HANDBOOK ON GEOGRAPHIES OF TECHNOLOGY Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd i 06/01/2017 12:20 RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN GEOGRAPHY Series Editor: Susan J Smith, Honorary Professor of Social and Economic Geography and The Mistress of Girton College, University of Cambridge, UK This important new Handbook series will offer high quality, original reference works that cover a range of subjects within the evolving and dynamic field of geography, emphasising in particular the critical edge and transformative role of human geography Under the general editorship of Susan J Smith, these Handbooks will be edited by leading scholars in their respective fields Comprising specially commissioned contributions from distinguished academics, the Handbooks offer a wide-ranging examination of current issues Each contains a unique blend of innovative thinking, substantive analysis and balanced synthesis of contemporary research Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd ii 06/01/2017 12:20 Handbook on Geographies of Technology Edited by Barney Warf Department of Geography, University of Kansas, USA RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN GEOGRAPHY Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd iii 06/01/2017 12:20 © Barney Warf 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953920 This book is available electronically in the Social and Political Science subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781785361166 ISBN 978 78536 115 (cased) ISBN 978 78536 116 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire 01 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd iv 06/01/2017 12:20 Contents List of contributors viii Introduction: geography, technology, society Barney Warf PART I CONCEPTUAL ISSUES Technological diffusion in local, regional, national and transnational settings Paul L Robertson 17 Beyond the binaries: geographies of gender–technology relations Jessica McLean, Sophia Maalsen and Alana Grech 36 Space for STS: an overview of Science and Technology Studies Jordan P Howell 50 PART II COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES Code/space and the challenge of software algorithms Martin Dodge 65 Understanding locational-based services: core technologies, key applications and major concerns Daniel Sui 85 Virtual realities, analogies and technologies in geography Michael Batty, Hui Lin and Min Chen PART III 96 COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES Fiber optics: nervous system of the global economy Barney Warf 113 The Internet as geographic technology Aharon Kellerman 126 10 Tuning in to the geographies of radio Catherine Wilkinson 138 11 Eyes in the sky: satellites and geography Barney Warf 148 v Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd v 06/01/2017 12:20 vi Handbook on geographies of technology 12 The geography of mobile telephony Jonathan C Comer and Thomas A Wikle 162 13 Streaming services and the changing global geography of television Ramon Lobato 178 PART IV TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES 14 Automobility in space and time Aaron Golub and Aaron Johnson 195 15 Air transport: speed, global connectivity and time–space convergence Andrew R Goetz 211 16 Drones in human geography Thomas Birtchnell 231 17 Geography of railroads Linna Li and Becky P.Y Loo 242 18 Ports and maritime technology Jean-Paul Rodrigue 254 PART V ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 19 Assessing the spatial, economic and environmental implications of biorefining technologies: insights from North America Kirby E Calvert, Jamie D Stephen, M.J Blair, Laura Cabral, Ryan E Baxter and Warren E Mabee 20 The emergence of technological hydroscapes in the Anthropocene: socio-hydrology and development paradigms of large dams Marcus Nüsser and Ravi Baghel 269 287 21 Fracking for shale in the UK: risks, reputation and regulation Peter Jones, Daphne Comfort and David Hillier 302 22 Geography of geothermal energy technologies Edward Louie and Barry Solomon 318 23 LEED buildings Julie Cidell 336 24 The interaction of pipelines and geography in support of fuel markets Jeff D Makholm 347 25 The evolution of solar energy technologies and supporting policies Govinda Timilsina and Lado Kurdgelashvili 362 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd vi 06/01/2017 12:20 Contents PART VI vii MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES 26 Just-in-time and space Ruth Rama and Adelheid Holl 391 27 Robotics Antonio López Peláez 402 28 The geography of nanotechnology Scott W Cunningham 416 PART VII LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES 29 Biotechnology: commodifying life Barney Warf 433 30 Creating new geographies of health and health care through technology Mark W Rosenberg and Natalie Waldbrook 443 31 Biometric technologies and the automation of identity and space Gabriel Popescu 458 Index 471 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd vii 06/01/2017 12:20 Contributors Ravi Baghel, University of Heidelberg, Germany Michael Batty, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK Ryan E Baxter, Penn State Institutes for Energy and Environment, Pennsylvania State University, USA Thomas Birtchnell, University of Wollongong, Australia M.J Blair, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Canada Laura Cabral, Centre Universitaire de Formation en Environnement et Développement Durable, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada Kirby E Calvert, Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Canada Min Chen, Department of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, China Julie Cidell, Department of Geography and GIS, University of Illinois, USA Jonathan C Comer, Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, USA Daphne Comfort, The Business School, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK Scott W Cunningham, Department of Multi-Actor Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Martin Dodge, Department of Geography, University of Manchester, UK Andrew R Goetz, Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Denver, USA Aaron Golub, Portland State University, USA Alana Grech, Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Australia David Hillier, Centre for Police Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK Adelheid Holl, Institute of Public Goods and Policies, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain Jordan P Howell, Department of Geography and Environment, Rowan University, USA Aaron Johnson, Portland State University, USA Peter Jones, The Business School, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK Aharon Kellerman, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Israel viii Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd viii 06/01/2017 12:20 Contributors ix Lado Kurdgelashvili, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, USA Linna Li, The University of Hong Kong Hui Lin, Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Ramon Lobato, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Becky P.Y Loo, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Antonio López Peláez, Department of Social Work, Faculty of Law, National Distance Education University, Spain Edward Louie, School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, USA Sophia Maalsen, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney, Australia Warren E Mabee, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Canada Jeff D Makholm, National Economic Research Associates, USA Jessica McLean, Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University, Australia Marcus Nüsser, University of Heidelberg, Germany Gabriel Popescu, Indiana University South Bend, USA Ruth Rama, Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain Paul L Robertson, Australian Innovation Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Australia Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Department of Global Studies and Geography, Hofstra University, USA Mark W Rosenberg, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Canada Barry Solomon, Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA Jamie D Stephen, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Canada Daniel Sui, Department of Geography, Ohio State University, USA Govinda Timilsina, Development Research Group, World Bank, USA Natalie Waldbrook, Business Technology Management/Health Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University (Brantford Campus) and Innovation Policy Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, Canada Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd ix 06/01/2017 12:20 x Handbook on geographies of technology Barney Warf, Department of Geography, University of Kansas, USA Thomas A Wikle, Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, USA Catherine Wilkinson, Edge Hill University, UK Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd x 06/01/2017 12:20 474 Handbook on geographies of technology Consumer Electronics Show (Las Vegas, 2016) 178 containerization 255–256, 258–261, 262–264, 265 Conto Energia 378 Control Risks 314 Cookenboo, L 348 Copeland, H 319–320 CoPs (communities of practice) 26 Coriat, B 408 Cormen, T.H 83 Corning Glass Works 115 Corona project 150 Cosgrove, D 148 Coutrot, T 392, 394, 395 Cowan, R Coyer, K 141, 143, 144 ‘creative destruction’ Crick, Francis 433 cross-border railroads 243, 245–246 crowdsourcing 104, 105, 237 ‘cryoscapes’ 288 CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) 362, 363, 365–366, 372–373, 374, 377, 383 CTIA 91 Cuadrilla 306, 310, 313 Cunningham, S 420 Curtin, Michael 182 Curtiss, Lawrence 114 cyborgs 40, 41–42, 43, 47, 407 Daini 174 dams, large see large dams Darby, M 421 ‘dark fiber’ 113, 123, 124 Dart Energy 306–307 ‘data shadow’ 67 Davey, Edward 310 Davidson, B 142 ‘Day and Night’ solar water heaters 364 Day, Richard 366 de Havilland 214–215 de Saussure, Horace 363 de Vaucanson, J 402 ‘death of distance’ 396 decentralized biorefinery plants 277–281 Defense Satellite Program 150 ‘deficit model’ 58 Delta Airlines 220, 226, 282 Deluze, G 40–41 Denison, E 27 DeSilva, Ashi 437 Deutsche Telekom 117 Devol, George C 403 Dhows 254 Diamer Basha Dam 295 Diamond, Jared Digital Angel 87 ‘digital divide’ 93, 119, 144, 166, 176, 407, 410, 412 digital space 36, 38, 40, 41, 42–44, 46–7, 109, 127 disease ecology 444 district (space) heating 331–332 DNA code 433–434, 437, 460 DNS (domain name system) proxies 178, 184, 190 Dobson, J 92 ‘documented life’ 93 Dodds, K 139–140 Dodge, Martin 72–73, 131, 185 DOE (Department of Energy) 326, 327, 332 Dolly the sheep 434 domestic automation 74–79 ‘doodle-bugs’ 233–234 DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) system 87 ‘dot com’ boom 66, 124 Douglas 212–213, 215 Douglas, S 140 Dover Strait 258 drones 231–232 and artificial intelligence 235, 238, 239 in civil spaces 235–238 defining 232–233 ‘drone warfare’ 232, 234–235, 238 and geographical information systems 234, 239 and GPS 233, 238 history of 233–234 and personal privacy 231, 232, 236, 237 research with 238 and surveillance 231–232, 234, 236–237, 239 ‘dronestagram project’ 238 dry steam power plants 326–327, 333 DTJ (Destroy the Joint) 36, 43–47 Duchin, F 408 Dunnett, A 278 dwt (deadweight tons) 258 E-911 (Enhanced-911) Alerts 90 ‘early adopters’ 411 Early Bird satellite 151, 153 Earth stations 148, 149–150, 152–155, 157, 159 EASSy (Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System) 122 easyJet 225 Eaton, W 281 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 474 06/01/2017 12:20 Index ecological modernization 343, 344 economic growth theory 28 EDFA (erdium doped fiber amplifier) technology 115, 120 Edge, D 51, 52 EDI (electronic data interchange) systems 115 Edison, Thomas 114 EEG (environmental economic geography) 270, 274–284 Egeraat, C 392 EGSs (enhanced geothermal systems) 326, 330 Einstein, Albert 366, 369 elderly population 449–454 electric power plants (geothermal energy) 326–328, 330, 333 Electricity Feed Law (Germany, 1990) 377 Eli Lilly 434 Elwood, S 42–43 embankment dams 289 embodied technology 20, 458, 459 Emirates Airline 225–226 ‘Emma’ class containerships 260 Eneas, Aubrey 365 Enedy, S 323 Energy Tax Act (US, 1978) 376, 379 ‘energyscapes’ 288 Engelberger, Joseph F 403 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act (US, 2002) 461 Enlightenment 2, 3–4 environmental sustainability 93, 94 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 434, 437 EPCglobal 88 ‘epistemic sovereignty’ 148 EPOR (Empirical Program of Relativism) 55 Ereky, Károly 433 Ericsson, John 365 espionage 148, 150 Estrada, Joseph 163 ethanol 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278–280, 281–282, 284 Eugster, W 324 European Commission 417 European Food Safety Authority 438 European Space Agency 155 European Telecommunications Satellite Organization 155 Eutelsat 155 Explorer I satellite 150 ‘external returns’ 21 Exxon Corporation 367, 369 Exxon Valdez 205 475 face-to-face interaction 162–163 FAFCO 364 Faulds, Dr Henry 459 FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 91, 129, 152, 153, 156, 157 FDA (Food and Drink Administration) 434, 435, 437 FDI (foreign direct investment) 29–31 Featherstone, M 197 Federal Aviation Administration 217 Federal Emergency Management Agency 91 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 350, 354 Federal Power Commission 350 Federal Trade Commission 349 FedEx 216, 225, 228 Fedrizzi, Rick 337 ‘feedstock-agnostic’ technologies 275, 277 Feinberg, S 399 feminism see gender–technology relations fiber optics 113 consequences of fiber optics boom 122–123 ‘dark fiber’ 113, 123, 124 future of industry 124 geographies of global networks 120–122 growth of fiber-based capitalism 116–118 history and development of 113–116, 123–124 and satellite industry 123, 158–159 submarine networks 117–118, 120–122 urban geographies of 118–119 Fisher, P 92, 98 FIT (feed-in-tariff) schemes 362, 377–378, 379, 380 Fitbit 79, 80 ‘five freedoms’ of the air 213, 214 FLAG (Fiberoptic Link Around the Globe) system 122, 159 FlavrSavr tomatoes 434 Fleming, Alexander 433 Flickr 237 Florida Power and Light 364 Florida, R 395, 397 flows, programming 181–182 Fogel, R 242 ‘food deserts’ 205 footprints (of satellites) 149, 150, 152, 159, 180 For Space 36 Ford, Freeman A 364, 369 Foucault, Michel 68, 466 Frack Free York 309 Frack Off: Extreme Energy Action Network 309–310 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 475 06/01/2017 12:20 476 Handbook on geographies of technology fracking environmental risks 302, 307–308, 309, 311, 314 and geographies of energy supply 303–304 increased interest in UK 302 principles and processes of 304–306 regulation and planning framework 302, 305, 311–314 reputation of 302, 308–311, 314 UK shale gas reserves 302, 304, 306–307, 314 France Telecom 117 Francia, Giovanni 365–366, 369 Freeman, Christopher 23 French, S 68, 69 Frenken, K 420 Fresnel reflectors 365–366, 369, 372–373 Friedland, L 142–143 Friedman, Thomas 2, 218 Friends of the Earth 312 Friendster 187 Frigant, V 397 Fritts, Charles 366 FSCs (full-service carriers) 222–223, 224 fuel markets cost and cost structures of pipelines 348–355, 359 dependency on pipelines 347 natural monopolies 348, 349–351, 352, 353 pipeline market problems 351–354 reach and historical origin of gas pipelines 347, 348 regulation of pipelines 348–350, 352–359 technology of pipeline transport 349–351 Fuller, Calvin 366–367, 369 Fuller, Matthew 72 G20 (‘Group of 20’) economies 27 G7 (‘Group of 7’) economies 27 Galaxy Gear VR 97, 108 Galaxy Science Fiction 403 Gale, H.F 393, 395 Galileo positioning system 87 galleons 255 ‘GamerGate’ 39 Gartman, D 197, 201 gasification 272, 273 ‘gasohol’ 435 Gates, Bill 93 gender–technology relations 3, 36 and digital space 36, 38, 40, 41, 42–44, 46–47 geographical implications 40–42, 47–48 and GIS technologies 40, 43, 47 historical 36–40, 47 online feminism 42–47 and sexism 43–44, 46 and Smart Cities 40, 42, 48 and social media 42, 43–46, 47 and technological determinism 37–38, 42 gene therapy 437 Genentech 434 General Electric 434 General Motors 403 General Services Administration 337 geo-blocking 183, 184 geofencing 90, 91, 92 geographical profiling 92–93 Geography and Technology geoslavery 92 ‘geostationary gold’ 152 geothermal energy technologies 318–319, 333 case studies 321 cleanliness of geothermal energy 324, 333 conceptual issues and debates 321–326 direct uses of geothermal energy 331, 333 district (space) heating 331–332 ecological and environmental effects 319 electric power plants 326–328, 330, 333 heat flows 321–324, 327, 329–330 land use planning 319–320 literature review 319–321 national parks and volcanoes 324–326 renewability of geothermal energy 321–324, 333 social and institutional barriers 320 spatial and geographic implications of 326–332 sustainability of geothermal energy 320–321, 324, 333 underutilized sources of geothermal energy 332 Geothermal Steam Act (US, 1970) 325 Gibbs, D 340–341 Gillespie, Tarleton 187 Girls Around Me 92 GIS (geographical information systems) technology and drones 234, 239 and gender–technology relations 40, 43, 47 and geothermal energy technologies 319, 321 and health geography 443–447, 454 and location-based services 85, 88, 89 and Science and Technology Studies 51 and virtual reality 97, 99 Gjoni, Erin 39 Gleevec 434 ‘global cities’ 116, 119, 218 Global One 117 global shipping networks 257–258 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 476 06/01/2017 12:20 Index globalization 117, 122, 129, 152, 218, 220–221, 254, 255–256, 265 GloFish 435 GMOs (genetically modified organisms) 434– 435, 436, 437–438, 441 GNSS (global navigation satellite system) 87 GoGeo site 101 Google 65 Google Earth 90, 99, 107–108, 444 Google Glasses 236 GoPro 231, 232 Gordon, D 195 Gorz, A 408 GPS (global positioning systems) 87–8, 89, 131–132, 233, 238, 444, 447, 448 GPTs (General Purpose Technologies) 18–19, 27, 424–425 Graham, Brian 220 Graham, S 41–42, 117, 119, 448 Grande Dixence Dam 290, 292 gravity dams 289, 290 ‘Great Leap Forward’ 292 Green Associates 337–338 ‘green biotech’ 434–435 ‘green buildings’ 336–345 Green Star rating system 336, 337, 339, 342 greenhouse gas emissions 205, 217, 244, 259, 303, 307, 310 grid-connected PV systems 373–375 Grossman, R 38 GROWMARK Inc 275 GSDP (Golden Sun Demonstration Program) 378, 380 GSHPs (ground source heat pumps) 323, 324, 331, 332 GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) 173 Guattari, F 40–41 Guns, Germs, and Steel Haggard, S 427 Hallett, L 144 Handbook of Medical Geography 447 handy 162 Hansell, Clarence 114 Hanson, R 141 Haraway, D 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 47 HarrassMap 236 Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport 226, 227 Hastings, Reed 178, 189 Headrick, D Health and Safety Executive 311 health geography contextual and compositional factors in population health 445–446 477 critical geographies of technology and health 447–454 emerging geographies of technology and health 454 and geographic information systems 443– 447, 454 and global positioning systems 444, 447, 448 health care planning 446–447 home technologies 450–454 and ICT 447–448, 451 mapping infectious and non-infectious diseases 444–445 and population aging 449–454 and surveillance/monitoring 447, 451, 452 telemedicine 448–449, 451, 452 heat flows 321–324, 327, 329–330 heat pumps 331 Heinze, T 420 Henry Hub 357, 358 Herschel, Sir John 363 high-technology products/industries 19, 30, 74, 417, 420, 422, 424, 426 Hilmes, M 138, 141, 142, 143 Himin 365 Hines, D 269 Hintz, A 144 Hoffman Electronics 367, 369 Hoggett, R 303–304 Holl, A 394, 397, 398 home-based work (telework) 133–134 home management hubs 77 home technologies 450–454 Hoover Dam 292 House of Cards 182, 183 HSR (high-speed rail) systems 242, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249–250 Hughes Research Laboratories 115 Hullman, A 419 Human Genome Project 434 hurricanes 357 hybrid geographies 41, 198 hyper-connectivity 163 Iammarino, S 30 ‘iceberg’ transport 355 ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) 287, 289, 294 iconic models 98–99, 102, 106 ICT (information and communication technologies) 447–448, 451 identity, personal 458–459, 462–463, 464, 465–467 Idler magazine 233 Idou Tsushin 174 IDs (industrial districts) 24–26, 30 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 477 06/01/2017 12:20 478 Handbook on geographies of technology IEC (Institute of Energy Conversion) 367 IFR (International Federation of Robotics) 402, 404, 406, 413 ‘imagined communities’ 142 ‘immersive’ technology 96 Imperial Airways 212, 213 importing knowledge 29–30 IndoorAtlas 88 Indus Water Treaty (1960) 295 Industrial Revolution 1, 3, 17, 27, 31, 242 industrial robotics 402, 403–405, 407–408, 410–411, 413–414 information cyberspace 126–127 In-Location Alliance 88 Inmarsat 155 Insat (Indian National Satellite System) 157 Instagram 237 Institute of Directors 308–309, 310 Institute for Energy Research 305 ‘institutions of production’ causal chain 422 integrative capabilities 22 intellectual property 27, 182, 425, 435, 437 Intelsat 152, 153–155, 156–157, 160 Interferon 434 International Air Transport Association 214 International Civil Aviation Organization 214, 461 International Maritime Organization 155 international railroads 245–246 International Rivers 294 Internet development of 126 and ‘digital divide’ 93, 119, 144, 166, 176, 407, 410, 412 and fiber optics 115 and gender 3, 42–47 as geographic technology and action space 132–134 and code/space 130–131, 132 communications cyberspace 126–127 development of the Internet 126, 135 and home-based work 133–134 imitation of real space 127–128, 134 information cyberspace 126–127 Internet screen spaces 128 mobile Internet 127, 129, 131–132, 133, 134, 135 mobility of information 129–130, 134 open code nature of the Internet 129–130 and physical space 130–132, 134 spatial language and operations 127–128 and health geography 444, 447–449, 451, 452 and radio 143–144 and technological diffusion 21 television streaming services see streaming services ‘Internet of things’ 69, 402 ‘Internetness’ 130 Intersputnik 154, 158 Interstate Highway Act (US, 1956) 203 iPhone 458 IPS (indoor positioning system) 86 Iridium 157 ISSs (Internet screen spaces) 128 ITU (International Telegraph/ Telecommunications Union) 151–152, 160 Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System 372–373 Jacobson, D 392 Japan Telecom 117 jetBlue 225 Jinping I Dam 289 JIT (Just-in-time) manufacturing 391–395, 398–399 applicability outside of Japan 393, 398 and clustering of firms 395–398, 399 degrees of adoption 393–395, 398–399 and other technologies 398 and transportation costs 396, 397, 399 Jiusto, S 304 JNR (Japanese National Railways) 247 Johnson, A 348 Johnson, B 20, 22 Jones, Alan 43, 44 Joyce, Barnaby 43 Kahn, A 348 Kanayama, T 142 kanban 391, 395 Kaneko, J 391 ‘Kangaroo Route’ 218 Kanngieser, A 145 Kao, Charles 115 Kapany, Narinder 114 Katse Dam 291 Keane, M.P 399 Keck, Donald 115 Kemp, Clarence 363, 364, 369 Kenney, M 397 Kenward, Cyril Walter 403 Keough, S 140 Keys, Clement 212 Kilburn, Tom 70 Kinect motion sensor 108 Kitchin, Rob 72–73, 81, 83, 131, 185 Kitty Hawk 212 Klier, T 395, 396 KLM Airline 211, 212, 213, 215, 225 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 478 06/01/2017 12:20 Index knowledge spillover 4, 21, 25, 30, 423, 441 knowledge transfer 13, 19, 20–21, 23, 25–31, 295 Knowles, R 218 Kokusai Denshin Denwa 117 KPMG 305, 308–309 Kuhlman, K 420 Kuhn, Thomas 51–52, 53–54, 57, 59 Kurzweil, R 407 Kwan, M 43 Kyoto obligations 377 Lampón, J 397 Lancashire County Council 313 Landes, David Landsat satellites 151 ‘landscapes’ (in socio-technical studies) 342 Lanier, Jaron 96, 97 large dams 287–288, 298–299 functions, typology and typography of 288–291 global perspective 295–298 history, ideology and actors 292 and ‘technological hydroscapes’ 288, 292, 297, 299 ‘last mile’ problem 119 LATAM Airline 226 Latour, Bruno 55, 56 Lawlor, L 41 LBS (location-based services) 85 applications 89–91 business operations 89–90 core technologies 85–87 and environmental sustainability 93, 94 and geofencing 90, 91, 92 and geographical information systems 85, 88, 89 global positioning systems 87–88, 89 government services 90–91 individual-level 89 and Internet as geographic technology 131–132 major concerns 91–93, 94 and personal privacy 92, 94 and sharing economy 90, 92–93 and social inequity 92–93, 94 and triangulation 86–87 and Wi-Fi technology 85, 86, 88 LCCs (low-cost carriers) 222–223, 225 Leal, S 141 LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system 336–337, 344–345 economic aspects 339–341, 344 environmental aspects 342–344 479 flexibility of green ratings systems 336, 337–338, 344, 345 history of 337–338 social aspects 341–342, 344 spatial studies 338–339, 344 Leontief, W 408 Lessig, L 129 Leszczynksi, A 42–43 Levine, P 142 Licoppe, C 135 Liebes, T 140 Life magazine 234 lignocellulosic materials 269, 271, 272, 274–275, 278 Likert scale 394 Lindbergh, Charles 212 Ling, R 162 Linux Kernel Map 70 lipid platform 272, 273 Lipsey, R 18 Litfin, K 149 Livingstone, D 3–4, 145 LMT (low- and medium-technology) industries 19–20, 22–23 local railroads 247–248 Locata 88 ‘location-allocation modeling’ 446 Lockheed 158, 214, 215 London Data Table 106–107 London Riots (2012) 108 Longhurst, Robyn 42 ‘looping’ 351 Lotz, Amanda 187 Loviglio, J 141, 142 Lowry, Ira 98 LP (Lean Production) 391, 398 Lundvall, B.-Å 20, 22, 23 LUZ International Ltd 366, 369 Lyft 93 M49 regionalization scheme (UN) 166 Maalsen, S 41 Mabee, W 304 Mabro, R 348 MacAvoy, P 348 machine-to-machine communications 69, 71 Mackelprang, A 391, 395 Mackenzie, A 81 MacKenzie, D 55 Maersk 260–261 Magellan Passage 258 Maikäfer 233 Maiman, Theodore 115 Mair, A 395–396 Makholm, J 348, 354 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 479 06/01/2017 12:20 480 Handbook on geographies of technology ‘male machines’ 37 Malerba, F 24, 425 Manila protests (2001) 163 Manovich, L 65, 72 Mao Zedong 289, 292 mapping drones 233, 236, 238–239 ‘marginal land’ 282 maritime technology containerships/containerization 255–256, 258–261, 262–264, 265 and economies of scale 259–261, 264 evolution of 254–255 global shipping networks 257–258 and globalization 254, 255–256, 265 maritime circulation 258 and massification 258–259, 264–265 port-centric logistics zones 263–264 port infrastructure and superstructure 261–262 port terminal automation 262–263, 265 rationalization of ports and shipping networks 265 Markusen, A 425 Marshall, A 21, 24–25 Martinez, L 160 Marvin, S 117 Marxism Massey, D 36, 40 Maurer, Robert 115 Mauthner, F 370 Mayer, J 444 McCann, P 30, 396 McChesney, R 141 McClean, Malcom 255–256 McDonnell-Douglas 215 McLafferty, S 446–447 McLean, J 41, 44 McLuhan, Marshall 179 McMillen, D 396 McNeil, William ‘media capital’ 182 ‘media-in-space’ 184 Merton, Robert 51 ‘metal fatigue’ 215 Meyer, M 420, 425 Meyrowitz, Joshua 179 Mhlanga, B 142 Microsoft 65 Milgrom, P 392 military technology 2–3, 232, 234–235, 238 Millennials 163 Mineral Leasing Act (US, 1920) 325 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Resources (India) 378, 379, 381 Ministry of Water Resources (India) 292–293 MIPS (calculation capacity of $1000 of computer) 407–408 Mirowski, P 57 Mitchell, R 445 MNEs (multinational enterprises) 30–31 ‘Mobile Baby’ 175 mobile data tagging 100–101 mobile phones/smart phones in Asia, Latin America and Africa 174–175 and biometrics 458, 459 early systems 164–165, 175 and face-to-face interaction 162–163 growth of industry 162–163, 165, 175–176 impact of 162–164, 176 mobile Internet 127–128, 129, 131–132, 133, 134, 135 penetration rates 165–166, 167–173 and radio 143 and software algorithms 65, 66, 69, 75, 77, 79–81 and virtual reality 98, 100, 104, 108 worldwide diffusion of 165–173, 176 ‘mobile publics’ 135 ‘mobility turn’ 197 Mölders, F 30 Molniya satellite 151 Moniz, Ernest 347 Monsanto 435 Moody, R 144 Moore, Clover 43 Moravec, H 407–408 Moreira, M 394 Motion Star Radar 87 Mouchot, Augustin 365 Moyano-Fuentes, J 393 MTR Corporation 248 Muller, P 198 Mumford, L 56 Nair, A 391, 395 NanoBank 421 nanodistricts 420–421, 425 nanotechnology 416–418, 427 and biotechnology 420, 421, 424, 425 current policy debates 423–426 future research 426–427 as general purpose technology 424–425 industry causal chains 422 and innovation 417, 418–19, 420, 422, 424–426 patents 418, 419–421, 425 research into nanotechnology policy macro-scale explanations 418–420, 423 meso-scale explanations 420–421, 423 micro-scale explanations 421–422, 423 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 480 06/01/2017 12:20 Index Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement) 294 Narmada Dam 295 NASA 151, 154 Natera, J M 29, 31 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 204 National Institutes of Health 437 national railroads 246–247 National Reconnaissance Office 150 National Science Foundation 52 ‘national sociotechnical imaginaries’ 281 Natural Gas Act (US, 1938) 349 natural monopolies 348, 349–351, 352, 353 NAVSTAR GPS 87 ‘necropolitics’ 235 Nehru, Jawaharlal 292, 381 Nelson, R 23, 427 neoliberalism 155–158, 160 Neolithic Revolution 433 Neresini, F 58 NEST smart thermostats 77 Net Metering policies 376, 379 Netflix 178, 180, 181, 182–184, 187–189 ‘new cultural geography’ 40 New Deal (US) 203 ‘new economic geography’ 340 New Geographies of Global Energy 303 NextGen Air Transportation System 217 Nguyen, L 278 ‘niches’ (in socio-technical studies) 342 Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant 296 NIS (national systems of innovation) 23–24, 28, 29, 419, 426 Nixon, Christine 43 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 173 Nojiri, W 391 nomadic workers 131 NORAD (North American Air Defense Command) 115 Nostrand, J 406 Nourbakhsh, Illah Reza 232 NPPF (National Planning Policy Framework) 311 NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 368, 369–370 NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) 174 numerical control 403, 404 Nurek Dam 289 Obama, Barack 378 ‘obesogenic environments’ 445 O’Brien, Brian 114 O’Connor, K 218 octocopter drones 237–239 Oculus VR 97, 108 481 Odame, H 144 OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 27, 437 Office of Scientific Research and Development 57–58 Office of Unconventional Gas and Oil 310–311 Ó Huallacháin, B 396 oil industry 203–204, 205–206, 223–224 see also biorefining technologies; fuel markets Old Faithful 324–325 Oldenziel, R 37 Olson, Jerry 368, 369 O’Neill, K 340–341 oneWorld 221 open code 129–130 Open Innovation 21 open-loop biorefineries 281–283 ‘open skies’ policies 156, 216, 219 Orionsat 156, 157 Ormat Technologies 325–326 Orsenigo, L 425 Orwell, George 77 Outer Space Treaty (UN, 1967) 151–152, 157 outsourcing 23 Palapa satellites 157 Pallarès-Barberà, M 396 Pan American Airways 212, 213, 215 Panama Canal 255, 258–259, 260–261 Panamsat (Pan-American Satellite Corporation) 157 parabolic trough collectors 365–366, 369, 372, 374 ‘paradigms’ 53–54 Paris Convention (1919) 212 Parker, E 443 ‘parking spots’ 152 Parks, Lisa 179, 180 Pasqualetti, Mike 319, 320, 321 Paterson, M 195 Patriot Act (US, 2001) 461 Pavitt, K 20, 425 Pax Americana 152 Peacesat (Pan Pacific Education and Communication Experiments by Satellite Project) 154 Pearl River Delta pollution management 105 Pearson, Gerald 367, 369 pelletization 277 PeoplExpress 222 personal privacy 67, 68, 77, 92, 94, 231, 232, 236, 237, 458, 464–465, 466 Peters, K 144 Petroleum Act (UK, 1988) 311 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 481 06/01/2017 12:20 482 Handbook on geographies of technology Petroleum and Exploration and Development Licence 311 Phillips, J 320 Pifre, Abel 365 Pinkerton, A 139–140 Pinsent Masons 312 pipelines 347–348, 359 cost and cost structures of 348–355, 359 declining unit pipeline capacity costs 349–350 market problems 351–354 and natural monopolies 348, 349–351, 352, 353 pressure and geography 350–351 reach and historical origin of gas pipelines 347, 348 regulation of 348–350, 352–359 and competitive pipeline transport 355–357 gas markets with barriers to pipeline entry 357–9 inherited regulatory institutions 354–355 technological model for 355 technology of pipeline transport 349–351 transacting with 354 pirate radio 144 Planet Corporation 403 Plant Protection Act (US, 2000) 437 ‘platform space’ 185, 187, 189 Pluskota, J 138, 144 Point of Presence 119 political modernization 343 ‘politics of platforms’ 187 pollution 99, 100, 105, 204–205, 307–308, 309, 311, 319, 320, 324 Popular Mechanics magazine 234 population aging 449–454 portainers 261, 262 Porter, A 416 ports and containerization 260–261, 262–264, 265 evolution of maritime technology 254, 255 infrastructure and superstructure of 261–262 as logistics clusters 263–264 and massification of maritime technology 264–265 rationalization of 265 terminal automation 262–263, 265 post-feminism 38 Postman, Neil ‘power-geometries’ 116 Predator drones 234, 238 ‘Predator Empire’ 235 Pritchett, J 324 Programmed Article Transfer 403 Project Access 154 Protestant Reformation Pryde, P 319 Public Benefit Funds 376, 379 ‘public institutions of science’ causal chain 422 public transit systems 56, 197, 198, 201, 206 Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (US, 1978) 376, 379 public–private partnerships 119, 243 pull (consumers to business) mode 85 Puna Geothermal Venture 325–326 purpose-built environments 97 push (business to consumers) mode 85 PVs (photovoltaics) 362, 366–370, 373–376, 377–378, 380, 382–383 pyrolysis 272, 273, 277 Q-Cell 368 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System 87 Quinn, Zoe 39 Qwest 117 R&D (research and development) and biorefining technologies 273, 275 and biotechnology 438, 439 and nanotechnology 417–419, 421, 422–425, 427 and solar energy technologies 367, 377 and technological diffusion 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31 radio 138 community radio 141–142, 144 conceptual debates 139–141 in the digital age 143–144 future research 145 history of 139 pirate radio 144 spatial perspectives 141–143 Radio Caroline 144 Radio KC 142 ‘Rail and Property’ development model 243, 248 Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act (US, 1976) 247 railroads 242 conceptual issues and debates 242–244 cross-border railroads 243, 245–246 future of 249–251 global distribution of 244–245 high-speed rail systems 242, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249–250 international railroads 245–246 local railroads 247–248 national railroads 246–247 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 482 06/01/2017 12:20 Index spatial and geographical implications 245– 249, 251 terminals 248–249 Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix method 320–321 Rascom (Regional African Satellite Communications System) 155 rDNA (recombinant DNA) 434, 437 Reaper drones 234, 238 recombination 41–42 ‘red biotech’ 435, 437 Redfish Group 106–107 Reed, M 141 refrigerated containers (‘reefers’) 256 ‘regimes’ (in socio-technical studies) 342 Renewable Energy Law (China, 2006) 378, 380 Renewable Energy Sources Act (Germany, 2000) 377 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 87, 88 Rheingold, H 163 Rican, S 444, 445 RIS (regional innovation systems) 24, 25–26, 30 Roberts, J 392 RoboCoach 406 ‘Robot Smog’ 232 robotics 402 and artificial intelligence 403–404, 407, 414–415 conceptual and political debates 408, 410–412 and employment/labor 407, 408, 410 evolution of computer power/cost 407–408, 409 historical context 402–403 industrial robotics 402, 403–405, 407–408, 410–411, 413–414 and power 410–412 robot density 404–405, 413 ‘robotics divide’ 407, 411–412 service robotics 402, 403, 406, 407–408, 410, 411–414 and software algorithms 75, 76, 77 theoretical perspectives 406–408 trends 411–413 see also drones ‘robotics divide’ 407, 411–412 Robotics Industries Association 404 ‘Robots in Service Industry’ 406 ‘robust’ technologies 273 Rockies Express Pipeline 356 Roco, M 418 Rogers, E 166 Rogun Dam 289 Rooke, B 144 483 Rose, G 40, 48 Rosenberg, M 444 Rostow, E 348–349 Rotary Club 233 Rothaermel, F 420 RPS (Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards) 376, 379, 380 Rubenstein, J 396 Runaround 403 Ryanair 225 Rybach, L 324 Sachs, A 348 Sacristán-Diaz, M 393 Sadler, D 396 Sakura satellite 151 Salem, G 444, 445 Sampson, E 406 Samuelson, P 355 Sanders, M 349 Sanyal, S 323, 324 satellite industry 148 and Cold War 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160 deregulation and privatization of 155–158, 160 Earth stations 148, 149–150, 152–155, 157, 159 and fiber optics industry 123, 158–159 footprints of satellites 149, 150, 152, 159, 180 history of 150–151 and neoliberalism 155–158, 160 political origins/impacts 148–149, 150–151, 152–153, 154–155, 156–157, 159–160 regulation of 151–155, 160 and solar energy technologies 367 and surveillance 148–149, 150–151 terminology 149 Sauls, S 141 Savills 312 Schaff, A 408 Schiller, D 116 Schneier, Bruce 66–67 Schultz, Peter 115 Schuurman, N 43 ‘science wars’ 52, 55 Second Life 102 second-wave feminism 38 SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Systems) 366 selenium 366 ‘self-quantification’ 79 self-surveillance 79–80 Selman, P 304 Sensefly eBee mapping drone 238, 239 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 483 06/01/2017 12:20 484 Handbook on geographies of technology Sent, E.-M 57 service robotics 402, 403, 406, 407–408, 410, 411–414 sexism 43–44, 46 Shapira, P 421 sharing economy 66, 90, 92–93 Sheller, M 135, 195–196, 197 Sheppard, E 218 Sheppard, S 396 shou-ja 162 Shulyupin, Constantine 70 Shuman, Frank 365, 369 silicon 366–367, 369 SIM (subscriber identity module) cards 165 SimTable 106–107 Single European Railway Area 246 single/double-flash power plants 326, 327, 328, 333 Sirio satellite 151 SIS (sectoral innovation systems) 24 Sismondo, S 51–52, 55 ‘situational geography’ 179 Sixsmith, A 451, 453 SkyTeam 221 ‘smart borders’ 237 ‘smart cities’ 40, 42, 48, 109, 232 ‘smart homes’ 75, 451, 452 ‘smart mobbing’ 91, 163–164 ‘smart thermostats’ 77 smart TVs 75, 77 Smith, Adam 20 Smith, C 348 Smith, D 395 Smith, Willoughby 366 Social Construction of Science and Technology 52, 56 social inequity 92–93, 94, 205, 292, 414, 454 social media 42, 43–46, 47, 66–67, 89, 92, 134, 163, 309 Social Text 52 socialist feminism 38 socio-hydrology 288, 289 socio-technical studies 342 ‘soft’ technology 391, 398 software algorithms 65–67 and code/space 72–83 complexity of 81–83 and data security 67 discourse supporting 67–68 domestic automation and everyday living 74–79 hierarchies of software forms/intensities 72–73 and marketing 66–67, 78–80 monitoring/surveillance 66–68, 75, 77–80 nature of code 68–72 and software dependency 67–68, 73 and software studies 72, 81, 83 software dependency 67–68, 73 software studies 72, 81, 83 Sokal, Alan 52 solar energy technologies 362–363, 383, 385 cost trends 382–383, 384 evolution of 362, 363–370, 383 feed-in-tariff schemes 362, 377–378, 379, 380 market evolution 370–376, 383 photovoltaics 362, 366–370, 373–376, 377–378, 380, 382–383 policies to stimulate expansion 362, 376–382, 383, 385 China 378, 379–380 European Union 377–378, 379–380 India 378–381 USA 376, 379–380 solar thermal technology 362, 363–366, 369, 370–373, 374, 377, 382–383 ‘Solar One’ system 367, 369 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act (US, 1978) 376, 379 Solar Power Corporation 367, 369 solar thermal technology 362, 363–366, 369, 370–373, 374, 377, 382–383 soundscapes 138 Southwest Airlines 222, 225 ‘space-economies’ 270–271 ‘space-in-media’ 184 Sperling, D 195 Spinelli, M 142 Spot satellite 151 Sprint 117 Sputnik satellite 150 Squier, S 141 SSK (sociology of scientific knowledge) 51, 54, 57 Staggers Rail Act (US, 1980) 247 Stalin, Joseph 292 standalone personal environments 97 Star Alliance 221 Stephen, J 278 Stocker, Arthur 234 Storper, M 427 Strait of Hormuz 258 Strait of Malacca 258, 259, 261 streaming services 178–179 distribution and licensing of 178, 181–184 geographies of television 179, 189–190 infrastructure of 178, 179–181 platform space 178, 184–189 Street, S 140, 145 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 484 06/01/2017 12:20 Index ‘strong program’ 55 STS (Science and Technology Studies) 4, 50–51 and Actor-Network Theory 52, 56, 57 and commercialization/privatization 57 Empirical Program of Relativism 55 and GIS technology 51 historical development 51–53 international educational programs 52, 54 journals and societies 52–53 laboratory studies and ethnographies of 55–56 and military force 57–58 and ‘paradigms’ 53–54 public understanding/participation 58 and sociology of scientific knowledge 51, 54, 57 spatial and geographical implications 58–59 ‘strong program’ 55 Suez Canal 255, 258–259, 261 Sujoko, A 143, 144 Sunda Strait 258 Suntech Power 368 ‘supplier dominated’ industries 20 surveillance/monitoring digital surveillance 66–68, 75, 77–80 drones 231–232, 234, 236–237, 239 and health geography 447, 451, 452 and satellite industry 148–149, 150–151 sustainable development 105–106, 297, 304, 320–321, 324, 333 Sustainable Forestry Initiative 344 Swamidass, P 394 ‘Sydney tube’ solar water heaters 365 symbolic models 98 Syncom satellite 151 tacit knowledge 20–21, 29 Taiwan Strait 258 TalkTalk 67 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) 129, 158 technological determinism 2, 37–38, 42, 448, 463 technological diffusion 4, 17, 31 and absorptive capacity 20, 21, 23, 25, 28–30 codified and tacit knowledge 20–21, 27, 28, 29 cross-country knowledge diffusion 27–31 and economic performance 19 and embodied technology 20 and foreign direct investment 29–31 historical 27–28 implementation stage 22–23 influences on 23–27 485 and innovation 17–19, 21, 22–24, 25, 28–29, 31 and knowledge spillover 4, 21, 25, 30 and knowledge transfer 13, 19, 20–21, 23, 25–31 organizational-level 17–23 and R&D 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31 ‘technological hydroscapes’ 288, 292, 297, 299 ‘technological unconscious’ 69 Technologies for Active Aging 451 ‘technology clubs’ 28–29 technology universities 426 ‘technoscapes’ 288 Tehri Dam 295 telecare systems 77–79 telechirics 403 Telecom Australia 367 Telecom satellite 151 Telecommunications Act (US, 1996) 117 telemedicine 448–449, 451, 452 television streaming services see streaming services telework 133–134 Telstar satellite 151 Tennessee Valley Authority 295 TEN-T (Trans-European Transport Network) program 246 terrorism 67, 216–217, 223, 236, 458, 460–461, 462–463, 465 TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) 255, 258, 259–261 Tezanos Tortajada, J.F 408 TGV railroad system 248, 249 ‘the Club’ system 117 The Economics of Regulation 348 The Geysers 319, 320, 323, 324 The Godfather 183 ‘The reign of Uya the lion’ 233 The Rotarian magazine 233 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 53, 54 The Unbound Prometheus The World is Flat thermochemical platform 272–273, 275, 277 Third Legislative Package (EU) 355 Three Gorges Project 289 Thrift, N 68, 69, 197 ‘Thruport’ 244, 250–251 Thursby, M 420 Thussu, D 156 Time magazine 90 ‘time-based competition’ 392, 398 Ting, T.H 174 Tomlinson, Jill 43 torrefaction 271–272 Total Access Communications System 173 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 485 06/01/2017 12:20 486 Handbook on geographies of technology Total Quality Control 391 Toyota Motor Corporation 391 Toyota Production System 391, 398 ‘Toyotist model’ 392, 394 traffic injuries/fatalities 204 Trajtenberg, M 424 Trans-European Rail Network 245–246 transportation expenses 198, 199, 207 ‘travelscarps’ 218 triangulation 86–87 ‘Triple E’ class containerships 260–261 Trippe, Juan 212 Trowbridge Area Frack Free 309 Troxel, E 348, 349 Truax, B 138 TruePosition 88 Tucurui Dam 296 Turkwel Dam 297, 298 Tussing, A 348 Twitter 101 Tyndall, John 114 UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) see drones Uber 66, 90, 92, 93 UCO (United Co-operatives of Ontario) 275 Ultimate Positioning Group 238, 239 UNIMATE universal robots 403 Unimation Inc 403 Unity platform 97, 103 Unwin, D 98 UPI Energy 275 UPS (United Parcel Service) 216, 225, 228 Urry, J 195–196, 197 USGBC (United States Green Building Council) 336, 337, 339, 345 V1 Flying Bombs (‘doodle-bugs’) 233–234 Vaillant, D 140 Van Dijck, José 185 van Kranenburg, R 83 Vanguard I satellite 367 Veblen, Thorsten Verizon 119, 122 VGEs (virtual geographic environments) 97–98, 104–106 VGI (volunteered geographic information) 91 Vickerman, R 248 Virilio, P 135 virtual city models 98–101, 105 Virtual Earth 90 Virtual London model 99–101, 105 Virtual Reality in Geography 98 virtual worlds 102–104 VMT (vehicle miles traveled) 198, 200, 206, 208 Vodacom 122 VoIP (Voice over the Internet Protocol) 129 Volcanoes National Park 325 voluntarism 450 Vowell, S 138 VPNs (virtual private networks) 178, 184, 190 VR (virtual reality) 3D virtual city models 98–101, 105 and drones 237 emergence of 96–97 and geographic information systems 97, 99 and geography 108–109 mobile data collection and tagging 100–101, 104 real world integration 106–108 types of VR environment 97 and virtual geographic environments 97–98, 104–106 virtual worlds 102–104 VR theatres 96, 97, 98 Wajcman, J 36–37, 38–39, 42 Walker, G 320 Wasserman, D 396 ‘wastelands’ 283–284 Water and Power Development Authority (Pakistan) 293 ‘waterscapes’ 288 Waterson, P 393 Watson, James 433 Watt, James 27 WCD (World Commission on Dams) 294–295 WEA (Wireless Emergency Alerts) 90–91 Web 2.0 444 Weizmann, Chaim 433 ‘well over rigs’ 305 Wells Fargo 458 Wells, H.G 233 Werker, C 420 Weymouth, R 350 Whatmore, Sarah 41 Wheeling, William 114 WhereWare 87 Wherify 87 ‘white biotech’ 435 White, Lynn WHO (World Health Organization) 450 Wi-Fi technology 85, 86, 88 Williams, Raymond 179 Winch, G 394 Winner, L 56 Wolbert, G 348 Woolgar, S 55 World Administrative Radio Conference 152 World Bank 294 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 486 06/01/2017 12:20 Index World Class Manufacturing 391 World Register of Dams 287 ‘wormholes’ 218 Wright Brothers 212 WTO (World Trade Organization) 117 Xerox PARC 21 Xi Jinping 378 XK FM 142 Yamaha Corporation 236 Yamamoto 364 Yantzi, N 450 487 Yates, C 145 Yellowstone National Park 324–325 Yissar, Levi 364 Young, I 142 Youtie, J 416, 421 YouTube 185–186, 189 Yu, L 174 Yu, Peter 182 Zimmerer, K 303 Zook, M 218 Zucker, L 421, 422 Zumpe, M 397 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University www.ebook3000.com WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 487 06/01/2017 12:20 Barney Warf - 9781785361159 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/30/2017 12:26:58PM via Sydney University WARF TEXT 4-col.indd 488 06/01/2017 12:20 ... Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Ramon Lobato, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Becky P.Y Loo, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Antonio López... 12:20 18 Handbook on geographies of technology Development Figure 2.1 Innovation Diffusion Paths of diffusion In this formulation, potential adopters evaluate an innovation (Rogers 2003) on the... industry, and of microelectronics, one of the newest, both contribute enormous value to modern economies, alongside a wide diversity of industries in fields like construction and the extraction of natural