The wiley handbook on the psychology of violence (2016)

The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence Edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell The right of Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or w ­ arranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a ­particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence / edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison   pages cm   Includes index   ISBN 978-1-118-30315-3 (cloth)  1.  Violent crimes.  2.  Victims of violent crimes.  3.  Violence– Psychological aspects.  I.  Cuevas, Carlos A., editor.  II.  Rennison, Callie Marie, editor   HV6493.W55 2016  303.601′9–dc23 2015028488 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Cover image: © Daniela White Images / Flickr Open / Getty Set in 10/12pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 To Joana, my wife who is a great source of support and a great lady to spend my life with To Carter and Alani, I love you both very much; this is why Papo looks so tired – CAC I dedicate this book, and all of the research I do, to my best friend, fearless companion, and husband Dave Vaughan Without you, none of this has any meaning – CMR Contents List of Contributors x Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison Part One  General Issues in Violence and Victimization The Dynamic Nature of Crime Statistics Cynthia Barnett‐Ryan and Emily H Griffith Ethical Issues in Surveys about Children’s Exposure to Violence and Sexual Abuse David Finkelhor, Sherry Hamby, Heather Turner, and Wendy Walsh Why are Offenders Victimized so Often? Mark T Berg and Richard B Felson The Complex Dynamics of Victimization: Understanding Differential Vulnerability without Blaming the Victim Sherry Hamby and John Grych Social Construction of Violence Joel Best 24 49 66 86 Consequences and Sequelae of Violence and Victimization Mary Ann Priester, Trevor Cole, Shannon M. Lynch, and Dana D DeHart 100 Part Two  General Violence 121 Homicide: Its Prevalence, Correlates, and Situational Contexts Terance D Miethe and Wendy C Regoeczi 123 Nonfatal Violence Jennifer L Truman 140 Perceptions of Stalking Victimization among Behaviorally Defined Victims: Examining Factors that Influence Self-Identification Timothy C Hart and Emily I Troshynski 158 viii Contents 10 The Situational Dynamics of Street Crime: Property versus Confrontational Crime Mindy Bernhardt and Volkan Topalli 179 Part Three  Juvenile Violence 195 11 Triggerman Today, Dead Man Tomorrow: Gangs, Violence, and Victimization David C Pyrooz and Kathleen A Fox 197 12 Girls and Women in Gangs Joanne Belknap and Molly Bowers 211 13 School Violence and Bullying Melissa K Holt and Gerald Reid 226 14 Juvenile Violence: Interventions, Policies, and Future Directions Terrance J Taylor and Sean McCandless 247 Part Four  Family Violence 277 15 Child Maltreatment Cindy Sousa, J Bart Klika, Todd I Herrenkohl, and W Ben Packard 279 16 Destructive Sibling Aggression Jonathan Caspi and Veronica R Barrios 297 17 Elder Maltreatment: The Theory and Practice of Elder-Abuse Prevention Gia Elise Barboza 324 18 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Family Violence Brian K Payne and Christina Policastro 353 Part Five  Partner Violence 371 19 Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students: Measurement, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Responses Leah E Daigle, Heidi Scherer, Bonnie S Fisher, and Andia Azimi 373 20 The Transcendence of Intimate Violence across the Life Course Kristin Carbone‐Lopez 396 21 Controversies in Partner Violence Denise A Hines, Emily M Douglas, and Murray A. Straus 411 22 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Partner Violence Molly Dragiewicz 439 Part Six  Sexual Violence 455 23 Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Christine A Gidycz and Erika L Kelley 457 Index data acquisition see child abuse and victimization surveys definition 279–280 intergenerational transmission  287–288, 290 interventions 354–356 advocacy efforts  355 barriers to effective interventions 360–361 collaborative response system  359–360 educational efforts  355 gaps between child abuse and domestic violence interventions  366–367 integrated responses  356 judicial interventions  355 law‐enforcement 355 monitoring interventions  356 punitive responses  355–356 treatment interventions  355 mandatory reporting laws  31–33, 354 mechanisms explaining long‐term effects 288–290 attachment theory  288–289 developmental traumatology  290 theories about stress and coping  289–290 theories of trauma effects  289 mental health consequences  101–104, 286–287 antisocial behavior  284–285 depression  101, 286 eating disorders  103–104 posttraumatic stress  102, 286–287 suicide and self‐injury  103, 286 overlapping forms of  281 physical health consequences  105–111, 285–286 direct injury and disability  105 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health  107–109 stress response  106–107 prevalence 279 reports of  280–281 revictimization  109–110, 398 risk factors  281–282 sexual abuse  18, 89 consequences 542–543 definition 280 substance abuse association  104, 282–284 see also family violence child abuse and victimization surveys  24–25 child involvement in research study  39–40 computer‐assisted self interviewing (CASI) 34 729 children identified as being in danger 29–31 confidentiality protection  33–35 cultural and social aspects  41–43 cultural adaptation  41–43 sharing data with the community  41 face‐to‐face interviews  33 informed consent issues  35–39 comprehension assessment  36–37 consent versus assent  39 information provided to parents and children 35–36 legal age of consent  38 parental consent  37–38 passive versus active consent  38–39 voluntary participation assurance  37 Institutional Review Board (IRB) approach 40–41 legal requirements to report  31–33 see also mandatory reporting laws material compensations/remuneration  39 minimization of risk to participants  26–28 interviewer skills  26–27 resources in case of distress  27 retaliation and informational risk minimization 27–28 online surveys  34 potential harm from survey participation 25–26 benefits to be balanced against harm 28–29 privacy protection  33–34 research agenda  43–44 telephone interviews  33–34 see also child abuse Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)  279–280 child maltreatment see child abuse child neglect  280, 367 see also child abuse child sex abuse  18, 89 child pornography  509 consequences 542–543 definition 280 prostitution  519–520, 522 Children Without A Voice USA  355 chronic violent offenders  135–136 civil commitment, sexually violent offenders 539–541 Civilization Fund Act, 1890  680 clearances 12 730 Index Clery Act, 1990  387 coercive paraphilia  483, 484 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sexual violence victims  543, 545 cognitive factors aggressive behavior  75–76 elder abuse  333 victimization 76–77 cognitive processing, sexual assault victims 470 college students, dating violence among 373–390 active bystander intervention  390 consequences 384–386 educational programs for prevention 389–390 federal government’s responses  386–389 gender differences  378–384 bidirectionality 381 correlates of violence  383–384 extent or perpetration and victimization 379–381, 380, 381 initiation of violence  381–382 types of violence  382–383 measurement of  374–375 pornography influence  504 prevalence 376–377, 376 risk factors  377–378 common (situational) couple violence  374, 378, 397–398, 413–414 Communities That Care program  259 Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS)  417–418 conflict theory  252 Confucianism 670–671, 670 consensus crime  509 constructionism 86 couple surveys, African Americans  655–656 couples therapy, intimate partner violence 426–427 Cradle to Prison Pipeline Campaign, Howard University  259 crime analysis classification  15–20 crime opportunity theories  126–127, 179–180 crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) approach  179 CrimeSolutions.gov 258 criminal capital theory, victim‐offender overlap 203–204 criminogenic moment  180 criminological theories, elder abuse  340–341, 340, 367 cultural factors child abuse and victimization survey data  41–43 gang‐related violence  203–204 juvenile violence  249–253 sexual victimization  461–462 culturally competent interventions 543–544 treatment outcomes  471–472 sibling aggression  310 unreported crime  721 see also specific populations cultural violence  330 cumulative continuity  400 cyberbullying  558, 561, 571–573, 579, 604, 614–615 prevalence 566 research studies  559 terminology issues  572–573, 579 Cyberbullying Research Center  556 cybercrime  555–568, 588–589 cyberstalking  558–559, 562, 563, 617–618 prevalence 566–567 research studies  560 impact of  567–568, 576–577 online harassment  557, 561, 571–583 definition 572 increasing occurrence  573 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth 575–576 perpetrator characteristics  574, 575 prevalence  564–565, 572–573 prevention and intervention issues 579–583 related to other forms of victimization 577–578 research studies  557 victim characteristics  574, 574 see also cyberbullying online sexual exploitation  557–558, 562 prevalence 565 research studies  558 personal victimization  556 theories 559–564 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 general theory of crime  563–564 lifestyle‐routine activities theory 559–562 types of  556–557 see also cyberbullying; digital violence Index cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory  562–563 cyberporn see pornography cyberterror 591–592 definition 591 see also extremist groups and terrorism cybertrespass 589 cyberviolence 589–590 dark figure of crime  720 dating violence among college students see college students, dating violence among delinquency early intervention  260 gang membership relationship  201, 214 Denial of Service Attacks  597 depression bullying long‐term effects  235 child abuse consequences  101, 286 intimate partner violence consequences college students  384 Latinas  633, 634 sibling aggression association  312 victimization association  101 sexual victimization  465, 542 destructive sibling aggression see sibling aggression developmental traumatology  290 differential association theory  252 digital violence  604 characteristics of  605–606 definition 606 digital environment  607–608 motivations for  609–619 cause 613–614 control 616–619 ego 610–611 embarrassment 614–615 entertainment 610–613 money 609–610 structural linkage  606–607 see also cybercrime; extremist groups and terrorism; technology and violence disciplinary anomie  365 discrimination, African Americans  661 disputes  55, 58–59 escalation prevention  61 motivations for violence  55–56 alcohol 57 dangers associated with offenders  58 offensive behavior  56 remedial actions  56–57 third parties  57–58 731 Domestic Conflict Containment Program  426 domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) 520–521 domestic violence see child abuse; elder abuse; family violence; intimate partner violence (IPV) Domestic Violence Focused Couples Treatment 426–427 domestic violence response system  423 domestic violence theory, elder abuse  341 drug abuse see substance abuse drug dealing, homicide prevalence relationship  127, 132, 135 see also substance abuse Duluth Model  424–426 dyadic concordance types (DCTs)  419 eating disorders, victimization associations  103–104 Eck, John  14 ecological theory, elder abuse  341–342 Eisenhower, Milton  87 elder abuse  324–347, 354, 356–359 consequences 342–343 criminological theories  340–341, 340, 367 routine activities theory  340–341 cultural violence  330 definitions 324–326, 325 domestic violence theory  340–341 limitations in defining elder abuse 326–327 explanations for  337–338, 338 financial abuse  329 future research directions  346–347 criminological studies  367 integrated theories  341–342 interventions  343–346, 356–359 Adult Protective Services  356–358 barriers to effective interventions 360–361 collaborative response system  359–360 federal legislation  345–346 law enforcement  358–359 mandatory reporting  327, 356–357 methodological considerations  327 neglect  328–329, 367 perpetrator characteristics  335–337 demographics 335–336 dependence 337 psychological factors  336–337 social support systems  337 stress, coping and tolerance  336 732 Index elder abuse  (cont’d) physical abuse  328 prevalence 330–332 agency data  330–331 self‐report 331–332 prevention 343–346 psychological abuse  329 relational correlates  334–335 dependence on abuser  334–335 social connections and support  334 risk factors  332–334, 342 behavior problems  334 cognitive ability  333 physical health problems  333 socio‐demographic characteristics 332–333 sexual abuse  328 sociological theories  338–340, 340 psychopathology of the caregiver 340–341 situational theory  339 social exchange theory  339 spiritual abuse  329–330 see also family violence Elder Abuse Victims Act, 2013  346 Elder Justice Act, 2010  346 elderly, definition of  326 Electronic Jihad  597 embodied capital  487 emotion regulation  77, 78 emotional factors aggressive behavior  77 victimization 77–78 emotional numbing  77–78 evidence based practice (EBP)  447–448 extremist groups and terrorism  591 technology utilization  589 information dissemination for violence 592–593 Internet as a communication vehicle 593–595 policy implications  598–600 violence against virtual targets  595–598 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)  261 familism 627 family 353 Family Research Laboratory (FRL), University of New Hampshire  91 family violence  353–354 barriers to effective intervention  360–361 conceptual issues  360 funding 361 lack of awareness  361 systemic barriers  360–361 territorialism 361 witness problems  360 collaborative response system  359–360 effectiveness research  361–362 definition 353 future directions  361–367 biological influences  363–364 community role in family violence 365–366 criminological studies  367 interdisciplinary studies  364–365 life‐course studies  362 neglect studies  367 technological innovations  366 see also child abuse; elder abuse; intimate partner violence (IPV) federal Indian law  686–689, 687 feminist perspectives on pornography  89, 508 financial abuse, elderly persons  329 firearms issues  259 homicide cases  131–132 juvenile violence  259 nonfatal violence  151–152, 152 functionalist theories, juvenile violence  252 fundamental attribution error  68 gang membership  211 dynamic nature  203 gender and race representations  214–215 girls and women  211–233 categories of membership  214 crime and violence  216–218 history of  212–214 incarcerated gang women characteristics 220–222 pregnancy and parenthood impact 219–220 sexist representation  212–213 reasons for joining  215–216 schools 226 statistics 200 gang‐related violence  197 criminal capital theory  203–204 girl gang members  216–218 group process theory  204 homicide relationships  127 juvenile gang violence  135 subcultural theory  203–204 Index typology  200 victim‐offender overlap  197–198, 200–206 sequencing 204–205 theoretical basis  203–204 violent offending  200–201 violent victimization  201–203 youth gangs  262 see also gang membership gastrointestinal effects of victimization  106 gay men gaybashing  89, 97 intimate partner violence  700–701 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities gay rights activists  89 general theory of crime  563–564 girls in gangs see gang membership Goldstein, Herman  14 Good Lives Model (GLM), sex offender treatment 535–536 griefing 611–612 grievance responses  56–57 see also disputes group process theory, gang violence  204 gun crimes see firearms issues hacktivism  590, 613 hate crimes activist campaigns against  89 data collection  20 hebephilia  483, 484 help‐seeking experiences intimate partner violence victims  423–424 Alaskan native women  684–686 American Indian women  684–686 Latinas 635–636 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals 706–707 sexual violence victims  544, 545 historical trauma  650 home‐visiting interventions, juvenile violence 260 homicide 123–136 African Americans  650 data sources  123–125 definitional issues  123–124 firearm involvement  131–132 intimate partner  133–134 prevention research  445–447 juvenile perpetrators  248, 255, 262–263 motives 132–133 prevalence 125–127, 125, 126 733 explanations for changes  126–127 prostitution‐related  523, 525 social correlates  127–132 economic status  129 geographical differences  127–128 offender profile  128–129 perpetrator background  129 racial differences  128–129 situational context  130–133 urbanization relationship  127–128 victim characteristics  129–130 types of situations  133–136 chronic violent offenders  135–136 domestic violence  133–134 drug‐related homicides  135 juvenile gang violence  135 robbery‐motivated 134–135 hostile masculinity  489–490 hypersexuality 485 immigrant paradox  626 impulsivity 78 Index of Spouse Abuse  418 Indian Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention Act, 1990  682 Indian Child Welfare Act, 1978  682 Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA)  681, 682, 688 Indian Country Crimes Act, 1817  686 Indian Health Service (IHS)  685 Indian Self‐Determination Act  681 individual differences perspective, victim‐ offender overlap  52–53 inequality see socioeconomic factors Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS), stalking data  159 injury, definition of  326 instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), elder abuse relationship  333 interconnection types, victimization  66–67 interdisciplinary research  364–365 barriers to  364–365 intergenerational transmission child abuse  287–288, 290 intimate partner violence  420–421, 668–669 International Homicide Statistics (IHS)  124 Internet  555, 588, 616 as a communication vehicle  593–595 information dissemination for violence  592–593 violence against virtual targets  595–598 734 Index Internet (cont’d) see also cybercrime; digital violence; pornography; social media intimate partner  695–696 intimate partner violence (IPV)  396–406, 411, 625 African Americans  651–654, 655–656 Alaskan Natives  683 American Indians  683 Asian Americans  666–673 bidirectional violence  381, 656 causal mechanisms  419–422 alcohol abuse  421 intergenerational transmission  420–421, 668–669 patriarchy theory  419–420, 669–670 personality dysfunction  421–422 systems theory  422 college students see college students, dating violence among consequences for disadvantaged groups 111 current state of knowledge  397–398 definition  374, 697–698 controversies 415–417 during pregnancy  108–109 future research directions  445–449 contextualization 448–449 rethinking evidence based practice 447–448 gender symmetry  411–412, 632–633 patriarchal interpretation  412–413 homicide 133–134 prevention research  445–447 interventions  424–427, 439–445 batterer intervention programs 425–426 couples treatment  426–427 evaluation 443–444 gaps between child abuse and domestic violence interventions  366–367 Latinos 628–640 see also Latino population lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 695–710 prevalence data  698–705 research 696–698 life‐course perspective  399–400 across relationships  404–405 continuity and change over time 400–402 desistance from violence  403–404 future research directions  406 relationship dissolution  404 stability of violence within relationship 402–403 measurement controversies  417–419 dyadic concordance types  419 scales 417–419 mental health consequences  101–104 anxiety and depression  101 eating disorders  103–104 posttraumatic stress  102–103 suicide and self‐injury  103 physical health consequences direct injury and disability  105–106 neurochemical, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary effects  106–107 revictimization 109–111 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health  107–109 physical violence  374 policies 439–445 arrest policy research  442–443 unintended consequences research 444–445 pornography association  504–506 prevalence 397 controversies 411–417 prevention 427–428 psychological/emotional abuse  374 revictimization  398–399, 404–405 sexual victimization  460, 655 sibling aggression association  311 stalking as  173 substance abuse association  104 theoretical models  667–673 types of  413–415 see also common (situational) couple violence; intimate (patriarchal) terrorism victim services  422–423 help‐seeking experiences  423–424 male victims  423 Violence Against Women Act  424 women’s movement campaign against  89 see also family violence intimate (patriarchal) terrorism  374, 397, 414–415 Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act, 1990 387 just‐world beliefs  68 Index juvenile violence  247–262 biological, psychological and psychiatric factors 254–255 future research directions  261–262 homicide  248, 255, 262–263 intervention approaches  256–257 communities, families, and individuals 259–261 prevention 256–258 societal level approaches  257–259 public health focus  247–248 diagnosis 249–255 treatment 255–261 rehabilitation versus punishment  247 sociocultural factors  249–253 theories  252–253 youth gangs  262 Kiva anti‐bullying program, Finland  237 labeling theory  252, 401 Latino population cultural characteristics  626–627 familism 627 machismo and marianismo  626–627 religion 627 demography 625–626 intimate partner violence  628–640 associated factors  630–632 future directions  640 gender 632–633 help‐seeking 635–637 mental health consequences  633–634 physical health consequences  634 rates and patterns of violence  628–630 services 637–639 special populations  639 LGBT 639 macro‐level context  627–628 legitimation of violence hypothesis  126 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities  695 definition 696–697 gaybashing  89, 97 intimate partner violence  695–710 help‐seeking 706–707 personal resources  708–709 prevalence data  698–705 public resources  707–708 unique contexts  705–706 Latinos 639 online harassment  575–576 735 prostitution 522 sexual victimization  460 victimization experiences  719 life‐course studies  362, 400–402 continuity and change over time  400–402 intimate partner violence  399–400 trajectories 400 transitions 400 turning points  400, 402 lifestyle‐routine activities theory  559–562 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 lifestyles theory, victim‐offender overlap 50–52 gang members  203 Local Elder Abuse Prevention Network Development Initiative  344–345 local records management systems  Love is Not Abuse program  427–428 low embodied capital  487 low self‐control theory, victim‐offender overlap 203 see also self‐control theory Lulzsec group  612 machismo 626 Major Crimes Act, 1885  686, 687 male peer support  506–508 maltreatment, multitype  67 see also child abuse; elder abuse; victimization malware  596–598, 606 mandatory arrest  443 mandatory reporting laws child abuse  31–33, 354 elder abuse  327, 356–357 marianismo 627 maternal health, victimization effects 107–109 mating effort  485–486 media role in social construction of violence  92–94 medicalization 92 mental health consequences of victimization 100–104 depression and anxiety  101 eating disorders  103–104 posttraumatic stress  102–103 suicide and self‐injury  103 see also specific types of victimization Michigan Intimate Partner Homicide Surveillance System (MIPHSS)  446 736 Index minority groups, victimization consequences 111–112 monovictimization 67 multitype maltreatment  67 NASCAR effect  365 National Child Abuse and Neglect System (NCANDS)  281, 660 National Child Traumatic Stress Network 259 National Coalition of Anti‐Violence Programs (NCAVP)  704, 707 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  7–8, 140–141, 162–163, 406, 415–416 Black intimate partner violence data  656 homicide data  650 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS) on stalking  163, 167, 172, 566 National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative (NDVFRI)  446 National Elder Abuse Incidence Study  330, 335 National Family Violence Survey (NFVS)  397, 411, 415, 655 Resurvey (NFVR)  655 National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS)  11, 16, 18–20 Group A offenses  19, 19, 20 Group B offenses  19, 19, 20 intimate partner violence data  443 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 707 sibling sexual abuse data  304 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS)  416, 418, 533 African Americans  656 Latinos 628 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities  696, 698, 701–703 stalking data  159 National Longitudinal Couples Survey (NLCS) 655 National Network to End Domestic Violence 441 National Security Agency (NSA)  618–619 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, youth victimization survey  25–26 National Study of Couples  628 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)  403, 404 National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) 418 intimate partner violence data  397, 404–405, 415, 416 African Americans  656 Latinos 628 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender data  696–697, 700 stalking data  159, 161, 167 National Violent Death Reporting System  447 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) 124–125 Native Americans see American Indians negative affect, sexual offending relationship 491 neglect  280, 328–329 active 329 child  280, 367 elder  328–329, 367 medical 328 need for studies  367 passive 329 physical 328 neonatal health, victimization effects  107–109 neurochemical effects of victimization 106–107 nonfatal violence  140–155 composition 146, 147 data sources  140–141 definition 141–142 incident characteristics  151–154 injury 153, 153 reporting to the police  153–154, 154 weapon presence  151–153, 152 trends and patterns  142–143, 143 aggravated assault  144, 145, 145 rape and sexual assault  144, 144, 145 robbery 144–145, 144, 145 simple assault  145, 146 victim characteristics  146–151 age 148–151, 149, 150 gender 147–148, 148, 149 race and hispanic origin  149, 150–151, 151 see also specific forms of violence Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) program  291 nursing abuse see elder abuse offender‐victim overlap see victim‐offender overlap offense‐supportive attitudes and beliefs, child sex offenders  490 Index offensive behavior  56 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Model Program Guide 258 Office of Violence Against Women (OVW)  387–388, 441 officials, role in social construction of violence 94–95 Older Americans Act, 1965  345 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program  259 online harassment see cybercrime Operation Ceasefire  62 operational analyses  15, 16–17 Palermo Protocol  518 paraphilias 483–484, 483 parenting factors in sibling aggression 308–309 partner violence see intimate partner violence (IPV) patriarchal theory, intimate partner violence  419–420, 427, 669–670 see also intimate (patriarchal) terrorism pedophilia 483–484 peer pressure, bullying behavior  229 peer victimization see bullying, in schools; college students, dating violence among; cybercrime perpetrator characteristics  69 perpetrator victim  67–68 see also victim‐offender overlap personality dysfunction, intimate partner violence association  421–422 phenomenological theories, juvenile violence 252 Physical Aggression Couples Treatment  426 pimps see prostitution political activism  589, 590–592 polyvictimization  67, 70 child sex abuse  542–543 distal causes  73–78 biological factors  74–75 cognitive processes  75–77 emotional processes  77–78 relationship context  73–74 self‐regulation 78 extent of  67–68 intimate partner violence association, college students  385 Latinas 629 737 prevention and intervention implications 80 proximal causes  71–72 temporary situational factors  72 victimization as  71–72 research implications  78–79 sexual victimization outcome relationship 466 sibling aggression association  312 see also victimization pornography  501–502, 589 business growth  502–503 child pornography  509 definition 502 feminist perspectives  89, 508 male peer support and  506–508 revenge porn  616 violence against women relationships 503–511 policy issues  509–511 research 503–505 theories 506–509 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 102–103 child abuse outcomes  286–287 intimate partner violence consequences college students  384–385 Latinas 633–634 sexual victimization association  465, 542 cognitive behavioral therapy benefits 543 predatory crimes  180 prefrontal cortex (PFC)  289 pregnancy gang members  219–220 victimization during, consequences 108–109 proactive policing  14–16 problem‐oriented policing (POP) approach  14 Project Safe Neighborhood (PSN)  17 Prolonged Exposure Therapy, sexual assault victims 470 prostitution 517–518 associated violence and harm  523–527 homicide  523, 525 children  519–520, 522 criminal justice system responses  527–528 demographic characteristics  521–523 gay/bisexual individuals  522 prevalence 519–520, 519 see also sex trafficking 738 Index Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children  518 psychological distress child abuse survey effects  25–26 elder abuse  329 sibling aggression and  309 pwning 610–611 racial aspects elder abuse  333, 336 gang membership  214–215 homicide 128–129 intimate partner violence, college students 378 juvenile violence  249–250, 262 nonfatal violence  149, 150–151, 151 segregation 249–251 sex trafficking  522–523 sexual victimization/rape  543–544 radical feminist perspective on pornography 508 rape  88–89, 96, 457 definition  21, 142, 457 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 460 male victims  457, 458 outcomes  465–470, 542 attributions and  469–470 disclosure and social reaction effects 466–469 prevalence 533 prostitutes 526 risk factors and correlates  461–464 alcohol 463–464 past history of victimization  462 race 543–544 risk perception  464 risky sexual behavior  463 sociocultural factors  461–462 trends and patterns  144, 144, 145 unacknowledgement issue  458 women’s movement campaign against  88–89, 95, 96 see also sexual victimization rape crisis centers  95 Ratcliffe, Jerry  15 rational choice perspectives  179 juvenile violence  252 relationship context of repeat victimization 73–74 relative deprivation theory  126, 252 reproach 56 reproductive health, victimization effects 107–109 respondent‐driven sampling (RDS)  718 revenge porn  616 revictimization  67, 70, 109–111 distal causes  73–78 biological factors  74–75 cognitive processes  75–77 emotional processes  77–78 relationship context  73–74 self‐regulation 78 extent of  67–68 intimate partner violence  398–399, 404–405 life‐course perspective  400–402 prevention and intervention implications 80 proximal causes  71–72 temporary situational factors  72 victimization as  71–72 research implications  78–79 sexual victimization  462–463, 545–546 child sex abuse  542–543 sibling aggression relationship  309 see also victimization rights abuse  329 risk heterogeneity perspective  199 risk‐need‐responsivity (RNR) model, sex offender treatment  534–535, 536 robbery 180 enactment 190–192 motivations 183–185 robbery‐motivated homicide  134–135 targeting and planning  187–188 trends and patterns  144–145, 144, 145 role ambiguity  365 rough play  303 routine activities theory  179, 199 elder abuse  340–341 lifestyle‐routine activities theory  559–562 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 victim‐offender overlap  50–52 gang members  203 Safe Dates program  428 SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model  14–15 schemas 75 scholar activists  90 school violence  226 Index see also bullying Seattle Social Development Project  259 Second Life  608, 612 segregation 249–251 self‐blame, sexual assault victims  469 self‐control theory  52–53, 78, 199, 667–668 cybercrime relationship  563–564 domestic violence relationship  668 victim‐offender overlap relationship  203 self‐injury intimate partner violence association, college students  386 victimization association  103 self‐neglect 329 self‐regulation 78 sexual offending relationship  488–489 Self‐Regulation Model  489 self‐representation 76–77 Severity of Violence Against Women/Men Scales 418–419 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 2006  537 sex offenders interventions and management  494, 534–536 civil commitment  539–541 future research directions  541–542 Good Lives Model (GLM)  535–536 pharmaceutical treatments  494 risk‐need‐responsivity approach  534– 535, 536 recidivism risk  538 registration and community notification 537–539 evaluation 538–539 unintended consequences  539 see also sexual offending sex trafficking  517–519 associated violence and harm  523–527 criminal justice system responses  527–528 demographic characteristics of victims 521–523 racial characteristics  522–523 minors 520–521 prevalence 519–520 sex‐role socialization  399 sexual arousal, offense association  490–491 Sexual Assault among Latinas (SALAS) study 629 Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs  470, 685 739 Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)  470, 472, 685 sexual deviance  492, 508 sexual health, victimization effects  107–109, 465 sexual offending facilitators of  487–492, 493 hostile masculinity  489–490 intoxication 491–492 negative affect  491 offense‐supportive attitudes and beliefs 490 poor self‐regulation  488–489 psychopathology 488 sexual arousal  490–491 motivations 483–487, 493 hypersexuality 485 low embodied capital  487 mating effort  485–486 paraphilias 483–484, 483 social incompetence  486 prevalence 533 public policy  537–542 risk assessment  492–494 see also sex offenders sexual orientation  696–697 National Health Interview Survey question 709–710 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities sexual victimization  457, 533, 655 Alaskan Natives  683 American Indians  683, 685 child sexual abuse  18, 89 definition 280 contextual factors  460 elder sexual abuse  328 future research recommendations 545–546 help‐seeking  544, 545 incidence and prevalence  458–460 interventions and services  470–471, 542–546 culturally competent interventions 543–544 efficacy 543 Latinas 629 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 460 intimate partner violence  699–702 male victims  457, 458 online sexual exploitation  557–558, 562 740 Index sexual victimization  (cont’d) prevalence 565 research studies  558 outcomes 465–470 attributions and  469–470 disclosure and social reaction effects 466–468 physical health consequences  106–109, 465 polyvictimization influence  466 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  465, 542, 543 pornography influence  504–505 revictimization  462–463, 545–546 risk factors and correlates  461–464 alcohol 463–464 past history of victimization  462 race 543–544 risk perception  464 risky sexual behavior  463 sociocultural factors  461–462 sexual assault definition  457 sibling sexual abuse  303–305 consequences 305 trends and patterns  144, 144 see also intimate partner violence (IPV); rape; sexual offending sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), intimate partner violence association  107–108 Latinas 634 sexually violent predators (SVP), civil commitment laws  539–541 see also sex offenders sibling aggression  297 causes 307–311 constellation factors  309–310 contextual factors  310–311 family system factors  307–308 individual factors  308–309 parenting factors  308–309 consequences 311–312 definition 299 normalization of  297–298 physical violence  302–303 prevention and intervention  312–314 practitioner psychology  313–314 psychological abuse  305–306 property threats and damage  306 rough play  303 sexual abuse  303–305 consequences 305 social aggression  306–307 subcategories 299–302, 299 abuse and violence  301–302 competition 299–300 conflict 300–301 see also aggressive behavior sibling competition  299–300 sibling conflict  300–301 see also disputes SilkRoad website  610 simple assault, trends and patterns  145, 146 situational couple violence (SCV) see common (situational) couple violence situational crime prevention approach  179 situational theory  339 elder abuse  339 Skills for Violence Free Relationships program 427 social aggression  306 sibling 306–307 social cognitive training, juvenile violence 260–261 social construction  95–97, 263 of violence see violence social control theory  252 social development theory  253 social disorganization theory  253, 365–366 social exchange theory  339 elder abuse  339 social incompetence  486 social information processing model  76 social learning theory  75, 668–669 social media  616 boycotting of pornography companies 511 importance of  510–511 Social Security Act, 1975  345 social support elder abuse relationship  334 abuser social support  337 male peer support  506–508 sexual assault victims  468 socioeconomic factors African American population  657, 661, 662 bullying behavior  230 homicide 129 juvenile violence  249–251 sibling aggression  310 Spelman, William  14 spiritual abuse  329–330 stalking 158–159 anti‐stalking laws  158 context of stalking incidents  160 Index definitions  158, 160–161 future research  173–174 incident characteristics  165 measuring stalking victimization  160–162 perceptions of among victims, research study 162–173 analytic technique  165–166 methodology 162–165 results 166–171, 166, 168, 169 study limitations  172–173 perpetrator characteristics  160, 165 prevalence 159 self‐identification as victim  163 social construction  95 victim characteristics  159–160, 164, 165 see also cybercrime State UCR Programs  state‐dependence perspective  199, 400 StopPornCulture! 510 strain theory  253 strategic analyses  15, 18 street code  54, 204, 251 street crime  179–180 enactment 189–192 juvenile violence  251 motivation 181–185 targeting and planning  185–188 see also gang‐related violence Strengthening Families Program for Children and Youth  259 stress response  289 child abuse effects  289–290 dysregulation 74–75 victimization effects  106–107 structuration theory  253 STRYVE (Striving to Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere) program  258 students see college students, dating violence among Stuxnet  598, 606 subcultural approaches, victim‐offender overlap 53–54 gang members  203–204 substance abuse child abuse outcomes  104, 282–284 homicide relationship  132, 135 sexual assault/rape association  460 offense facilitation  491–492 victimization consequences  104–105 see also alcohol use/misuse; drug dealing suicidal thoughts and attempts bullying association  233–234 741 child abuse association  103, 286 victimization association  103 sexual victimization  542 Summary Reporting System (SRS)  11–13 Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)  12, 20, 124, 445 survival sex  522 symbolic interactionism theory  253 systems theory, intimate partner violence 422 tactical analyses  15, 16 Task Force on Community Preventive Services 258 technology and violence  588–590 information dissemination for violence 592–593 Internet as a communication vehicle 593–595 policy implications  598–600 violence against virtual targets  595–598 see also cybercrime; digital violence terrorism see extremist groups and terrorism third‐party involvement in dispute‐related violence 57–58 policy implications  62 Trafficking Victims Violence Prevention Act, 2000 (TVPA)  518 trajectories 400 transgender men and women, intimate partner violence  704–705 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities transitions 400 trauma effects on mental health  289 Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA), 2010 688 tribal law enforcement  685–686 see also Alaskan Natives; American Indians Triple‐Parenting program  291 turning points  400, 402 understudied populations  715–725 policy implications  720–725 identification 720–723 intervention 723–724 prevention 724–725 research issues  716–719 barriers to research participation 716–717 promising methodologies  717–719 researching groups  719–720 742 Index Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program  7–9, 141 Age, Sex and Race of Persons Arrested 12 changes to  13–14 history of  8–9 local records management systems  Modified Crime Index 14 Part I offenses  11–12 Part II offenses  12 participation levels  10, 10 Police Employee data  13 Return A form  12 schedule of offenses  11–12 scope of  10–11 State Programs  Summary Reporting System (SRS)  11–13 Supplement to Return A  12–13, 20 Supplementary Homicide Report  12, 20, 124 voluntary nature  10 United Nation’s Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), International Homicide Statistics (IHS)  124 unreported crime  720–723 unstructured socializing theory, victim‐offender overlap 203 US Children’s Bureau  94 victim blaming  68–70, 428 sexual assault victims  469–470 steps to avoid  79 victim proneness  52 victim services Adult Protective Services  330, 356–358 intimate partner violence victims  422–424 help‐seeking experiences  423–424 male victims  423 sexual violence victims  470–471 victim‐offender overlap  49, 67–68, 198–200 conceptual diagram  59, 59 early studies  49–50 future research  60–61 gang members  197–198, 200–206 sequencing 204–205 theoretical basis  203–204 group process theory  204 individual differences perspective  52–53 lifestyles/routine activities theory  50–52, 203 low self‐control theory  203 online harassment  563, 576 policy implications  61–62 situational perspective  55–59 alcohol 57 dangers associated with offenders  58 offensive behavior  56 remedial actions  56–57 third parties  57–58 subcultural approaches  53–54, 203–204 unstructured socializing theory  203 victimization as a proximal cause of further victimization 71–72 cognition and  76–77 complex dynamics  66, 68–70 connections versus mechanisms  71 interconnection types  66–67 consequences for disadvantaged groups 111–112 during pregnancy  108–109 emotion and  77–78 gang members  201–203 mental health consequences  100–104 depression and anxiety  101 eating disorders  103–104 posttraumatic stress  102–103 suicide and self‐injury  103 monovictimization 67 physical health consequences  105–111 direct injury and disability  105–106 neurochemical, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary effects  106–107 revictimization 109–111 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health  107–109 risk reduction strategies  69–70 costs of  70 self‐regulation and  78 substance abuse relationships  104–105 see also maltreatment; polyvictimization; revictimization victimization prevention programs, focus on violent offenders  61 Village Public Safety Officers (VPSOs), Alaska  685–686 violence  86, 678 as a form of crime, activism, or terror 590–592 new violence  87–88, 95–97 old violence  87, 97 prior history as risk factor  71 social construction framework  86–97, 263 activists 88–90 experts 90–92 media 92–94 officials 94–95 see also aggressive behavior Index 743 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)  346, 387–388, 422, 424, 439–441, 687–688 reauthorization  627–628, 686 Violence Commission  86–88, 96–97 virtual world  608 Vollmer, August  13 Vulnerable Populations Conceptual model 634 Web defacements  597–598, 612, 613 wife abuse see intimate partner violence (IPV) Wife Abuse Inventory  418–419 Wilson, O W.  13 women in gangs see gang membership Women’s Liberation Movement  88–89, 96 Worker Justice Center of New York (WJCNY) 722 working models  75 Washington State Coalition against Domestic Violence 446 weapon use homicides 131–132 nonfatal violence  151–153, 152 sibling aggression  310 street crime  190 see also firearms issues youth gangs see gang‐related violence Youth Internet Safety Survey (YISS)  564, 565, 572 see also cybercrime youth victimization survey  25–26 youth violence see juvenile violence Zerocoin  609, 610 ... The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence Edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison This edition first published... Vision and Scope for this Handbook The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence is an interdisciplinary exploration of all the major elements in the study of violence and victimization Our... not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the US Department of Justice The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence, First Edition Edited by Carlos A Cuevas