom in, 233, 311nn23–26; and US energy policy, 306–307n7 natural gas condensate: and Pemex fuel-theft lawsuits, 245; theft of, 217–218, 244, 312n7; trafficking of, 308n10; and Zetas, 243 natural resources: and criminal paramilitary groups, 281m; and disappearances, 226; and energy reform, 254–255; and failed states, 212; and forced displacements, 220; and Michoacán violence, 174; and militarization, 230; and transnational interests, 217, 230– 231; and violence, 185; and war on drugs, 214, 215–216; and Zetas’ criminal model, 180 See also looting Nava, José, 62, 108, 112 ’Ndrangheta, 42, 78–79, 300– 301n28, 301n29 Néctar Lima gang, 300n18 neoliberal economic policies, 88 Netherlands, 79 networks, 60–61, 66 Nevers, Renée de, 256 New Jersey, 42 New Mexico, 42 New Mexico State University, 101 new paramilitarism, 5–6 New Zetas (Zetas Nuevos), 57, 58 1995 fi nancial crisis, 20 Niño Villarreal, Ricardo César, 193, 280 North American energy independence, 233–235 North Dakota, 236, 311n25 5/15/17 4:01 PM 366 Index Northern Ireland, 92 northern Mexico, 99–100 Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala), 81, 133 Nueva Ciudad Guerrero, Tamaulipas, 198 Nueva Italia, Michoacán, 119 Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas: and arrival of Zetas, 260, 268; and attacks on media, 271; and bomb threat, 279; and cartel wars, 29– 30, 269; and cyberwarfare, 145– 146, 147–148; and disappearances, 218, 227; and Eagle Ford Shale formation, 237; and forced displacements, 206; and kidnapping, 272; and natural gas, 197, 198; and police corruption, 94; and prison breakouts, 189, 270, 272; and sicariato (killing industry), 71; and Small Border, 26; as strategic plaza, 27–28, 52, 57; and Texas border, 15, 16–17m, 296n16; and violence, 273, 274, 276; and Z-40’s capture, 298n13; as Zetas’ capital, 23–24; and Zetas’ criminal model, 240, 242; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 33, 39; and Zetas’ War, 42 Nuevo Laredo en Vivo, 146 Nuevo León: as black zone, 44; and cartel wars, 270; and civil society, 193; and disappearances, 224– 225t, 226–227; and elite-fi nanced paramilitaries, 113, 115–116, 135, 141–142, 303n4; and escalating violence, 38; and expropriation, 223; and forced displacements, 220; and Fuerza Civil (Civil Force), 136; and highway construction plans, 204; and increased violence, 101; and La Barbie’s Milenio letter, 31; and money laundering, 73; and paramilitary training, 72; and private investment in energy, 160; and re- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 366 source extraction, 159; and shale gas, 161–162, 235; and sicariato (killing industry), 242; and silence zones, 165; and Ternium, 177– 178; and uranium, 183; and violence, 163; and Zetas’ expansion, 41, 260; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 39; and Zetas’ War, 43 Oaxaca, 116, 223, 224–225t Obama, Barack, 214, 234 OHL Mexico, 253–254 oil: discoveries of in Tamaulipas, 194; and energy reform, 180; exploitation of through violence, 159; and forced displacements, 207; reserves of in Tamaulipas, 194–195; in Tamaulipas, 186; theft of, 269; and transnational interests, 230–231; and US energy independence, 311n21 See also hydrocarbons Ojinaga, Chihuahua, 163 Ojinaga–El Encino–La Laguna pipelines, 221 Oklahoma, 42 Old Zetas (Zetas Viejos), 57–58, 298–299n2 #OpCartel, 148–150, 151–152, 305–306n24 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 233, 311n22 Operativo Zetas gang, 300n18 Organization of American States (OAS), 123 organized crime: and alliances, 297n20; during Calderón administration, 293n2; and Coahuila coal industry, 169–170; in Colombia, 110; and criminal networks, 1–2; and cyberspace, 143; and dearth of media coverage, 142; and disappearances, 1, 223; and energy sector, 163–165; and failed states, 212; and forced displacements, 206; and foreign direct in- 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 367 vestment, 230; government’s fight against, 293n4; homicides related to, 100t; and hydrocarbon theft, 199–201, 217–219; and iron ore, 172–173; and lack of effect on ArcelorMittal, 178; and Los Zetas, 3; and Mexican government, 88; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 137, 138; and Michoacán violence, 174; as military power, 89; and modern civil war, 126– 127, 128–129; and natural gas condensate trafficking, 309n5; and natural resources trade with transnational companies, 184; and paramilitarization, 91–92, 121; and pattern of violence in extraction zones, 166; and Pemex’s pipeline system, 243–244; and political control, 94; and retribution against anti-TCO reports, 294n12; and self-defense paramilitaries, 117, 124–125; in Tamaulipas, 193; and Tamaulipas government, 20; and Tamaulipas militarization, 208; and Tamaulipas oil resources, 196–197; and Ternium’s operations, 177; and transnational interests, 226, 230; and US arms manufacturers, 228; and Valor por Tamaulipas, 147, 150–151; and war on drugs, 215; Zetas’ transformation of, 66 Osborne, James, 236 Oseguera, Arquímides, 247 Osorio Chong, Miguel Ángel, 119, 191 Osorno, Diego, 4, 53, 54, 59, 141– 142, 168 Padilla, Tamaulipas, 207 Paley, Dawn: on broken civil society, 193; on Colombia as pattern for war, 165; on Colombia’s paramilitarization, 111–112; on confl ict-driven economic opportunities, 131, 157–158; Drug War Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 367 Capitalism (2014), 294n6; on forced displacements, 206–207, 220; on media’s role in Mexico’s modern civil war, 152; on Mexico’s modern civil war, 137, 138– 139, 141, 213; on mining and capitalist expansion, 183; on reforms benefitting private investment, 229–230; on San Fernando Massacre, 94–95; on transnational corporate sector, 229–230, 252; on wars against people, 216 Palomo Rincones, Román Ricardo (aka El Coyote), 50 PAN (National Action Party), 88, 97–98, 253, 260, 271 Paperstorm (leaflet campaign), 149 Parachute Rifle Brigade (BFP), 296n9 Parácuaro, Michoacán, 119 paramilitaries: in Colombia, 110; and Colombian confl ict, 140; and looting, 133–134; in Mexico versus Colombia, 111; and the state, 293–294n5; and violence in hydrocarbon-rich areas, 169; and violence in resourcerich areas, 183 See also criminal paramilitaries; elite-fi nanced paramilitaries; self-defense paramilitaries paramilitarism: and capitalism, 213; in Colombia, 111–112; of criminals and governments, 11–12; and cyberspace, 148–150; and elite funding, 115; and governmentparamilitary ties, 121–122; as government response to TCO violence, 108–109; and land depreciation, 231; and Mérida Initiative, 230; and Mexican government security strategy, 113; in Mexican history, 108; and Mexican security strategy, 106; and Michoacán violence, 174; and modern civil war, 126–127; as reaction to Zetas, 85; and state sponsorship, 5/15/17 4:01 PM 368 Index paramilitarism (continued) 92; as strategy against organized crime, 107; and symmetric nonconventional warfare, 135; in Tamaulipas, 186, 208–210; and transnational interests, 256–257; and violence benefitting corporate interests, 180 paramilitarization: and civil war characteristics, 126; and cyberspace, 143; as justified by terror, 153; and private security contractors, 252; and Zetas’ corporatemilitary criminal model, 91–92; and Zetas’ criminal model, 125 paramilitary training camps, 72 participant observation, 7, Partlow, Joshua, 228 patronage networks, 88 Payán, Tony, 100 Pemex: and attacks on workers, 286; and Burgos Basin, 197; and corruption, 201; and energy reform, 252–255, 261, 264; and fuel theft lawsuits, 244, 312n6; and gasoline theft, 309n2; and Halliburton, 243; and hydrocarbon theft, 198–199, 217–219, 269; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 213; and money laundering, 76; and multiple services contracts, 260, 306n6; and natural gas condensate trafficking, 309n5; and oil discoveries, 181; and private investment, 162; and shale gas, 161; and Tamaulipas oil resources, 195–196; and transnational interests, 233, 313n15; and Zetas’ diversification, 82 Peña Colorada, 177 Peña Mendoza, Sergio (aka El Concord 3), 33, 262, 269 Peña Nieto, Enrique: and ArcelorMittal, 178; and disappearances, 227; and energy reform, 254– 255, 264; and Lázaro Cárdenas military takeover, 179; and mil- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 368 itarization, 108; and militarization in Tamaulipas, 190; security strategy of, 117; and self-defense paramilitaries, 119–120; and Ternium, 177; and war on drugs, 214; and Zeta members arrested, 298n11 Pentagon, 214 Perdido, 202 Perdomo, Ricardo, 46 Pérez, Juan, 51 Pérez, Ramiro (aka El Rama), 280 Pérez, Santiago, 172 Peru, 78 Pesquería, Nuevo Ln, 177 Petraeus, David, 153 Petrich, Blanche, 25 Petrobras, 162, 306n6 Petróleos Mexicanos See Pemex PGR See Attorney General’s Office PIDIREGAS (Proyectos de Inversión Diferida en el Registro del Gasto, Investment Projects with Deferred Expenditure Registration), 259 Piedras Negras, Coahuila, 44, 160, 181, 237, 298n4 Pihuamo, Jalisco, 177 Pineda, Manuel, 24 pipelines, 234 pirating DVDs, 25, 75 Plan Tamaulipas, 191, 192m, 209, 279 plata o plomo (silver or lead), 142 plaza chiefs, 51–52, 75, 76 plazas: and cartel wars, 32–33, 221; in Coahuila, 44; and cyberparamilitarism, 147; defi ned, 296n15; and estacas, 57, 80; and Halliburton, 243; and kingpin arrest strategy, 52; in Michoacán, 47; and PRI, 89; TCOs’ fight for control over, 39, 49, 99; and territorial control, 27; in Veracruz, 101; and Zetas’ criminal model, 242; and Zetas’ organizational structure, 61; and Zetas’ origins, 23; and Zetas’ War, 271 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 369 podcasts, police: and corruption, 94; and forced disappearances, 223; and human trafficking, 82; impeded by cell structure, 66; and modern civil war, 127–128; and pattern of violence in extraction zones, 165; replaced by military, 274; resignations of, 272; and San Fernando Massacre, 280; and spiraling violence, 97; and war on drugs, 104 policía comunitaria (communitarian police), 116–117, 303n8 policía rural (rural police), 116, 120, 122–123, 303n8 policing, 79–80, 109, 227 political elites, 134 politicians: assassinations of, 35, 38; and collusion with TCOs, 247; and conflation of drug trafficking with organized crime, 60; and corruption, 2; and Gulf Cartel, 18, 20–21, 300n25; and hacktivism, 305n23; in popular accounts of TCOs, 10–11; and two-way illegal flow, 212; and Zetas’ board of directors, 66, 75, 77 See also specific people politics: and corporate interests, 246–247; and fracking, 234; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 138, 139; and paramilitarization of TCOs, 92–93; and war, 284; and Zetas’ criminal model, 248; and Zetas’ War, 187 Politics as a Vocation (Max Weber, 1919), 95–96 politics of death, 22 poppy export, 171 Poptún, Guatemala, 45 Popular Liberation Army (EPL), 111 Porter, David, 238 Porter, Michael E., 299n10 ports: and energy industry, 159; and energy reform, 204; and infrastructure, 179; and Michoacán violence, 174; and natural gas, Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 369 205; and natural resources, 185; and Plan Tamaulipas, 191, 279; in Tamaulipas, 15; TCO control of, 184; and traffickers, 17; and transnational interests, 256; and violence in Tamaulipas, 186; and war on drugs, 286 Portugal, 79 Poza Rica-Altamira Asset, 194 Prado Rodríguez, Ángel Eduardo (aka Ciclón 7), 280 precursor chemicals, 171–172, 212 Preventive Federal Police, 26 PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party): and assassination of politicians, 271; and corruption, 307n9; and hacktivist denouncements, 305n23; and money laundering, 77; and narcocorruption, 89; and PAN, 260; and paramilitarism, 107, 108; and power dynamics, 88; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 42; and Zetas’ War, 45 Primera Hora, 146 Prince, Erik, 245 private armies, 111 private investment: and AHMSA, 170–171; and ArcelorMittal, 178; and energy reform, 159–160, 162, 182, 201; and forced displacements, 207; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 219; and private security contractors, 229 private security contractors: as beneficiaries of Mexico’s modern civil war, 239, 257; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 227, 229; operations of, 313n19; and TCOs, 240; and transnational interests, 252; and Zetas’ criminal model, 245 privatization, 24, 229, 255–256 privatized security, 110 PRoA Communicación Integral (PRoA All-Round Communication), 313n17 5/15/17 4:01 PM 370 Index PRODEMI (Promotora de Desarrollo Minero de Coahuila [Coahuila’s Mining Development Promoter]), 169, 173 Prodira Casa de Cambio and Trastreva, 73 Prodira Inc., 73 Prodira Internacional, 73 Prohibition, 18–19 Project Reckoning, 244, 299n15 propaganda, 67, 68, 152–153 property rights, 79–80 prostitution, 18, 25 protection services, 56, 79–80 psychology, 152–153 publicity, 29–30 public opinion, 152 public safety, 138 Puebla, 41, 223 Puerto Madero, 17 Quinn, Jack, 246, 312n9 Quintana Roo, 17 racehorses, 73 radio network, 70 Ramírez, Jesús, 253 Ramírez Treviđo, Mario (aka El Pelón), 279 Ravelo, Ricardo, 4, 10, 22, 37–38, 53, 63–65 rebranding, 248–249 See also branding recruiting methods, 51, 71 Reed, Tristan, 6, 51–52, 95 Rejón Aguilar, Jesús Enrique (aka El Mamito), 50, 298–299n2 Repsol, 162 Resa Nestares, Carlos, 80 resource extraction: and civil wars, 157–159; and dual function of paramilitary violence, 141; and forced disappearances, 226; TCO involvement in, 164; and territorial control, 184; and violence, 165–166, 213–214; and war on drugs, 239 Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 370 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 53 Reyes, Itzel, 142–143 Reyes, Ralph, 63 Reyes-Heroles, Jesús, 253–254, 313n17 Reyes Mejía González, Juan (aka R-1 or El Quique), 250, 270 Reyes Rivera, José Guadalupe (aka El Sasi), 280 Reyna, Jesús, 247 Reynosa, Tamaulipas, 26; and cartel wars, 33; and cyberwarfare, 153; and disappearances, 227; and energy infrastructure, 202; and forced displacements, 206, 221; and gas compression, 205; and grenade attacks, 272; and Gulf Cartel, 39; and Gulf Cartel internal confl ict, 274, 275, 278, 279; and hydrocarbon exploitation, 194; and hydrocarbon theft, 199; and prison breakouts, 189, 269, 274; and retribution against antiTCO reports, 146–147; and shale gas, 197; and social media censorship, 147–148; and US-Mexican border, 308n13; and violence, 270; and weakness of civil society, 193; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 190 Rincón-Rincón, Juan Roberto, 62, 299n6 Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, 196, 199, 274, 276 Rio Grande (Río Bravo), 237 Rio Grande Valley, Texas, 77 Ríos, Viridiana, 60 road blockades, 98 Robinson, William, 93 Rockefeller, John D., 250 Rodríguez, Marco A., 22, 68 Rodríguez-Orijuela brothers, 19–20 Rosales Mendoza, Carlos (aka El Tísico), 298n6 Rosneft, 251 Royal Dutch Shell, 245, 251 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 371 Ruiz de Teresa, Guillermo, 179 Rural Defense Corps, 119, 123 rural police, 120, 122–123 Russia, 79, 251, 307–308n19 Saab, Bilal Y., 111 Sabinas, Coahuila, 161 Sabinas Basin, 160m, 161m Sabinas-Burro-Picachos, 195 Sabino Gordo Bar, 43 Sachs, Daniel, 36, 60 Safe Mexico (México Seguro), 98, 261 Safe Tamaulipas (Tamaulipas Seguro), 276 Salazar, Leticia, 193, 280 Saldívar Farías, José Manuel (aka Z-31), 280 Salgado, Héctor (aka Metro 4), 278 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 19, 253 Salinas de Gortari, Raúl, 267, 300n25 Salinas Lozano, Raúl, 19 Saltillo, Coahuila, 44, 166 Salvadoran death squads, 91–92 Sambanis, Nicholas, 130 San Antonio, Texas, 77 San Blas, 17 Sánchez, Luis, 222–223 Sánchez Soler, Marta, 82 San Fernando, Tamaulipas: and energy infrastructure, 202, 206; and forced displacements, 207; and hydrocarbon exploitation, 194, 197–198; and mass graves, 143, 262; and police corruption, 82, 280; and security complex attack, 274; unsuccessful police recruiting by, 275; and violence, 273; Zeta control in, 187, 270; and Zeta expansion, 42; and Zetas– Gulf Cartel confl ict, 39 See also San Fernando Massacre San Fernando Massacre: investigation of, 271, 280; and mass graves, 143, 197, 262, 273; and Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 371 Román Ricardo Palomo Rincones, 50; and Zetas’ criminal model, 81–82, 94–95; and Zetas’ violence, 42 See also San Fernando, Tamaulipas San Fernando Valley, 197–198 Sangre Zeta gang, 300n18 San Isidro, Chihuahua, 308– 309n15 San Juan, Texas, 82 San Luis Potosí, 41, 161, 165, 182, 223 San Marcos, Texas, 81 San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, 113, 115–116, 135–136, 141–142, 303n4 Sauceda, Gregorio (aka El Caramuela or Don Goyo), 268 Sayaxché, Guatemala, 45 Saynez Mendoza, Mariano Francisco, 103 Schlumberger: and Burgos Basin, 162; and Halliburton, 251; as largest oilfield services company, 312n2; and Pemex, 233, 313n15; and shale gas, 311n26; and Suárez-Coppel administration, 254; and US energy policy, 306–307n7 Scobell, Andrew, 93 SDRs (situaciones de riesgo, situations of risk), 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 270, 278, 294n13 Sealing Operation (Operación Sellamiento), 296n13 Secretariat of Communications and Transportation, 179 Secretariat of Finance, 98 Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), 58, 119, 153, 304n12 Secretariat of the Interior (SEGOB), 98, 188, 310n11 Secretariat of the Navy (SEMAR), 103, 153 security crisis, 136 security industry, 240 5/15/17 4:01 PM 372 Index security services: as beneficiaries of Mexico’s modern civil war, 227; and local police, 79–80; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 219; and transnational interests, 252; and Zetas’ criminal model, 245 security strategy: and semimilitarized state or local police, 136; and violence in resource-rich areas, 183 self-defense paramilitaries: and CJNG, 304n17; in Colombia, 112; and communitarian police, 116; and cyberparamilitarism, 152; and cyberspace, 151–152; formal recognition of, 119; and iron ore, 172; in Mexico, 113; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 137; in Mexico versus Colombia, 107; in Michoacán, 175m, 178– 179; and Michoacán violence, 173–174; risks of, 123–124; and security strategy, 117; and symmetric nonconventional warfare, 135–136; and Zetas, 304n12 See also arms race; elite-fi nanced paramilitaries; paramilitaries; vigilante groups; specific groups shale gas: and AHMSA, 171; and Burgos Basin, 161–162; in Chihuahua, 181; in Coahuila, 166– 168; deposits of, 163m; and Eagle Ford Shale formation, 236; and energy reform, 180; exploitation of through violence, 159; and expropriation, 222; and forced displacements, 207; and fracking, 160, 234, 311n23; Mexico’s reserves of, 312n31; and need for water, 183; reserves of, 162m; in Tamaulipas, 186, 194, 197, 201; and Tamaulipas energy investment, 205–206; and transnational corporations, 169; and transnational energy companies, 311n26; and US energy independence, 311n21; and US en- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 372 ergy sector, 231–232, 233, 235; and Zetas’ territorial control, 164–165 Shell Oil, 182, 306–307n7 shootouts, 272 sicariato (killing industry), 64, 71, 76, 94, 242, 300n17 Sicilia, Javier, 128 Sierra Santa Brothers (aka Los Viagras), 122–123 Sinaloa: and cartel wars, 29; and disappearances, 226; and drugrelated murders in 2010, 101; and forced displacements, 220; and hydrocarbon theft, 217; and natural gas imports, 235; and violence, 100 Sinaloa Cartel: and cartel wars, 28; and CJNG, 263; and Coahuila Zetas’ War, 44; and La Familia Michoacana, 261; and La Federación, 26–27, 32–33; and Mata-Zetas, 114; as Mexico’s most powerful TCO, 38; and money laundering, 74; and narcoterrorism, 297n26; and narcovideos, 30; and Nuevo Laredo, 269; organizational structure of, 61; and power relative to Zetas, 49; and sicariato (killing industry), 300n17; and social base, 51; and strategic alliances, 252; and Veracruz Zetas’ War, 43; and Zetas’ criminal model, 221; and Zetas’ paramilitary tactics, 23; and Zetas rivalry, 260; and Zetas’ War, 268 Small Border (Frontera Chica): as disputed territory, 26–27; and El disfraz de la guerra, 283–288; and energy infrastructure, 202; and hydrocarbon theft, 200– 201; and migrant trafficking, 271; organized crime and hydrocarbons in, 197–199; and Zetas’ criminal model, 35; and Zetas– Gulf Cartel confl ict, 39; and Zeta 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 373 subsidiaries, 242; and Zetas’ War, 42 social cleansing, 121, 301n4 social force, 62 social media: as battlefield, 144; and cartel wars, 29–30; and content curation, 305n13; as information source, 8–9, 270, 295n14; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 152– 153; and modern civil war, 126– 127; and murder of reporters, 274; and TCOs, 145; and Zetas’ branding, 67; and Zetas’ marketing, 68 See also cyberspace social networks, 7, 8–9, 220 social science research, solar energy, 169 Solís, Martín, 222 Sonora, 183 Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, 196 Southeast Basin, 160m, 161m South Texas, 202, 204, 236–237, 280, 312n30 See also specifi c border crossings; specifi c cities South Texas–Tuxpan (Marino) gas pipeline, 204 Spain, 79 Spencer, Abraham, 306–307n7 Sri Lanka, 134 Standard Oil, 241, 250, 310– 311n20 See also ExxonMobil state and local governments, 87– 88 See also specifi c government agencies State of México, 116, 226–227 states, defi ned, 293n4 state violence, 121, 166 steel industry: and AHMSA, 170– 171, 307n15; and ArcelorMittal, 178, 307–308n19; and energy sector, 169; and industrial chains, 166; and Knights Templar, 172, 184; oligopolization of, 179; and Ternium, 174–177; and territorial succession, 182 Stewart, Scott, 6, 51–52, 95 St George, Chris, 312n9 Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 373 St George, David, 312n9 Stillman, Sarah, 81 strategic alliances, 251 Stratfor (Strategic Forecasting Inc.), 49, 51–53, 305–306n24 StructurA, 313n17 Suárez, Roberto Jaime, 271 Suárez-Coppel, Juan José, 254 subcontractors, 64–65 subsidiaries: and diversification, 77– 78; and Exxon Mobil Corporation, 240; and Halliburton, 242– 243; and Zetas’ criminal model, 75, 249; and Zetas’ rebranding, 248 Sudan, 134 Sunoco Marketing Partners LP, 245 symmetric nonconventional warfare: characteristics of, 135–136; and cyberspace, 143, 147–150, 151; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 139; in Michoacán, 178–179; and natural resources, 180; and Zetas’ criminal model, 239 Syria, 134 Tabasco: and expansion of Zetas, 260; and expropriation, 223; and oil discoveries, 181; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and shale gas, 161; and violence benefitting corporate interests, 180; Zetas’ expansion to, 41 Tabor, Damon, 20, 69–70 Tamaulipas: and border crossings, 17; and cartel wars, 28–29; and clandestine graves, 143; and the Company, 25; and corruption, 247; and cyberparamilitarism, 148, 151–152; and cyberwarfare, 153; and dearth of media coverage, 142; and disappearances, 226–227; and drug-related murders in 2010, 101; and energy infrastructure, 202, 204–206; and energy reform, 6; and escalating violence, 38; and expropri- 5/15/17 4:01 PM 374 Index Tamaulipas (continued) ation, 223; as failed state, 309n1; and fight for territory, 39; and forced displacements, 220, 221; and Gulf Cartel, 20–21; history of violence in, 34f; and hydrocarbon industry, 12; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 162; and hydrocarbons, 155; and hydrocarbon theft, 199–201, 217; and Los Zetas’ origins, 13; and México Seguro (Safe Mexico), 98; and modern civil war, 128; and money laundering, 77; and organized crime timeline, 267–281; and paramilitary training, 72; and police corruption, 94; and private investment in energy, 160, 201–202; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and shale gas, 161, 235; and sicariato (killing industry), 300n17; and silence zones, 165; and stolen natural gas condensate, 173; and symmetric nonconventional warfare, 135–136; and Texas border, 15; and transnational energy companies, 255; and violence, 163; and Zetas’ board of directors, 76; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 40m, 186–191; and Zetas’ rebranding, 251; and Zetas’ War, 42–43 Tamaulipas Seguro (Safe Tamaulipas), 276 Tamaulipas-Texas border, 16–17m, 19, 39 Tampico, Tamaulipas: and energy infrastructure, 202; and forced displacements, 206; and weakness of civil society, 193; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 39, 190; and Zetas’ War, 270 Tampico Basin, 181 Tampico-Misantla Basin, 160m, 161m Tancítaro, Michoacán, 119 Tanhuato, Michoacán, 303n19 tax collection, 79, 174 Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 374 Taylor, Alexandra W., 111 Techint-Tecpetrol, 306n6 Teikoku Oil, 306n6 Televisa, 271 Temple, Gerald, 140 Tennessee, 42 Tepalcatepec, Michoacán, 118 Ternium, 174, 177–178, 179, 182 Ternium Industrial Center, 177–178 territorial control: and Central American gangs, 298n16; and expropriation, 223; and forced displacements, 213, 220; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 180; and Mata-Zetas, 114; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 138; and Michoacán self-defense paramilitaries, 118; and modern civil war, 134; and paramilitary groups, 112; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and resource extraction, 184; and shale gas, 164; and Small Border, 26– 27; and war on drugs, 216; and Zetas’ criminal model, 61–62, 64–65, 182; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 187; and Zetas’ paramilitary tactics, 94–95; and Zetas’ War, 36 terror: and cyberspace, 149; and disappearances, 223, 226; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 165; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 152–153; in Tamaulipas, 193; and Ternium’s operations, 177; and transnational interests, 212; and Zetas’ branding, 68; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 187–191 terrorist organizations, 74 terror tactics, 37, 68, 98, 145–147 Texas: as beneficiary of hydrocarbon theft, 243–244; as beneficiary of Mexico’s modern civil war, 236; and border with Coahuila, 166; and energy boom, 312n29; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 162; and Mexican refugees, 286–287; and 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 375 money laundering, 77; and natural gas, 311n25; and natural gas production, 286; and Tamaulipas border, 15; and Zeta operations, 42; and Zetas’ money laundering, 73 Texas Railroad Commission, 238 Texas Syndicate, 71 Tierra Caliente, Michoacán, 47, 118, 119–120, 128, 178 Tijuana Cartel, 28, 46, 269, 297n21 Tikal, Guatemala, 45 Tlatlaya, State of Mexico, 303n19 Tlaxcala, 41 Torre Cantú, Egidio, 191, 206, 271, 272, 274, 278 Torre Cantú, Rodolfo, 42, 271 Torreón, Coahuila, 44, 166 Torres, Jorge Juan, 77, 307n14 tourism, 38, 273 Trans-Border Institute of the University of San Diego, 101 Transformation of War (Van Creveld 1991), 152 transnational corporate capital, 5, 6, 179, 180 transnational corporations: as beneficiaries of Mexico’s modern civil war, 227; as beneficiaries of violence, 213; and disappearances, 226; and former government officials, 253; and land depreciation, 231; and looting, 133–134; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 217; and Mexico’s security policies, 229–230; and militarization of Michoacán, 179; as model for TCOs, 299n10; and natural resource exploitation, 230; and natural resources trade with organized crime, 184; and power dynamics, 214; and private security contractors, 252; and violence in resource-rich areas, 180, 182; and Zetas’ criminal model, 64–65 transnational criminal organiza- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 375 tions (TCOs): areas influenced by, 291m; and Calderón’s war on drugs, 99–100, 105–106; as criminal entrepreneurs, 257; and democratization of Mexico, 88, 96; and diversification, 216; diversified operations of, 1–2; and drug trafficking, 79; versus DTOs, 9–10; and field research, 7; and finance, 72–73; and hydrocarbonrich areas, 155; and hydrocarbon theft, 199–201; and hydrocarbon trafficking, 82–83; and irregular warfare in cyberspace, 145–147; and kingpin arrest strategy, 209, 302n9; labeled as insurgents, 139; lack of information on, 58; and legal transnational businesses, 240; and looting, 158; and media publicity, 30; and Mexican state, 120; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 138; and Mexico-US joint efforts, 103; and modern civil war, 129; and money laundering, 74; and new civil wars, 133; and Nuevo Laredo, 23–24; and paramilitarization, 91–92, 93; and paramilitarization of police, 107; and paramilitary training, 72; and political control, 95; and port control, 184; and prison breakouts, 269; and private security contractors, 229; and replication of Zetas’ model, 87; and resource exploitation, 164; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and retribution against anti-TCO reports, 294n12; and sicariato (killing industry), 300n17; and the state, 293–294n5; and stolen natural gas condensate, 244; and strategic alliances, 252; and territorial control, 164m; timeline of in Tamaulipas, 267–281; and two-way illegal flow, 211–212; and violence in resource-rich areas, 182; and violence in Tamaulipas, 186; and war on drugs, 98; 5/15/17 4:01 PM 376 Index transnational criminal organizations (continued) versus Zeta model, 59t, 60; and Zetas’ criminal model, 240 See also specific groups transnational economic interests, 4, 226, 230 transnational energy companies: as beneficiaries of hydrocarbon theft, 243–244; as beneficiaries of Mexico’s modern civil war, 227, 239; and energy reform, 254; and hydrocarbon theft, 217; and Mexico’s energy production, 169; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 159; and pattern of violence in extraction zones, 165; and Pemex, 233; and Zetas, 243; and Zetas in Coahuila, 171 See also foreign energy companies transnational fi nancial sector: as beneficiary of civil war, 134; as beneficiary of Mexico’s modern civil war, 211–212; as beneficiary of violence, 212; as beneficiary of Zetas’ model, 12; and money laundering, 310n19 transportation routes, 142, 200 Tremor Enterprises LLC, 73 Treviño Morales, Miguel Ángel (aka Z-40): arrest of, 239, 264, 279, 298n13; and family links, 45; and Gulf Cartel, 268; and Joaquín Guzmán’s challenge, 276; and lack of business preparation, 75; and lack of military training, 299n3; and money laundering, 73; and Zetas’ decline, 263, 277; as Zetas’ leader, 50 Treviño Morales, Omar (aka Z-42): arrest of, 51, 54, 73, 265, 280, 298n14; as Zetas’ leader, 50 Twitter: as battlefield, 144–145; as information source, 7, 8, 294n13, 295n14; and media war between TCOs, 32; and US consulate, 278; and Valor por Tamaulipas, 147, 151, 306n26; and Zetas’ market- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 376 ing, 68; and Zetas’ model, 69– 70 UEDO (Special Unit on Organized Crime), 23, 296n14 Unidad Zetas gang, 300n18 Unidos por los Valores en Tamaulipas, 153 United Nations Office against Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 45 United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), 91–92, 111 United States: as beneficiary of Mexico’s modern civil war, 231– 238, 288; and Calderón’s war on drugs, 104; and counter-narcotics military aid, 110; and energy independence, 231–232; and extradition, 261, 269, 270, 295n6; and Mérida Initiative, 99; and Mexican cooperation, 102; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 284–287; and military training of TCO members, 48; and Sealing Operation (Operación Sellamiento), 296n13; and transnational interests, 212, 227 Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, 100 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 136 URAMEX (Uranio Mexicano or Mexican Uranium), 182–183 uranium, 182 urban gangs, 111 Uruapan, Michoacán, 46 US border security/militaryindustrial complex, 11–12, 134, 211, 227–228 US Department of Energy, 236 US Department of Justice, 244, 300n20 US Department of State, 306–307n7 US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): and Osiel Cárdenas, 268; and Colombian confl ict, 111; on the Company, 25; and Rogelio González Pizaña, 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 377 264, 279; and kingpin strategy, 295n17; on organized crime in Mexico, 269; and Project Reckoning, 244, 299n15; on Zetas’ organizational structure, 63 US economy, 11, 228, 231–235 US energy corporations, 244 See also specific firms US energy independence, 231–235, 311n21 US foreign policy, 94–95, 234, 312n1 US government: and Constellis, 246; and KBR, 247; and Mérida Initiative, 215; and private security contractors, 229; and shale gas, 235; and transnational interests, 213; and Tomás Yarrington, 276; and 2013 Austin trial, 76 See also specific agencies US imperialism, 213–214 US intelligence, 50 US Joint Chiefs of Staff, 138 US Marine Corps, 153 US-Mexico border, 19, 79, 199–200, 306n5, 308n13 See also specifi c cities US-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement, 263 US military, 102–103, 111, 228, 256 US National Security Agency, 246 US Naval War College, 102 USNORTHCOM (United States Northern Command), 102–103, 302–303n16, 303n17 US Senate Armed Services Committee, 103 US State Department, 36, 103, 234, 245, 301–302n5 US Treasury, 73 Valdés, Guillermo, Valdez Villarreal, Édgar (aka La Barbie), 29–30, 31, 68, 269, 297n27 Valencia, Armando, 27 Valencia family See Cartel of the Valencia Brothers Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 377 Valero Energy Corporation, 306–307n7 Valle Hermoso, Tamaulipas, 43, 187, 206, 227, 269, 271 Vallejo, Fausto, 247 Vallejo Mora, Rodrigo, 247, 313n11 Valor por Michoacán (VxM), 148, 151–152 Valor por Tamaulipas (VxT), 53– 54, 147, 148, 150–151, 152, 279, 306n26 Van Creveld, Martin, 152 Velázquez Caballero, Iván (aka Z-50 or El Talibán), 50, 278 Vélez-Ibáñez, Carlos G., 220 Venezuela, 78 Veracruz: and CJNG, 252; and clandestine graves, 143; and corruption, 247; and criminal paramilitary groups, 113; and cyberparamilitarism, 148, 150; and dearth of media coverage, 142; and disappearances, 226; and escalating violence, 38; and expansion of Zetas, 260; and expropriation, 223; and forced displacements, 220; and hydrocarbon discoveries, 194; and hydrocarbon theft, 217; and increased violence, 101; and MataZetas, 114–115; and money laundering, 76; organized crime and hydrocarbons in, 197; and polizetas (police working for Zetas), 70; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and semimilitarized state or local police, 136; and shale gas, 161; and silence zones, 165; and social media censorship, 147–148; and violence benefitting corporate interests, 180; and Zetas’ board of directors, 76; Zetas’ expansion to, 41; and Zetas’ War, 43 Veracruz Basin, 160m, 161m Veracruz Seguro (Secure Veracruz), 43 Vietnam War, 153 5/15/17 4:01 PM 378 Index vigilante gangs, 113 vigilante groups, 92, 113, 115, 118–123 See also self-defense paramilitaries Villalobos, Joaquín, 62, 127, 128– 129, 131 Villanueva, Mónica, 142–143 Villarreal, Miguel (aka El Gringo), 279 violence: and ArcelorMittal, 178; and beneficiaries of new civil war, 227; and Calderón’s administration, 101; and Calderón’s war on drugs, 105; and civil war characteristics, 132, 132t; in Coahuila, 167m, 171; and criminal insurgency, 139; and energy industry, 168–169; and expropriation, 223; and extortion of local businesses, 80; and fear generation as a goal, 61; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 155, 165; and hydrocarbon theft, 218; in Juárez Valley, 221; and land depreciation, 271; and Los Filos gold mine, 185; as marketing tactic, 67–68; and Mexican government reforms, 89; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 138; in Michoacán, 174, 175–176m; and militarization of Mexican security strategy, 87; and modern civil war, 139–141; monopoly on, 96–99; and plaza control, 53; and resource exploitation during civil war, 158–159; and resource extraction, 239; as sensationalized by writers, 59; and silence zones, 165; as social control, 93; and social media reporting, 144; as state right, 95–96; and symmetric nonconventional warfare, 135; in Tamaulipas, 194, 208–210; and third-generation gangs, 298n9; and transnational interests, 212, 222, 226, 256; and war on drugs, 215, 283–288; and Zetas’ criminal model, 54–55; and Zetas’ de- Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 378 cline, 50–51; and Zetas’ diversification, 79; and Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 187–191; and Zetas in Coahuila, 166; in Zetas’ model, 91 Waha-Presidio pipeline, 221 Waha–San Elizario pipeline, 221 war on drugs: beneficiaries of, 211– 212, 215–216, 284; and civilian casualties, 141–142; and counterinsurgency, 138; as counterrevolution, 213; as cover for repression, 214; and cyberspace, 143–153; and disappearances, 223; and dual function of paramilitary violence, 140; and escalating violence, 38; as excuse for militarization, 213–214; failure of, 110; and increased violence, 98, 101, 103–104; and looting, 133–134; and Mexican government, 2–3; and modern civil war, 126–127, 128; and money laundering, 310n19; and paramilitarization, 113; and TCO diversification, 99; and unconventional security strategies, 111; and US profits, 227–228; victims of, 216–217 water, 167–168, 168m, 182–183, 206, 213, 216–217 Weatherford International Ltd., 190, 198, 254, 313n15 Weber, Max, 95 West Africa, 301n30 West Rail Bypass Bridge, 202, 204 West Rock Energy, 76 WhatsApp, 144 wikis, Wilkinson, Tracy, 113–115 Wilson Center, 194, 204 wind energy, 168m, 169 Xe Services, 245, 255 See also Blackwater Xtreme Energy Group, 76 5/15/17 4:01 PM Index 379 Yakuza, 138 Yarrington, Tomás, 77, 247, 275, 276 Ye Gon, Zhenli, 304n12 Young, Shannon, 149–150, 196, 197, 255 YouTube, 32, 149 Yucatán, 17 Yucatán Peninsula, 41 Zacatecas, 41, 142, 182, 183 Zambada, Ismael (aka El Mayo), 29 Zapatista insurrection, 108 Zedillo, Ernesto, 253, 260 Zetas: and anti-Zeta paramilitaries, 113; and Burgos Basin, 197; and Calderón’s administration, 101; and Cárdenas’s extradition, 32; and cartel wars, 27–28; and Coahuila governor Humberto Moreira, 307n9; and the Company, 25; compared to Constellis, 289–290f; compared to legal transnational businesses, 240; compared to private security contractors, 245; and control of hydrocarbon-rich areas, 155, 157; and control of territory, 49; corporate operation of, 62–63, 64–65; as criminal entrepreneurs, 257; criminal model of, 53–55; criminal model of, versus TCOs, 59t; and cyberspace, 144–150; and dearth of media coverage, 142; decline of, 50–52, 280; emergence of, 2; and expropriation, 223; and finance, 72–73; and forced displacements, 206, 220; future of, 248–252; and gang subcontracting, 300n18; geographic influence of, 41m, 41–42; and Gulf Cartel, 250, 275; and holding companies, 243; horizontal structure of, 242; and human trafficking, 81– 82; and hydrocarbon-rich areas, 218; and hydrocarbons, 173; and hydrocarbons in Coahuila, 166– Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb 379 169; and hydrocarbon theft, 200, 244; and iron ore, 172; and irregular warfare, 135; and La Barbie, 29–30; and looting, 158; and mass assassinations, 143; and Mata-Zetas, 113–115; and media war, 31; and Mexico’s modern civil war, 138, 139, 211; and Michoacán self-defense paramilitaries, 123; and Michoacán violence, 173; and migrants, 300n16; and militarization, 89– 90; military power of, 90–91; and Nuevo Laredo, 24; and oil discoveries, 181; organizational structure of, 60–61, 66–67; as paramilitaries, 293–294n5; and paramilitarization, 85; and politics, 247; and Project Reckoning, 299n15; and recruiting, 296n9; and research, development, and technology, 69; and resource exploitation during civil war, 159; and restructuring, 275; and selfdefense paramilitaries, 304n12; and Small Border, 35; and split with Gulf Cartel, 33; and strategic alliances, 251–252; and subsidiaries, 241; and subsidiary security services, 79–80; and territorial control, 164m; and territorial control of shale gas regions, 164; timeline of expansion, 259– 265; and transformation of Mexican organized crime, 239; and transnational interests, 230; and violence in resource-rich areas, 183; and violence in Tamaulipas, 186; and war on drugs, 214 Zetas–Gulf Cartel confl ict, 39, 40m Zetas: La franquicia criminal (Ravelo 2013), Zetas’ 2013 money-laundering case, 73–74, 75–76 Zetas’ War, 36, 42–49, 59, 155 zonas de silencio (silence zones), 165 Zúđiga Hernández, Rẳl, 273 5/15/17 4:01 PM .. .Los Zetas Inc Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb i 5/15/17 4:00 PM THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Los Zetas Inc Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico Gua dalupe... Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Names: Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe, author Title: Los Zetas Inc : criminal corporations, energy, and civil war in Mexico / Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera... III Los Zetas Incorporated The Zetas War and Mexico s Energy Sector 157 Energy and Security in Tamaulipas, Ground Zero for the Zetas Who Benefits from the Zetas War? Correa-Cabrera_6417-final.indb