Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Objectives is from the summing, approaching the theoretical issues of discourse analysis in general and discourse analysis of a literary work in particular, we implement a survey on discourse of conversation in Nam Cao''s short storiesto indicate the form of dialogue, inner monologue and coherent; from that, the thesis contribute affirm the richness, diversity and his success in establishing discourse of conversation.
1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HÔ CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF PEDAGOGY ̀ ́ NGUYÊN THI THU HĂNG ̃ ̣ ̀ DISCOURSE IN NAM CAO’S SHORT STORIES DIALOGUE, MONOLOGUE AND COHERENCE Major: Code: LINGUISTICS 62 22 0240 SUMMARY THESIS IN LINGUIATICS AND FOREIGN’S CULTURE Hô Chi Minh city, 2015 ̀ ́ This thesis was completed in Hô Chi Minh city University of ̀ ́ Pedagogy Staff of Supervisors: Assoc. Prof. Dor. Dư Ngoc Ngân ̣ Assoc. Prof. Dor. Nguyên Thi Hai ̃ ̣ Rewiew Panel: Assoc. Prof. Dor. Hoang Trong Canh ̀ ̣ Dor. Trân Hoang ̀ ̀ Assoc. Prof. Dor. Nguyên Công Đ ̃ ức Thesis will be presented under Thesis Assessment Committee in Hồ Chi Minh city University of Pedagogy ́ This thesis will be looked up at : National Library of Viêt Nam ̣ Social Science Library of Hô Chi Minh city ̀ ́ Labrary of Hô Chi Minh city University of Pedagogy ̀ ́ INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Nam Cao is one of few Vietnam writers over half a century ago have strong appeal for readers due to modern, innovative nature in his writing style Short story is the most successful genre of the writer With this category, position and his contributions have been confirmed early in the village of Vietnamese prose in the twentieth century. In the history of the study of Linguistics from the early twentieth century to the present, the results of these studies is often associated with some other social sciences, especially with research literature. Nearly thirty years, Linguistics transfers to a new field, called the study of language in use. The prominent results of this period is Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis Although the theory of Discourse Analysis has origin from the 60s of the 20th century, it is still a piece of fertile land which needs to focus on exploring. Using this new achievement of Linguistics in the study of literature, we select survey topics " Discourses in Dialogue in short story of Nam Cao dialogue, monologue and coherent " Due to this is a new approach, my thesis do not research in all the fields of discourse analysis so that it only focuses on discourse analysis in dialogue via inner monologue, dialogue and discourse coherent of adjacent pairs of speech. We believe that the use of theory of Discourse Analysis on the survey of the language in Nam Cao's short story will help detect more the unique contributing literary value of this practical pen. The result of the subject will contribute more practical experiences on the discourse analysis of works of literature in narrative 2. History of the research problem 2.1. Overview of History of research subjects in Nam Cao's short stories In this section, the thesis has the statistics on prominent researches in Nam Cao author. We also have a relatively divided researches' groups into some aspects and the contributions of the writer as a researcher and literary critic. In general, these specific works researching on Nam Cao author are very rich and diverse. These works and articles pointed out the features on form of art and prosody in Nam Cao's work. However, most of researchers focused on stylistics, Nam Cao's work approach from the perspective of discourse analysis has not yet been shown clearly. 2.2. Overview of History of Research problems in Discourse Analysis 2.2.1. History of research problems on discourse analysis in foreign countries In this section, we systematized and reviewed the researches on discourse analysis of linguists in the world, including works that have been translated into Vietnamese These works focuses on the following points: What is discourse, features and functions of discourse, context and meaning of discourse, the structure of information, the nature of reference, the discourse analysis's pathways, etc 2.2.2. History of research on discourse analysis in Vietnam The conception of discourse was introduced in Vietnam early in Linguistics. Including works: Vietnamese links in writingsystem (Tran Ngoc Them, 1985); Text and Vietnamese links, Discourse communication and writing structure (Diep Quang Ban, 1998, 2009), General Linguistics, volume (Do Huu Chau, 2001), Discourse Analysis: Some Theoretical and Methodological Issues (Nguyen Hoa, 2003), Some practical applications of the Vietnamese language (Nguyen Thien Giap 2004), The dictionary rhetorical style of learning (Nguyen Thai Hoa, 2005) The intensive works on this field of the author Diep Quang Ban: Text and links in Vietnamese (1998), Communication. Text. Coherent. Conjunction Paragraphs (2003), Text (2005) In particular, in the treatise Discourse communication and writing structure (2009), the author spent a significant amount of pages presenting discourse with 8 contents: Educational stories and story grammar, conversation analysis, discourse analysis, text and features of the text, spoken and written language, coherent in the text, the link in the Vietnamese The work Discourse analysis: Some Theoretical and Methodological Issues of Nguyen Hoa is an astute treatise of discourse and discourse analysis. Do Huu Chau(2001) with General Linguistics. Nguyen Duc Dan (1998) with treatise Pragmatics. The author Mai Thi Hao Yen (2001) defended his thesis with the topic "Conversation in short story of Nam Cao (forms of dialogue)". The author has identified, described the structure of form of direct dialogue and indirect dialogue in short stories of Nam Cao. The author spent a chapter named " Line of Thoughts" to describe the analysis of inner thought lyrics (the subject and predicate in lyrics of inner thoughts; the point of view of inner thought); direct and indirect forms of inner monologue in the short stories of Nam Cao. Therefore, the thesis distinguished concretely categories in dialogue, including speech (dialogue) and thought. Author Vu Van Lang (2013) have completed Ph.D thesis "some works of Nam Cao under the light of the discourse analysis and pragmatics". From linguistic materials of two works: Chi Pheo and Corroded life of Nam Cao, the author has studied it in the following aspects: the layout of the work; the character's personality (positive, negative strokes); character's arguments. The author spent a lot of effort to identify signs of semiotics in these two works They are "run for office", polygamy, jealousy, child marriage, bribery, etc An amount of MA students also choose discourse issues for their masters thesis: Expression of power relationship in the discourse analysis (Pham Thi Thu Trang), Coherent of discourse analysis in a number of modern literary works (Tran Thi Thu Huong), Article 's Name in Vietnamese Newspaper in the term of discourse analysis (Tran Thi Nga) Overall, researches on the discourse analysis in Vietnam are very rich and diverse. However, until now, according to our survey, only a few works to apply the theory of discourse analysis to find out the characteristics of stories' linguistics of some particular authors 3. Objectives and Aims of the Study 3.1. Objectives Taking together and building the basis of theory of conversation, which based on an aggregate conversation's theory of linguistics in Vietnam and in the world and apply it to identify forms using the conversation, research, discover and describe the structure of forms using the conversation (dialogue , inner monologue) and coherent of discourse in questionanswer dialogue of Nam Cao's short stories Then, the thesis shows the consistency and difference among the types of conversation The results of the thesis contribute to illuminating the theory of discourse analysis of literature 's works, especially the works in the genre of the short story 3.2. Aims From the summing, approaching the theoretical issues of discourse analysis in general and discourse analysis of a literary work in particular, we implement a survey on discourse of conversation in Nam Cao's short storiesto indicate the form of dialogue, inner monologue and coherent From that, the thesis contribute affirm the richness, diversity and his success in establishing discourse of conversation 4. Objets of study The thesis focuses on survey system of the value of the content of thought and art form of 71 short stories from the perspective of discourse analysis to highlight the art of using dialogue, monologue and coherent discourse of the writer 5 .Study methodology: In addition to these methods, common manipulations science research in general, the thesis uses the following research methods: statistical methods; the describe method, comparison method; conversation analysis methods; discourse analysis methodology. 6. Meaning of thesis The thesis systematize the rationale of discourse analysis; filtering, application and pointing out the specific steps in the discourse analysis in conversation of a work of an author So that contribute to clarification of the theory as well as the relevant issues in the teaching of conversation in high schools. In the view of discourse analysis, the thesis will hopefully find out what sign language performance form of conversation (dialogue, monologue) and the expression of coherent conversation discourse in short stories of Nam Cao. From there, supplement an approach to Nam Cao's works in individual and discourse of short story in general 7.Organization of the study Beside Introduction, Conclusion and References, Appendices, the thesis consists of three chapters as below: Chapter 1: Rationale Chapter 2: Inner monologue and dialogue in the short stories of Nam Cao. Chapter 3: Coherent in conversation discourse of short stories of Nam Cao. Chapter 1: RATIONALE 1.1. Discourses analysis 1.1.1. Discourses In this section, we have presented the concept of discourse, and characteristics and types of discourse. We have gathered the views of linguistic researchers in the world and in Vietnam about this term. We can attach the definition of Cook: "Discourse is a stretch of language in use, taking on meaning in context for its users, and perceived by them as purposeful, meaningful and connected" [12.200]. The relationship between text and discourse can be visualized through the following diagram: Text (linguistic surface ) Discourses (logic, functions) Chart 1. The relationship between discourse and text 1.1.2. Discourse Analysis 1.1.2.1. Some approaches in the discourse analysis 1.1.2.2. An amount of theories of discourse analysis 1.1.3. Discourse Analysis in short story 1.1.3.1. Discourse of short story 1.1.3.2. Directions of discourse analysis in short story Analysis of the structure of short story 10 Analysis of context to clarify discourse situation and tone of the short story Analysis of the characteristics of the type of discourse in the short story Analysis of artistic langage of short story 1.2. Conversation 1.2.1. The notion of conversation The concepts of Ho Le [54.21], Nguyen Thien Giap [54.2122], Do Huu Chau [26.88], Nguyen Duc Dan [32.76], Do Thi Kim Lien [54.22] all have in common: The conversation is common and regular communication activities of human beings, is the exchange of information according to the purpose of the participants. 1.2.2. The mobilities of conversation The conversation include: giving the response, giving the response and interaction 1.2.3. The rules of conversation 1.2.3.1. The principle of sequences 1.2.3.2. The principle of conversation link 1.2.3.3. The conversation principle 1.2.3.4. The structure of conversation 1.3. Coherent 1.3.1 The notion of coherent After presenting the views of linguists in the world and in our country, we agree with the author Diep Quang Ban [10.97131], coherent was performed in the specific relationships: 15 12 Old man Hac Me son He confides about his difficulties which makes him to 13 Old man Hac decide to sell Vang He talked about his Me remorse that he 24 tricked his dog Vang He had Mr. Giao kept garden pieces and his money to help his 14 15 16 BRIGHT Me burial Wondering about Wife the starvation of Old Me man Hac Complaining about Binh Tu how miserable life Headmaster of Old man Hac Forcing Dien Đien receive the rattan MOON chair and discuss 10 pages how to take it come (p. 104113) Dien's Wife home Discussing how to Dien take off the rattan Dien's Wife chair She calls for Daughter abdominal pain, his 17 18 wife gives her 16 daughter the ginger 19 20 Ho water Ho gets drunk and Tu storms his wife and Tu his daughter Tu reminds her Ho husband adroitly of 10 receive his salary in Ho order to pay debt Ho meets Trung and T LIFE Trung Mao on the road, he 11 pages Mao invites these two REDUNDAN 21 20 writers to go to (page 339350) 22 23 Ho drink beer Ho regrets treating Tu his Word wife ungratefully Tu sooths his child His child Table 3. The Statistical table of characters and situation of communication and the number of sequences/dialogue With a total of 63 pages, 4 above short stories have 25 dialogues. The majority of these dialogues have 5 sequences or less (14/23 dialogues), it is hardly dialogues with 10 sequences or more (3/23 dialogues). The statistics of the most successful short stories of the writer once again confirmed that the conversation in Nam Cao' s short stories often are short Overall, the dialogues in works are build adoitly by the writer. Three time, Nam Cao described directly scene when Chi Pheo comes to house to 17 pick a quarrel and none of these three conversations between Chi Pheo and Ba Kien are the same. 2.1.3 Authority relationship and communication situations of the characters Survey of the elements: interpersonal relations (here is the authority relationship), communication status (strong/weak) and communication situations (favorable/unfavorable) between two characters, Chi Pheo and Ba Kien, we have comparison table as follows: Authority Communic Commun No Situation of Dialogue Relationsh Dialo ip gue ation ication status situations (over/unde (strong/we r) After the expiration of ak) Sequences (favorabl e/unfavor able) CP BK CP BK CP BK CP BK + + + + + + + + + being imprisoned, Chi Pheo comes to Ba Kien's house to pick a quarrel Chi Pheo comes to Ba Kien's house and hasses to ask to be imprisoned Chi Pheo comes to Ba Kien to ask his honest right 18 Table 4. The table compares the authority relationship, communication status and communication situations between the two characters Chi Pheo Ba Kien In terms of authority relations, social status of the two characters communicate in all three dialogues does not changed, a party is desperate mobster, the other party is the "Canton chief of Vu Dai village". Review of the communication position, in the first conversation, the strength leans to Ba Kien. It is evidenced by a little number of turns of the character (1 sequence). In the second conversation, Chi Pheo is the active role, he gives his requirements and intimidates Ba Kien The proactive demonstrated in the number of sequences of characters (4/7 sequences) in dialogue. In the last dialogue, the number of sequences of Ba Kien is more than Chi Pheo's ones (5/4 sequences) however the position of Chi Pheo in communication is stronger increasingly and more active (Chi Pheo says long, control the conversation with clear words, in the final sequences, the number of sequences of Chi Pheo and Ba Kien is 8/2 sentences). Three conversations between Chi Pheo and Ba Kien are taken place at Ba Kien's house, Chi Pheo comes to Ba Kien's house and harasses but three conversations are not the same. South High had cleverly let two characters in the two opposing poles of power to against each other in a harshly by the stretch of questionanswer, which reflects the position of communication and personalities of the characters, and in the direction to the destination of communication in a natural way. 2.1.4. The form of the conversation (dialogue, multialogue) The writer's talent in construction of conversation is also expressed in the interaction between the speaker and the listener, however, there are not exchanges of characters' sequences. Here, the writer's pen has followed the 19 logic of reality and demonstrates the mellowed, astute when erect only dialogue of one side. These dialogues demonstrated the depth of Nam Cao in seeing through psychology and personalities of character Although the dialogue is "halfway", there are interactions, revealing the inner and emotions (Conversations between Thi No and Chi Pheo in banana garden; the sentiments between Chi Pheo and Thi No at Chi Pheo's house; conversation between the Old Hac and his dog, Vang ). There are not many trialogues, multialogues in Nam Cao's short stories. However, they also demonstrate talent in construction of dialogue of the writer. Each dialogue is a nature, expressing the purpose of communication and different meanings: There are trialogues mixed skillfully with dialogues. Dialogues is haftway together to express the psychology of the character in a subtle way (trialogues between Sinh and a woman of teashop and her child in the story Greeting guest); there are interesting trialogues in the interaction between two people through the third in order to build natural character discourse, appropriate to the context (trialogue among both husband and wife and small daughter in Tears); There are multialogues with sequences, in which discourse still blends in a natural way, reveals language, perspective of each person and expresses funny, excitement in conversation (multialogue among four close friends Giang, Du, Ho, Ta in the Narrowminded) 2.1.5. The character's dialogue language In General, the language of dialogue of the characters in Nam Cao' s short story is conversational language of daily life. Each character has their own words Discourse of each character are very consistent with the communication context, background and life environment of that character. Conversation discourse is individualized in high level, showing marks of social status, occupation and character' s personalities (a wife complaints her husband with a string of inane questions in Stories unwilling to write, the 20 dialogue language of Chi Pheo reflects his thugs in the story Chi Phèo; Mrs. Thu gives berating words and scolds the grandmother of the slut in the story Một bữa no, the words poured like a torrent, conversation words expresses tone and words of contempt of a rich woman in the countryside ) 2.2. Inner monologue in Nam Cao' s short stories 2.2.1. Frequency of inner monologue' s appearance In short stories of Nam Cao, inner monologue appears dense. A lot of the author's long paragraphs, the author tells the story with the tone of the character, narrative discourse of storyteller and characters swirled together. Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish them, in some cases, inner monologue was written as direct sequence, in the other cases, inner monologue and indirect thoughts mixed with each other, the inner monologue is mixed point of view of the storyteller and the character (For example: in the story Chi Pheo, Redundant Life, the Old man Hac ) 2.2.2. Subject of discourse We also have statistics, survey and create the tables (table 5, table 6, table 7) on the subject of discourse in some short stories of Nam Cao. Consequently, Nam Cao's talent in storytelling already build coordinating accent between the voice of character and storyteller in a natural and swirled way. In many cases of his short stories, discourse of character mixed with cohension of story, it is difficult to determine where the character is, where is the word of the narrator Nam Cao is very ingenious mixer, he change discourse of teller to discourse of character and vice versa. This is polyphonic narrative form which is quite popular in Nam Cao's work (Chi Phèo, Whipping of the Husband, the Old man Hac ). It is the mixing of narrative type, character's thoughts and tone of the narrator that makes the story lifeslike, avoiding a monotonous voice 21 In addition, we also surveyed on the inner monologue discourse is specific to each character and situation (table 8) 2.2.3. Inner monologue reveals character personality The inner monologue discourse helps author portray personality, reveal the hidden corners of the soul of character. With strench of thoughts, direct thoughts, mood and emotion, intrigue and attempts of the character types are showed (inner monologue of the character in A wedding, Chi Pheo, Bright Moon ). 2.2.4. Inner monologue reveals the writer's philosophy Inner monologue discourse is tools, useful experdency to help the writer state the opinion, philosophical perception of literaturearts, recognization, evaluating a person, way of life and philosophy of life (thoughts, concerns, conscience issues, explaination of human of the characters in Bright Moon , Tears, in Gentleness, Chi Phèo, The Old Hac ). This is exactly the meditations that was developed from the observation and experience the life of the writer. SUBCONCLUSION Nam Cao is very conscious and very sure in using the dialogue discourse as a useful expidency to tell, describe and portray the character personalities Dialogue discourse is a crucial component which appears regularly in the short stories of Nam Cao The dialogue often has short capacity reflects the meticulousness and care of the writer in selecting discourse of characters The dialogue was built skillfully by writer. Construction of dialogue of Nam Cao is shown in the "halfway" of dialogue, there is the interaction between the speaker and the listener but do not have the exchange of sequences of characters, and especially in trialogue, multialogue. The language of dialogue of the characters in the short stories of 22 Nam Cao is informal language, evoking images, reflects the occupation, lifestyle and character' s personalities If the frequency of the dialogue in the short stories of writer is not much, in contrast, inner monologue appears frequently, densely. Nam Cao have ability to enter deeply into the character's thoughts, his narrative discourse and writer's inner monologue discourse of character is usually converted, sometimes they mix each other, it is very hard to distinguish them. It is this blend that creates polyphonic narrative style, new voices, engaging readers The inner monologue discourse helps author portray personality, reveal the hidden corners of the soul of character, it also is a tool to express writers notions, perceptions philosophical literature art, recognization, human evaluation, lifestyle and philosophy of life. Because this is exactly the meditations that was developed from the observation and experience the life of the writer. From the survey on conversation discourse of Nam Cao' s short stories, it can be confirmed that he has talent in the layout, building the dialogue and the characters' inner monologue 23 Chapter 3: COHERENT DISCOURSE OF CONVERSATION IN NAM CAO' S SHORT STORY 3.1. Coherent in the compatible questionanswer dialogue When classifying the sentence according to the illocutionary force and denotative meaning, Cao Xuan Hao [48.391412], has given the types of illocutionary actions including: interrogative sentence, narrative sentence have illocutionary value and performative sentences. Value of the majority of this illocutionary action depend on the context Especially interrogative sentence of Vietnamese, interrogative value has illocutionary value and other derivative values (negative, assertive, challenge, debate ). He divides into six types of interrogative sentences In this thesis, with six styles, we established six types of question answer dialogue: Compatible question answer dialogue to the name questions; Compatible question answer dialogue with the causative question ; Compatible question answer dialogue with assertive sentence ; Compatible question answer dialogue with the negative question; Compatible question answer dialogue with subjonctive sentence; Compatible question answer dialogue with with interrogative sentence and exclamative value. Coherent of question answer dialogue is expressed clearly, can found explicit language elements, we temporarily called compatible question answer dialogue . They are dialogue with answer which uses explicit language elements to fill question, it means that they have the same topic, have a tight connection and in coherence In this item 3.1, we have surveys, statistics, descriptions and analysis of typical examples of short stories of Nam Cao to study the diversity, abundance of QuestionAnswer sentence Its coherence embodied very 24 explicit when it maintains and develops the theme in a flexible and sophisticated way. 3.2. Coherent in the incompatible questionanswer dialogue In fact, there are dialogue whose questions and answers seem to never have relation to each other. Among them, the absence of language link, but the response is still the authoritative answer. The search and analysis of the coherence of this dialogue do not merely use a certain language, they must use a lot of language means such as: background knowledge, context, communication situations, presupposition, implication, the nonverbal elements such as gestures, postures, eye contact In addition, it also depends on the purpose of communication, understanding of people who actively participate in the dialogue. Based on the data in the collection of Nam Cao's works had gathered, in this chapter, we are going to study coherence in incompatible question answer dialogue on the basis of the theory of the principles of collaboration and in correspondence between the speech act 3.2.1. Coherent in incompatible question answer dialogue from the principle of collaboration of conversation 3.2.1.1. The notion 3.2.1.2. Coherent through violation of the principle of collaboration of conversation 3.2.2. Coherent in incompatible question answer dialogue from the compation of speech acts 3.2.2.1. Different response methods of the listener In The collection of Nam Cao's short stories, question answer dialogue is a question of scale: 27/441 (6.18%) Most of these answers means convictions 25 Beside the above indirect answer, the listener also can use the facilities of other languages to express the feelings, attitudes, thoughts before the speaker's questions as general knowledge system, social setting, communication situations,presupposition , the nonverbal elements (postures, gestures, ) This is the factor in the linguistic connections to create coherence for the utterances and extremely rich. 3.2.2.2. Coherent was established by presupposition Presupposition is present in most of utterances and the speaker creates an underground link to connect to speech acts and utterances together. a) Coherent through presupposition in semantics b) Coherent through Presupposition in Pragmatics 3.2.2.3. Coherent was established by implication a) Coherent through implication in semantics + Coherence through implication in semantics means that it is inferred from the presupposition + Coherence through implication in semantics means that it is inferred from fictitious words In The collection of Nam Cao's works, the question contains a relationship from " hay" accounts for 14/437 (3.20%) + Coherence through implication in semantics means that it is inferred from "halfway" saying b) Coherent through Implication in Pragmatics c) Coherent are establish by nonlanguage factors 26 Coherence … in the perspective of the principle of cooperation in conversation Incompatible Coherence … in the perspective of correspondence of speech acts Chart 4. Coherent in incompatible question answer dialogue 27 SUB CONCLUSION Coherent in incompatible question answer dialogue is easy to find from the surface form of utterances to the content of the subjectthe content expressed explicitly, as well as the link method to maintain and develop the topic In this chapter, we go into study of coherence in six pairs of incompatible question answer dialogue 436 sequences have form of different types but they are compatible question answer dialogue, coherence is clear, easy to find In a dialogue, Question and answer usually have a common themethe topic, the participants of communication used explicit language elements, the link method to maintain and develop the topic, increase the coherence of dialogue Coherence in incompatible question answer dialogue is not easily noticed as coherent in compatible question answer dialogue. They expresses diversely and richly. This richness from answering in violation of principles of collaboration to the listeners means that they do not reply to questions and use the method of avoiding the negative, say the question, ask again or use the link method (the method of linking with presupposition , implication, postures and gestures). These link methods has a key role, contributing to coherence from the associated semantics in terms of content The more diverse, flexible method of listener is, the richer, more complex and attractive question answer dialogue is. It helps to the study of their coherent become more interesting and meaningful 28 CONCLUSION 1. The thesis was presented, and systematized and evaluated results of research on Linguistics, such as discourse, discourse analysis, coherent, conversations, presupposition and implication. Using the basis of rationale in a selective way and implementing steps in a specific way, the thesis analyzed the dialogue discourse in Nam Cao's short stories, then we can indicate the forms of dialogue, inner monologue, coherence in discourse, content value that it conveyed. 2 With research on discourse in dialogue and inner monologue in short stories' segments of Nam Cao, the thesis contributes to affirming the unique in the art of conversationbuilding, thereby implementing the story attractively, cleverly; revealing character's personality and achieving the purpose of effective communication. The results of survey in the amount of the dialogue and the sequences of character in 20 short stores of Nam Cao and details survey on character, the communication situation, the number of sequences of some typical works shows that: If the frequency of the dialogue in Nam Cao's short stories is not much ,inner monologue appears frequently and densely. He has talent in exploitation character's thoughts, revealing all their mood, feeling and all the attempts, and intrigues. Narrative discourse of the writer and the character's monologue discourse are separated, and mixed flexibly, and it is very hard to distinguish them This blending creates polyphonic storytelling, multiple voices, sometimes deeply philosophical about life, about art; charismatic, stiring the soul of readers, as well as demonstrating the talent, the soul of the writer 3 Research on the compatible question answer in the short stories of Nam Cao brought the new explanation about the success of this unique short story's pen. Through Nam Cao's short stories that we survey the subtleties of 29 coherent between the utterances in questionanswer sequences and in some dialogues has been fully utilized by the author, creating diverse changes in the Q A dialog in particular and some dialogs in general. Compatible question answer dialogue is clearly shown on the surface of the word with the meaning of its explicit, but the building of dialogue of Nam Cao is simple and boring, the subject and topic is also very diverse, and flexible ways , depending on the context, character relations. Besides, there are also many coherence when need to use knowledge of a new language to understand and explore. That's incompatible question answer dialogue. In our point, this is a very interesting problem when the study of the language in the short stories of Nam Cao. It is also one of the factors that brings the success of this author 4 The thesis applied and specified steps of approach a literary work/ narrative discourse of Linguistics. The results of the thesis is the reference document used for teaching the works of Nam Cao in particular and narrative discourse in schools in general The result of the thesis can contribute to provide additional data, show the effect of the study of the literary discourse from the perspective of discourse analysis, contribute to the clarification of the theory as well as the relevant issue. 5 In the process of the study, we found that the subject can open the prospects and further research directions are as follows: The expression of coherent in sentences, paragraphs, texts (or in the utterances, discourse) The expression of form and content of the conversation (through monologue, dialogue, multialogue, etc.). The discourse in conversation in authority relationships of society, etc. ... INNER MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE IN SHORT STORIES OF NAM CAO 2.1 Dialogue in Nam Cao' s short story 2.1.1. Frequency of appearance of dialogues Survey of frequency of the dialogues and sequences of the characters in ... tone and words of contempt of a rich woman in the countryside ) 2.2. Inner monologue in Nam Cao' s short stories 2.2.1. Frequency of inner monologue' s appearance In short stories of Nam Cao, inner monologue appears dense. A lot of ... Line of Thoughts" to describe the analysis of inner thought lyrics (the subject and predicate in lyrics of inner thoughts; the point of view of inner thought); direct and indirect forms of inner monologue in the short stories of Nam Cao. Therefore,