The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence Edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell The right of Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or w arranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence / edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-1-118-30315-3 (cloth) 1. Violent crimes. 2. Victims of violent crimes. 3. Violence– Psychological aspects. I. Cuevas, Carlos A., editor. II. Rennison, Callie Marie, editor HV6493.W55 2016 303.601′9–dc23 2015028488 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Cover image: © Daniela White Images / Flickr Open / Getty Set in 10/12pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 To Joana, my wife who is a great source of support and a great lady to spend my life with To Carter and Alani, I love you both very much; this is why Papo looks so tired – CAC I dedicate this book, and all of the research I do, to my best friend, fearless companion, and husband Dave Vaughan Without you, none of this has any meaning – CMR Contents List of Contributors x Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison Part One General Issues in Violence and Victimization The Dynamic Nature of Crime Statistics Cynthia Barnett‐Ryan and Emily H Griffith Ethical Issues in Surveys about Children’s Exposure to Violence and Sexual Abuse David Finkelhor, Sherry Hamby, Heather Turner, and Wendy Walsh Why are Offenders Victimized so Often? Mark T Berg and Richard B Felson The Complex Dynamics of Victimization: Understanding Differential Vulnerability without Blaming the Victim Sherry Hamby and John Grych Social Construction of Violence Joel Best 24 49 66 86 Consequences and Sequelae of Violence and Victimization Mary Ann Priester, Trevor Cole, Shannon M. Lynch, and Dana D DeHart 100 Part Two General Violence 121 Homicide: Its Prevalence, Correlates, and Situational Contexts Terance D Miethe and Wendy C Regoeczi 123 Nonfatal Violence Jennifer L Truman 140 Perceptions of Stalking Victimization among Behaviorally Defined Victims: Examining Factors that Influence Self-Identification Timothy C Hart and Emily I Troshynski 158 viii Contents 10 The Situational Dynamics of Street Crime: Property versus Confrontational Crime Mindy Bernhardt and Volkan Topalli 179 Part Three Juvenile Violence 195 11 Triggerman Today, Dead Man Tomorrow: Gangs, Violence, and Victimization David C Pyrooz and Kathleen A Fox 197 12 Girls and Women in Gangs Joanne Belknap and Molly Bowers 211 13 School Violence and Bullying Melissa K Holt and Gerald Reid 226 14 Juvenile Violence: Interventions, Policies, and Future Directions Terrance J Taylor and Sean McCandless 247 Part Four Family Violence 277 15 Child Maltreatment Cindy Sousa, J Bart Klika, Todd I Herrenkohl, and W Ben Packard 279 16 Destructive Sibling Aggression Jonathan Caspi and Veronica R Barrios 297 17 Elder Maltreatment: The Theory and Practice of Elder-Abuse Prevention Gia Elise Barboza 324 18 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Family Violence Brian K Payne and Christina Policastro 353 Part Five Partner Violence 371 19 Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students: Measurement, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Responses Leah E Daigle, Heidi Scherer, Bonnie S Fisher, and Andia Azimi 373 20 The Transcendence of Intimate Violence across the Life Course Kristin Carbone‐Lopez 396 21 Controversies in Partner Violence Denise A Hines, Emily M Douglas, and Murray A. Straus 411 22 Interventions, Policies, and Future Research Directions in Partner Violence Molly Dragiewicz 439 Part Six Sexual Violence 455 23 Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Christine A Gidycz and Erika L Kelley 457 Index data acquisition see child abuse and victimization surveys definition 279–280 intergenerational transmission 287–288, 290 interventions 354–356 advocacy efforts 355 barriers to effective interventions 360–361 collaborative response system 359–360 educational efforts 355 gaps between child abuse and domestic violence interventions 366–367 integrated responses 356 judicial interventions 355 law‐enforcement 355 monitoring interventions 356 punitive responses 355–356 treatment interventions 355 mandatory reporting laws 31–33, 354 mechanisms explaining long‐term effects 288–290 attachment theory 288–289 developmental traumatology 290 theories about stress and coping 289–290 theories of trauma effects 289 mental health consequences 101–104, 286–287 antisocial behavior 284–285 depression 101, 286 eating disorders 103–104 posttraumatic stress 102, 286–287 suicide and self‐injury 103, 286 overlapping forms of 281 physical health consequences 105–111, 285–286 direct injury and disability 105 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health 107–109 stress response 106–107 prevalence 279 reports of 280–281 revictimization 109–110, 398 risk factors 281–282 sexual abuse 18, 89 consequences 542–543 definition 280 substance abuse association 104, 282–284 see also family violence child abuse and victimization surveys 24–25 child involvement in research study 39–40 computer‐assisted self interviewing (CASI) 34 729 children identified as being in danger 29–31 confidentiality protection 33–35 cultural and social aspects 41–43 cultural adaptation 41–43 sharing data with the community 41 face‐to‐face interviews 33 informed consent issues 35–39 comprehension assessment 36–37 consent versus assent 39 information provided to parents and children 35–36 legal age of consent 38 parental consent 37–38 passive versus active consent 38–39 voluntary participation assurance 37 Institutional Review Board (IRB) approach 40–41 legal requirements to report 31–33 see also mandatory reporting laws material compensations/remuneration 39 minimization of risk to participants 26–28 interviewer skills 26–27 resources in case of distress 27 retaliation and informational risk minimization 27–28 online surveys 34 potential harm from survey participation 25–26 benefits to be balanced against harm 28–29 privacy protection 33–34 research agenda 43–44 telephone interviews 33–34 see also child abuse Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) 279–280 child maltreatment see child abuse child neglect 280, 367 see also child abuse child sex abuse 18, 89 child pornography 509 consequences 542–543 definition 280 prostitution 519–520, 522 Children Without A Voice USA 355 chronic violent offenders 135–136 civil commitment, sexually violent offenders 539–541 Civilization Fund Act, 1890 680 clearances 12 730 Index Clery Act, 1990 387 coercive paraphilia 483, 484 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), sexual violence victims 543, 545 cognitive factors aggressive behavior 75–76 elder abuse 333 victimization 76–77 cognitive processing, sexual assault victims 470 college students, dating violence among 373–390 active bystander intervention 390 consequences 384–386 educational programs for prevention 389–390 federal government’s responses 386–389 gender differences 378–384 bidirectionality 381 correlates of violence 383–384 extent or perpetration and victimization 379–381, 380, 381 initiation of violence 381–382 types of violence 382–383 measurement of 374–375 pornography influence 504 prevalence 376–377, 376 risk factors 377–378 common (situational) couple violence 374, 378, 397–398, 413–414 Communities That Care program 259 Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) 417–418 conflict theory 252 Confucianism 670–671, 670 consensus crime 509 constructionism 86 couple surveys, African Americans 655–656 couples therapy, intimate partner violence 426–427 Cradle to Prison Pipeline Campaign, Howard University 259 crime analysis classification 15–20 crime opportunity theories 126–127, 179–180 crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) approach 179 CrimeSolutions.gov 258 criminal capital theory, victim‐offender overlap 203–204 criminogenic moment 180 criminological theories, elder abuse 340–341, 340, 367 cultural factors child abuse and victimization survey data 41–43 gang‐related violence 203–204 juvenile violence 249–253 sexual victimization 461–462 culturally competent interventions 543–544 treatment outcomes 471–472 sibling aggression 310 unreported crime 721 see also specific populations cultural violence 330 cumulative continuity 400 cyberbullying 558, 561, 571–573, 579, 604, 614–615 prevalence 566 research studies 559 terminology issues 572–573, 579 Cyberbullying Research Center 556 cybercrime 555–568, 588–589 cyberstalking 558–559, 562, 563, 617–618 prevalence 566–567 research studies 560 impact of 567–568, 576–577 online harassment 557, 561, 571–583 definition 572 increasing occurrence 573 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth 575–576 perpetrator characteristics 574, 575 prevalence 564–565, 572–573 prevention and intervention issues 579–583 related to other forms of victimization 577–578 research studies 557 victim characteristics 574, 574 see also cyberbullying online sexual exploitation 557–558, 562 prevalence 565 research studies 558 personal victimization 556 theories 559–564 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 general theory of crime 563–564 lifestyle‐routine activities theory 559–562 types of 556–557 see also cyberbullying; digital violence Index cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 cyberporn see pornography cyberterror 591–592 definition 591 see also extremist groups and terrorism cybertrespass 589 cyberviolence 589–590 dark figure of crime 720 dating violence among college students see college students, dating violence among delinquency early intervention 260 gang membership relationship 201, 214 Denial of Service Attacks 597 depression bullying long‐term effects 235 child abuse consequences 101, 286 intimate partner violence consequences college students 384 Latinas 633, 634 sibling aggression association 312 victimization association 101 sexual victimization 465, 542 destructive sibling aggression see sibling aggression developmental traumatology 290 differential association theory 252 digital violence 604 characteristics of 605–606 definition 606 digital environment 607–608 motivations for 609–619 cause 613–614 control 616–619 ego 610–611 embarrassment 614–615 entertainment 610–613 money 609–610 structural linkage 606–607 see also cybercrime; extremist groups and terrorism; technology and violence disciplinary anomie 365 discrimination, African Americans 661 disputes 55, 58–59 escalation prevention 61 motivations for violence 55–56 alcohol 57 dangers associated with offenders 58 offensive behavior 56 remedial actions 56–57 third parties 57–58 731 Domestic Conflict Containment Program 426 domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) 520–521 domestic violence see child abuse; elder abuse; family violence; intimate partner violence (IPV) Domestic Violence Focused Couples Treatment 426–427 domestic violence response system 423 domestic violence theory, elder abuse 341 drug abuse see substance abuse drug dealing, homicide prevalence relationship 127, 132, 135 see also substance abuse Duluth Model 424–426 dyadic concordance types (DCTs) 419 eating disorders, victimization associations 103–104 Eck, John 14 ecological theory, elder abuse 341–342 Eisenhower, Milton 87 elder abuse 324–347, 354, 356–359 consequences 342–343 criminological theories 340–341, 340, 367 routine activities theory 340–341 cultural violence 330 definitions 324–326, 325 domestic violence theory 340–341 limitations in defining elder abuse 326–327 explanations for 337–338, 338 financial abuse 329 future research directions 346–347 criminological studies 367 integrated theories 341–342 interventions 343–346, 356–359 Adult Protective Services 356–358 barriers to effective interventions 360–361 collaborative response system 359–360 federal legislation 345–346 law enforcement 358–359 mandatory reporting 327, 356–357 methodological considerations 327 neglect 328–329, 367 perpetrator characteristics 335–337 demographics 335–336 dependence 337 psychological factors 336–337 social support systems 337 stress, coping and tolerance 336 732 Index elder abuse (cont’d) physical abuse 328 prevalence 330–332 agency data 330–331 self‐report 331–332 prevention 343–346 psychological abuse 329 relational correlates 334–335 dependence on abuser 334–335 social connections and support 334 risk factors 332–334, 342 behavior problems 334 cognitive ability 333 physical health problems 333 socio‐demographic characteristics 332–333 sexual abuse 328 sociological theories 338–340, 340 psychopathology of the caregiver 340–341 situational theory 339 social exchange theory 339 spiritual abuse 329–330 see also family violence Elder Abuse Victims Act, 2013 346 Elder Justice Act, 2010 346 elderly, definition of 326 Electronic Jihad 597 embodied capital 487 emotion regulation 77, 78 emotional factors aggressive behavior 77 victimization 77–78 emotional numbing 77–78 evidence based practice (EBP) 447–448 extremist groups and terrorism 591 technology utilization 589 information dissemination for violence 592–593 Internet as a communication vehicle 593–595 policy implications 598–600 violence against virtual targets 595–598 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) 261 familism 627 family 353 Family Research Laboratory (FRL), University of New Hampshire 91 family violence 353–354 barriers to effective intervention 360–361 conceptual issues 360 funding 361 lack of awareness 361 systemic barriers 360–361 territorialism 361 witness problems 360 collaborative response system 359–360 effectiveness research 361–362 definition 353 future directions 361–367 biological influences 363–364 community role in family violence 365–366 criminological studies 367 interdisciplinary studies 364–365 life‐course studies 362 neglect studies 367 technological innovations 366 see also child abuse; elder abuse; intimate partner violence (IPV) federal Indian law 686–689, 687 feminist perspectives on pornography 89, 508 financial abuse, elderly persons 329 firearms issues 259 homicide cases 131–132 juvenile violence 259 nonfatal violence 151–152, 152 functionalist theories, juvenile violence 252 fundamental attribution error 68 gang membership 211 dynamic nature 203 gender and race representations 214–215 girls and women 211–233 categories of membership 214 crime and violence 216–218 history of 212–214 incarcerated gang women characteristics 220–222 pregnancy and parenthood impact 219–220 sexist representation 212–213 reasons for joining 215–216 schools 226 statistics 200 gang‐related violence 197 criminal capital theory 203–204 girl gang members 216–218 group process theory 204 homicide relationships 127 juvenile gang violence 135 subcultural theory 203–204 Index typology 200 victim‐offender overlap 197–198, 200–206 sequencing 204–205 theoretical basis 203–204 violent offending 200–201 violent victimization 201–203 youth gangs 262 see also gang membership gastrointestinal effects of victimization 106 gay men gaybashing 89, 97 intimate partner violence 700–701 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities gay rights activists 89 general theory of crime 563–564 girls in gangs see gang membership Goldstein, Herman 14 Good Lives Model (GLM), sex offender treatment 535–536 griefing 611–612 grievance responses 56–57 see also disputes group process theory, gang violence 204 gun crimes see firearms issues hacktivism 590, 613 hate crimes activist campaigns against 89 data collection 20 hebephilia 483, 484 help‐seeking experiences intimate partner violence victims 423–424 Alaskan native women 684–686 American Indian women 684–686 Latinas 635–636 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals 706–707 sexual violence victims 544, 545 historical trauma 650 home‐visiting interventions, juvenile violence 260 homicide 123–136 African Americans 650 data sources 123–125 definitional issues 123–124 firearm involvement 131–132 intimate partner 133–134 prevention research 445–447 juvenile perpetrators 248, 255, 262–263 motives 132–133 prevalence 125–127, 125, 126 733 explanations for changes 126–127 prostitution‐related 523, 525 social correlates 127–132 economic status 129 geographical differences 127–128 offender profile 128–129 perpetrator background 129 racial differences 128–129 situational context 130–133 urbanization relationship 127–128 victim characteristics 129–130 types of situations 133–136 chronic violent offenders 135–136 domestic violence 133–134 drug‐related homicides 135 juvenile gang violence 135 robbery‐motivated 134–135 hostile masculinity 489–490 hypersexuality 485 immigrant paradox 626 impulsivity 78 Index of Spouse Abuse 418 Indian Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention Act, 1990 682 Indian Child Welfare Act, 1978 682 Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) 681, 682, 688 Indian Country Crimes Act, 1817 686 Indian Health Service (IHS) 685 Indian Self‐Determination Act 681 individual differences perspective, victim‐ offender overlap 52–53 inequality see socioeconomic factors Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS), stalking data 159 injury, definition of 326 instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), elder abuse relationship 333 interconnection types, victimization 66–67 interdisciplinary research 364–365 barriers to 364–365 intergenerational transmission child abuse 287–288, 290 intimate partner violence 420–421, 668–669 International Homicide Statistics (IHS) 124 Internet 555, 588, 616 as a communication vehicle 593–595 information dissemination for violence 592–593 violence against virtual targets 595–598 734 Index Internet (cont’d) see also cybercrime; digital violence; pornography; social media intimate partner 695–696 intimate partner violence (IPV) 396–406, 411, 625 African Americans 651–654, 655–656 Alaskan Natives 683 American Indians 683 Asian Americans 666–673 bidirectional violence 381, 656 causal mechanisms 419–422 alcohol abuse 421 intergenerational transmission 420–421, 668–669 patriarchy theory 419–420, 669–670 personality dysfunction 421–422 systems theory 422 college students see college students, dating violence among consequences for disadvantaged groups 111 current state of knowledge 397–398 definition 374, 697–698 controversies 415–417 during pregnancy 108–109 future research directions 445–449 contextualization 448–449 rethinking evidence based practice 447–448 gender symmetry 411–412, 632–633 patriarchal interpretation 412–413 homicide 133–134 prevention research 445–447 interventions 424–427, 439–445 batterer intervention programs 425–426 couples treatment 426–427 evaluation 443–444 gaps between child abuse and domestic violence interventions 366–367 Latinos 628–640 see also Latino population lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 695–710 prevalence data 698–705 research 696–698 life‐course perspective 399–400 across relationships 404–405 continuity and change over time 400–402 desistance from violence 403–404 future research directions 406 relationship dissolution 404 stability of violence within relationship 402–403 measurement controversies 417–419 dyadic concordance types 419 scales 417–419 mental health consequences 101–104 anxiety and depression 101 eating disorders 103–104 posttraumatic stress 102–103 suicide and self‐injury 103 physical health consequences direct injury and disability 105–106 neurochemical, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary effects 106–107 revictimization 109–111 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health 107–109 physical violence 374 policies 439–445 arrest policy research 442–443 unintended consequences research 444–445 pornography association 504–506 prevalence 397 controversies 411–417 prevention 427–428 psychological/emotional abuse 374 revictimization 398–399, 404–405 sexual victimization 460, 655 sibling aggression association 311 stalking as 173 substance abuse association 104 theoretical models 667–673 types of 413–415 see also common (situational) couple violence; intimate (patriarchal) terrorism victim services 422–423 help‐seeking experiences 423–424 male victims 423 Violence Against Women Act 424 women’s movement campaign against 89 see also family violence intimate (patriarchal) terrorism 374, 397, 414–415 Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act, 1990 387 just‐world beliefs 68 Index juvenile violence 247–262 biological, psychological and psychiatric factors 254–255 future research directions 261–262 homicide 248, 255, 262–263 intervention approaches 256–257 communities, families, and individuals 259–261 prevention 256–258 societal level approaches 257–259 public health focus 247–248 diagnosis 249–255 treatment 255–261 rehabilitation versus punishment 247 sociocultural factors 249–253 theories 252–253 youth gangs 262 Kiva anti‐bullying program, Finland 237 labeling theory 252, 401 Latino population cultural characteristics 626–627 familism 627 machismo and marianismo 626–627 religion 627 demography 625–626 intimate partner violence 628–640 associated factors 630–632 future directions 640 gender 632–633 help‐seeking 635–637 mental health consequences 633–634 physical health consequences 634 rates and patterns of violence 628–630 services 637–639 special populations 639 LGBT 639 macro‐level context 627–628 legitimation of violence hypothesis 126 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities 695 definition 696–697 gaybashing 89, 97 intimate partner violence 695–710 help‐seeking 706–707 personal resources 708–709 prevalence data 698–705 public resources 707–708 unique contexts 705–706 Latinos 639 online harassment 575–576 735 prostitution 522 sexual victimization 460 victimization experiences 719 life‐course studies 362, 400–402 continuity and change over time 400–402 intimate partner violence 399–400 trajectories 400 transitions 400 turning points 400, 402 lifestyle‐routine activities theory 559–562 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 lifestyles theory, victim‐offender overlap 50–52 gang members 203 Local Elder Abuse Prevention Network Development Initiative 344–345 local records management systems Love is Not Abuse program 427–428 low embodied capital 487 low self‐control theory, victim‐offender overlap 203 see also self‐control theory Lulzsec group 612 machismo 626 Major Crimes Act, 1885 686, 687 male peer support 506–508 maltreatment, multitype 67 see also child abuse; elder abuse; victimization malware 596–598, 606 mandatory arrest 443 mandatory reporting laws child abuse 31–33, 354 elder abuse 327, 356–357 marianismo 627 maternal health, victimization effects 107–109 mating effort 485–486 media role in social construction of violence 92–94 medicalization 92 mental health consequences of victimization 100–104 depression and anxiety 101 eating disorders 103–104 posttraumatic stress 102–103 suicide and self‐injury 103 see also specific types of victimization Michigan Intimate Partner Homicide Surveillance System (MIPHSS) 446 736 Index minority groups, victimization consequences 111–112 monovictimization 67 multitype maltreatment 67 NASCAR effect 365 National Child Abuse and Neglect System (NCANDS) 281, 660 National Child Traumatic Stress Network 259 National Coalition of Anti‐Violence Programs (NCAVP) 704, 707 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 7–8, 140–141, 162–163, 406, 415–416 Black intimate partner violence data 656 homicide data 650 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS) on stalking 163, 167, 172, 566 National Domestic Violence Fatality Review Initiative (NDVFRI) 446 National Elder Abuse Incidence Study 330, 335 National Family Violence Survey (NFVS) 397, 411, 415, 655 Resurvey (NFVR) 655 National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 11, 16, 18–20 Group A offenses 19, 19, 20 Group B offenses 19, 19, 20 intimate partner violence data 443 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 707 sibling sexual abuse data 304 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) 416, 418, 533 African Americans 656 Latinos 628 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 696, 698, 701–703 stalking data 159 National Longitudinal Couples Survey (NLCS) 655 National Network to End Domestic Violence 441 National Security Agency (NSA) 618–619 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, youth victimization survey 25–26 National Study of Couples 628 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) 403, 404 National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) 418 intimate partner violence data 397, 404–405, 415, 416 African Americans 656 Latinos 628 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender data 696–697, 700 stalking data 159, 161, 167 National Violent Death Reporting System 447 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) 124–125 Native Americans see American Indians negative affect, sexual offending relationship 491 neglect 280, 328–329 active 329 child 280, 367 elder 328–329, 367 medical 328 need for studies 367 passive 329 physical 328 neonatal health, victimization effects 107–109 neurochemical effects of victimization 106–107 nonfatal violence 140–155 composition 146, 147 data sources 140–141 definition 141–142 incident characteristics 151–154 injury 153, 153 reporting to the police 153–154, 154 weapon presence 151–153, 152 trends and patterns 142–143, 143 aggravated assault 144, 145, 145 rape and sexual assault 144, 144, 145 robbery 144–145, 144, 145 simple assault 145, 146 victim characteristics 146–151 age 148–151, 149, 150 gender 147–148, 148, 149 race and hispanic origin 149, 150–151, 151 see also specific forms of violence Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) program 291 nursing abuse see elder abuse offender‐victim overlap see victim‐offender overlap offense‐supportive attitudes and beliefs, child sex offenders 490 Index offensive behavior 56 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Model Program Guide 258 Office of Violence Against Women (OVW) 387–388, 441 officials, role in social construction of violence 94–95 Older Americans Act, 1965 345 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program 259 online harassment see cybercrime Operation Ceasefire 62 operational analyses 15, 16–17 Palermo Protocol 518 paraphilias 483–484, 483 parenting factors in sibling aggression 308–309 partner violence see intimate partner violence (IPV) patriarchal theory, intimate partner violence 419–420, 427, 669–670 see also intimate (patriarchal) terrorism pedophilia 483–484 peer pressure, bullying behavior 229 peer victimization see bullying, in schools; college students, dating violence among; cybercrime perpetrator characteristics 69 perpetrator victim 67–68 see also victim‐offender overlap personality dysfunction, intimate partner violence association 421–422 phenomenological theories, juvenile violence 252 Physical Aggression Couples Treatment 426 pimps see prostitution political activism 589, 590–592 polyvictimization 67, 70 child sex abuse 542–543 distal causes 73–78 biological factors 74–75 cognitive processes 75–77 emotional processes 77–78 relationship context 73–74 self‐regulation 78 extent of 67–68 intimate partner violence association, college students 385 Latinas 629 737 prevention and intervention implications 80 proximal causes 71–72 temporary situational factors 72 victimization as 71–72 research implications 78–79 sexual victimization outcome relationship 466 sibling aggression association 312 see also victimization pornography 501–502, 589 business growth 502–503 child pornography 509 definition 502 feminist perspectives 89, 508 male peer support and 506–508 revenge porn 616 violence against women relationships 503–511 policy issues 509–511 research 503–505 theories 506–509 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 102–103 child abuse outcomes 286–287 intimate partner violence consequences college students 384–385 Latinas 633–634 sexual victimization association 465, 542 cognitive behavioral therapy benefits 543 predatory crimes 180 prefrontal cortex (PFC) 289 pregnancy gang members 219–220 victimization during, consequences 108–109 proactive policing 14–16 problem‐oriented policing (POP) approach 14 Project Safe Neighborhood (PSN) 17 Prolonged Exposure Therapy, sexual assault victims 470 prostitution 517–518 associated violence and harm 523–527 homicide 523, 525 children 519–520, 522 criminal justice system responses 527–528 demographic characteristics 521–523 gay/bisexual individuals 522 prevalence 519–520, 519 see also sex trafficking 738 Index Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 518 psychological distress child abuse survey effects 25–26 elder abuse 329 sibling aggression and 309 pwning 610–611 racial aspects elder abuse 333, 336 gang membership 214–215 homicide 128–129 intimate partner violence, college students 378 juvenile violence 249–250, 262 nonfatal violence 149, 150–151, 151 segregation 249–251 sex trafficking 522–523 sexual victimization/rape 543–544 radical feminist perspective on pornography 508 rape 88–89, 96, 457 definition 21, 142, 457 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 460 male victims 457, 458 outcomes 465–470, 542 attributions and 469–470 disclosure and social reaction effects 466–469 prevalence 533 prostitutes 526 risk factors and correlates 461–464 alcohol 463–464 past history of victimization 462 race 543–544 risk perception 464 risky sexual behavior 463 sociocultural factors 461–462 trends and patterns 144, 144, 145 unacknowledgement issue 458 women’s movement campaign against 88–89, 95, 96 see also sexual victimization rape crisis centers 95 Ratcliffe, Jerry 15 rational choice perspectives 179 juvenile violence 252 relationship context of repeat victimization 73–74 relative deprivation theory 126, 252 reproach 56 reproductive health, victimization effects 107–109 respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) 718 revenge porn 616 revictimization 67, 70, 109–111 distal causes 73–78 biological factors 74–75 cognitive processes 75–77 emotional processes 77–78 relationship context 73–74 self‐regulation 78 extent of 67–68 intimate partner violence 398–399, 404–405 life‐course perspective 400–402 prevention and intervention implications 80 proximal causes 71–72 temporary situational factors 72 victimization as 71–72 research implications 78–79 sexual victimization 462–463, 545–546 child sex abuse 542–543 sibling aggression relationship 309 see also victimization rights abuse 329 risk heterogeneity perspective 199 risk‐need‐responsivity (RNR) model, sex offender treatment 534–535, 536 robbery 180 enactment 190–192 motivations 183–185 robbery‐motivated homicide 134–135 targeting and planning 187–188 trends and patterns 144–145, 144, 145 role ambiguity 365 rough play 303 routine activities theory 179, 199 elder abuse 340–341 lifestyle‐routine activities theory 559–562 cyberlifestyle‐routine activities theory 562–563 victim‐offender overlap 50–52 gang members 203 Safe Dates program 428 SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model 14–15 schemas 75 scholar activists 90 school violence 226 Index see also bullying Seattle Social Development Project 259 Second Life 608, 612 segregation 249–251 self‐blame, sexual assault victims 469 self‐control theory 52–53, 78, 199, 667–668 cybercrime relationship 563–564 domestic violence relationship 668 victim‐offender overlap relationship 203 self‐injury intimate partner violence association, college students 386 victimization association 103 self‐neglect 329 self‐regulation 78 sexual offending relationship 488–489 Self‐Regulation Model 489 self‐representation 76–77 Severity of Violence Against Women/Men Scales 418–419 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 2006 537 sex offenders interventions and management 494, 534–536 civil commitment 539–541 future research directions 541–542 Good Lives Model (GLM) 535–536 pharmaceutical treatments 494 risk‐need‐responsivity approach 534– 535, 536 recidivism risk 538 registration and community notification 537–539 evaluation 538–539 unintended consequences 539 see also sexual offending sex trafficking 517–519 associated violence and harm 523–527 criminal justice system responses 527–528 demographic characteristics of victims 521–523 racial characteristics 522–523 minors 520–521 prevalence 519–520 sex‐role socialization 399 sexual arousal, offense association 490–491 Sexual Assault among Latinas (SALAS) study 629 Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs 470, 685 739 Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART) 470, 472, 685 sexual deviance 492, 508 sexual health, victimization effects 107–109, 465 sexual offending facilitators of 487–492, 493 hostile masculinity 489–490 intoxication 491–492 negative affect 491 offense‐supportive attitudes and beliefs 490 poor self‐regulation 488–489 psychopathology 488 sexual arousal 490–491 motivations 483–487, 493 hypersexuality 485 low embodied capital 487 mating effort 485–486 paraphilias 483–484, 483 social incompetence 486 prevalence 533 public policy 537–542 risk assessment 492–494 see also sex offenders sexual orientation 696–697 National Health Interview Survey question 709–710 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities sexual victimization 457, 533, 655 Alaskan Natives 683 American Indians 683, 685 child sexual abuse 18, 89 definition 280 contextual factors 460 elder sexual abuse 328 future research recommendations 545–546 help‐seeking 544, 545 incidence and prevalence 458–460 interventions and services 470–471, 542–546 culturally competent interventions 543–544 efficacy 543 Latinas 629 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities 460 intimate partner violence 699–702 male victims 457, 458 online sexual exploitation 557–558, 562 740 Index sexual victimization (cont’d) prevalence 565 research studies 558 outcomes 465–470 attributions and 469–470 disclosure and social reaction effects 466–468 physical health consequences 106–109, 465 polyvictimization influence 466 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 465, 542, 543 pornography influence 504–505 revictimization 462–463, 545–546 risk factors and correlates 461–464 alcohol 463–464 past history of victimization 462 race 543–544 risk perception 464 risky sexual behavior 463 sociocultural factors 461–462 sexual assault definition 457 sibling sexual abuse 303–305 consequences 305 trends and patterns 144, 144 see also intimate partner violence (IPV); rape; sexual offending sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), intimate partner violence association 107–108 Latinas 634 sexually violent predators (SVP), civil commitment laws 539–541 see also sex offenders sibling aggression 297 causes 307–311 constellation factors 309–310 contextual factors 310–311 family system factors 307–308 individual factors 308–309 parenting factors 308–309 consequences 311–312 definition 299 normalization of 297–298 physical violence 302–303 prevention and intervention 312–314 practitioner psychology 313–314 psychological abuse 305–306 property threats and damage 306 rough play 303 sexual abuse 303–305 consequences 305 social aggression 306–307 subcategories 299–302, 299 abuse and violence 301–302 competition 299–300 conflict 300–301 see also aggressive behavior sibling competition 299–300 sibling conflict 300–301 see also disputes SilkRoad website 610 simple assault, trends and patterns 145, 146 situational couple violence (SCV) see common (situational) couple violence situational crime prevention approach 179 situational theory 339 elder abuse 339 Skills for Violence Free Relationships program 427 social aggression 306 sibling 306–307 social cognitive training, juvenile violence 260–261 social construction 95–97, 263 of violence see violence social control theory 252 social development theory 253 social disorganization theory 253, 365–366 social exchange theory 339 elder abuse 339 social incompetence 486 social information processing model 76 social learning theory 75, 668–669 social media 616 boycotting of pornography companies 511 importance of 510–511 Social Security Act, 1975 345 social support elder abuse relationship 334 abuser social support 337 male peer support 506–508 sexual assault victims 468 socioeconomic factors African American population 657, 661, 662 bullying behavior 230 homicide 129 juvenile violence 249–251 sibling aggression 310 Spelman, William 14 spiritual abuse 329–330 stalking 158–159 anti‐stalking laws 158 context of stalking incidents 160 Index definitions 158, 160–161 future research 173–174 incident characteristics 165 measuring stalking victimization 160–162 perceptions of among victims, research study 162–173 analytic technique 165–166 methodology 162–165 results 166–171, 166, 168, 169 study limitations 172–173 perpetrator characteristics 160, 165 prevalence 159 self‐identification as victim 163 social construction 95 victim characteristics 159–160, 164, 165 see also cybercrime State UCR Programs state‐dependence perspective 199, 400 StopPornCulture! 510 strain theory 253 strategic analyses 15, 18 street code 54, 204, 251 street crime 179–180 enactment 189–192 juvenile violence 251 motivation 181–185 targeting and planning 185–188 see also gang‐related violence Strengthening Families Program for Children and Youth 259 stress response 289 child abuse effects 289–290 dysregulation 74–75 victimization effects 106–107 structuration theory 253 STRYVE (Striving to Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere) program 258 students see college students, dating violence among Stuxnet 598, 606 subcultural approaches, victim‐offender overlap 53–54 gang members 203–204 substance abuse child abuse outcomes 104, 282–284 homicide relationship 132, 135 sexual assault/rape association 460 offense facilitation 491–492 victimization consequences 104–105 see also alcohol use/misuse; drug dealing suicidal thoughts and attempts bullying association 233–234 741 child abuse association 103, 286 victimization association 103 sexual victimization 542 Summary Reporting System (SRS) 11–13 Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) 12, 20, 124, 445 survival sex 522 symbolic interactionism theory 253 systems theory, intimate partner violence 422 tactical analyses 15, 16 Task Force on Community Preventive Services 258 technology and violence 588–590 information dissemination for violence 592–593 Internet as a communication vehicle 593–595 policy implications 598–600 violence against virtual targets 595–598 see also cybercrime; digital violence terrorism see extremist groups and terrorism third‐party involvement in dispute‐related violence 57–58 policy implications 62 Trafficking Victims Violence Prevention Act, 2000 (TVPA) 518 trajectories 400 transgender men and women, intimate partner violence 704–705 see also lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities transitions 400 trauma effects on mental health 289 Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA), 2010 688 tribal law enforcement 685–686 see also Alaskan Natives; American Indians Triple‐Parenting program 291 turning points 400, 402 understudied populations 715–725 policy implications 720–725 identification 720–723 intervention 723–724 prevention 724–725 research issues 716–719 barriers to research participation 716–717 promising methodologies 717–719 researching groups 719–720 742 Index Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program 7–9, 141 Age, Sex and Race of Persons Arrested 12 changes to 13–14 history of 8–9 local records management systems Modified Crime Index 14 Part I offenses 11–12 Part II offenses 12 participation levels 10, 10 Police Employee data 13 Return A form 12 schedule of offenses 11–12 scope of 10–11 State Programs Summary Reporting System (SRS) 11–13 Supplement to Return A 12–13, 20 Supplementary Homicide Report 12, 20, 124 voluntary nature 10 United Nation’s Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), International Homicide Statistics (IHS) 124 unreported crime 720–723 unstructured socializing theory, victim‐offender overlap 203 US Children’s Bureau 94 victim blaming 68–70, 428 sexual assault victims 469–470 steps to avoid 79 victim proneness 52 victim services Adult Protective Services 330, 356–358 intimate partner violence victims 422–424 help‐seeking experiences 423–424 male victims 423 sexual violence victims 470–471 victim‐offender overlap 49, 67–68, 198–200 conceptual diagram 59, 59 early studies 49–50 future research 60–61 gang members 197–198, 200–206 sequencing 204–205 theoretical basis 203–204 group process theory 204 individual differences perspective 52–53 lifestyles/routine activities theory 50–52, 203 low self‐control theory 203 online harassment 563, 576 policy implications 61–62 situational perspective 55–59 alcohol 57 dangers associated with offenders 58 offensive behavior 56 remedial actions 56–57 third parties 57–58 subcultural approaches 53–54, 203–204 unstructured socializing theory 203 victimization as a proximal cause of further victimization 71–72 cognition and 76–77 complex dynamics 66, 68–70 connections versus mechanisms 71 interconnection types 66–67 consequences for disadvantaged groups 111–112 during pregnancy 108–109 emotion and 77–78 gang members 201–203 mental health consequences 100–104 depression and anxiety 101 eating disorders 103–104 posttraumatic stress 102–103 suicide and self‐injury 103 monovictimization 67 physical health consequences 105–111 direct injury and disability 105–106 neurochemical, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary effects 106–107 revictimization 109–111 sexual, reproductive and maternal/ neonatal health 107–109 risk reduction strategies 69–70 costs of 70 self‐regulation and 78 substance abuse relationships 104–105 see also maltreatment; polyvictimization; revictimization victimization prevention programs, focus on violent offenders 61 Village Public Safety Officers (VPSOs), Alaska 685–686 violence 86, 678 as a form of crime, activism, or terror 590–592 new violence 87–88, 95–97 old violence 87, 97 prior history as risk factor 71 social construction framework 86–97, 263 activists 88–90 experts 90–92 media 92–94 officials 94–95 see also aggressive behavior Index 743 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) 346, 387–388, 422, 424, 439–441, 687–688 reauthorization 627–628, 686 Violence Commission 86–88, 96–97 virtual world 608 Vollmer, August 13 Vulnerable Populations Conceptual model 634 Web defacements 597–598, 612, 613 wife abuse see intimate partner violence (IPV) Wife Abuse Inventory 418–419 Wilson, O W. 13 women in gangs see gang membership Women’s Liberation Movement 88–89, 96 Worker Justice Center of New York (WJCNY) 722 working models 75 Washington State Coalition against Domestic Violence 446 weapon use homicides 131–132 nonfatal violence 151–153, 152 sibling aggression 310 street crime 190 see also firearms issues youth gangs see gang‐related violence Youth Internet Safety Survey (YISS) 564, 565, 572 see also cybercrime youth victimization survey 25–26 youth violence see juvenile violence Zerocoin 609, 610 ... The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence Edited by Carlos A Cuevas and Callie Marie Rennison This edition first published... Vision and Scope for this Handbook The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence is an interdisciplinary exploration of all the major elements in the study of violence and victimization Our... not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the US Department of Justice The Wiley Handbook on the Psychology of Violence, First Edition Edited by Carlos A Cuevas