Dissertation summary: Components of brand equity: The case of binh thuan dragon fruit

Research objective: Explore the components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity; to measure the effect of components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity to overall brand equity; and the effect of components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity together; to suggest some policy for Development Research Center of Binh Thuan dragon fruit trees, Binh Thuan dragon fruit; association to increase Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRADING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS OF HO CHI MINH CITY - NGUYEN VIET BANG COMPONENTS OF BRAND EQUITY: THE CASE OF BINH THUAN DRAGON FRUIT Major: Commercial Business Code: 62.34.01.21 SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC DOCTORAL THESIS HCM City, 2015 The reasearch was completed at: University of Economics ò Ho Chi Minh City Scientific instructor: Ph.D Ngo Thi Ngoc Huyen Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Le Tan Buu Reviewer The thesis will be protected in front of Thesis scoring council at the University of Economics of Ho Chi Minh City at … hour… day….month… year …… PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS Nguyen Viet Bang (Coauthor), 2014, “Components of Brand Equity: The Case of Binh Thuan Dragon Fruit”, Journal of Economic Development, No 285, pp 61 – 82 Nguyen Viet Bang (Coauthor), 2014, “Components of Brand Equity: The Case of Binh Thuan Dragon Fruit”, Journal of Economic Development, No 222, pp 142 – 160 Nguyen Viet Bang (Coauthor), 2014, “Components of brand equity of Binh Thuan Dragon fruit”, Science & Technology Development, Vol 17, No Q2, pp 85 – 94 Nguyen Viet Bang, 2015, “Impact among components of dragon fruit’s brand equity in Binh Thuan”, Economy and Forecast Review, Special Issue, March 2015, pp 60 – 62 Nguyen Viet Bang, 2015, “To enhance the brand of Binh Thuan Dragon Fruit”, Economy and Forecast Review, Special Issue, May 2015, pp 86 – 88 CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Dragon fruit is a specialty ranked 1st out of 11 types of Vietnamese fruit with competitive advantage acknowledged by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development at the conference held in HCM City on June 2004 The fruit features high economic efficiency and considerably raises farmers’ income in general, and in Binh Thuan Province in particular, it helps restructure agricultural crops and change the face of rural districts Dragon fruit yield and price during the past years has risen rapidly Yet, uneven quality and size of dragon fruit, technology packaging and preservation is too simple to reduce the time of preserve fruit So consumer perceptions of quality of Binh Thuan dragon fruit is low In addition, lax control of food sanitation from production to consumption stages, and irrational brand marketing programs prevent this product from creating a vivid image in consumers’ mind and intense loyalty toward the product, accounting for its low value So It is time to built and develop Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand However, building and developing brand, the manager need to understand brand equity (Keller and Lehmann, 2006), it mean that the manager can understand the role of brand equity and its conponents; how to measure them (Tho and Trang, 2011) 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVE Research objective: (i) explore the components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity; (ii) to measure the effect of components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity to overall brand equity; and the effect of components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity together; (iii) to suggest some policy for Development Research Center of Binh Thuan dragon fruit trees, Binh Thuan dragon fruit Association to increase Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity Research question: 1.3 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND DELIMITATIION OF THE SCOPE 1.3.1 Research subject Research subject: Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity and it’s components The respondents of this survey are direct consumers and retailers Binh Thuan dragon fruit 1.3.2 Delimitations of the scope Approach theoretical study: There are two principal and distinct perspectives that have been taken by academics to study brand equity – financial and customer based (Lassar et al, 1995) Thus, author conducted research brand equity approach in view of the consumer in this study The space: interview directly the respondents in HCMC and Binh Thuan province The time: indepth interviews is done from 11/2012 to 12/2013, the prestest survey is done from 12/2013 to 01/2014; main survey is done from 02/2014 to 06/2014 1.4 METHODOLOGY 1.5 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS Firstly, the result of the research show that: Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity have 05 components: (i) brand awareness, (ii) brand association, (iii) perceived quality, (iv) brand loyalty, (v) perceived safety and 05 components directly affect on brand equity accepted at 0.05 significance level Thus, compared with model of brand equity of Aaker (1991, 1996), Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity have another component is perceived safety which is a new component of this research Secondly, This research have two approaches (combines both direct consumer and indirect consumer, retailer) to measure the effect of components of Binh Thuan dagron fruit brand equity on the overall brand equity; and the effect of these components together 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THESIS The research have 05 chapter: chapter 1: Research Overview; chapter 2: Literature Review; Chương 3: Research Design; Chapter 4: Research Result; and Chapter 5: Conclusion and Research Implied CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 Brand 2.1.2 Brand Equity Aaker (1996) suggests that brand equity is a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand name and symbol, which add to or subtract from the value provided by a product or service” While Keller (1993) defined brand equity as “the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand” There are two principal and distinct perspectives that have been taken by academics to study brand equity – financial and customer based (Lassar et al, 1995): (i) Financial approach to brand equity refers to brand equity as a viable asset for manufacturers, (ii) Customer approach to brand equity refers to brand equity as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol, that add to or subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or to that firm’s customers (Aaker, 1991, 1996) 2.1.3 Components of brand equity based on consumer Aaker (1991, 1996) suggests that brand equity can be measured by the following four components: (i) brand awareness; (ii) perceived quality; (iii) brand associations; and (iv) brand loyalty; Keller (1993) explains that brand equity itself is consumer’s knowledge of that brand which comprises brand awareness and brand image 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Among several brand equity models in the literature, we have chosen that constructed by Aaker (1991, 1996) due to its being most cited (Atilgan et al., 2005) and siutable for the research brand equity based on customer And the quantitative research results show that Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity have 05 components: (i) brand awareness, (ii) brand association, (iii) perceived quality, (iv) brand loyalty, (v) perceived safety Brand Equity As defined by Aaker (1991, 1996), brand equity is a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol, that add to or subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or to that firm’s customers Overall, most of the previous studies imply that brand equity reveals choices based on consumer’s will and affection for a brand among a set of other competing brands (Davis & Doughlass, 1995) Thus, Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity is that reveals choices based on consumer’s will and affection for a brand among a set of other competing brands That is also a highlight that comprehensively explains brand equity as a result of corporate marketing efforts to build positive awareness and behaviors toward the brand as well as for intangible value that leads to consumers’ choices Brand Awareness Brand awareness is “the ability for a buyer to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of a certain product category” (Aaker, 1991; Keller, 1998) Thus, brand awareness of Binh Thuan dragon fruit is the ability for a buyer to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of a certain product category through shape, color, flavor, logo and can recognize Binh Thuan dragon fruit with the other And the authors propose H1 as given below: H1: Brand awareness directly affects brand equity (+) Brand Association Aaker (1991) defines brand associations as “anything linked in memory to a brand” Thus, brand associations of Binh Thuan dargon fruit represents associations of consumers in shape, color, taste, safety of Binh Thuan dragon fruit when mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit Hypothesis H2 is constructed as follows: H2: Brand associations directly affect brand equity (+) Perceived Quality Perceived quality is “the consumer's judgment about a product's overall excellence or superiority'” (Zeithaml, 1988) So, Perceived quality of Binh Thuan dragon fruit is the consumer's judgment about Binh Thuan dragon fruit's overall excellence Thus, it can be hypothesised that: H3: Perceived quality directly affects brand equity (+) Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred brand consistently in the future (Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001) There are two brand loyalty approaches which are based on: (i) consumer’s behavior; and (ii) consumer’s attitude (Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001; Kabiraj and Shanmugan, 2011) The first approach views brand loyalty as a behaviour which is operationalised in the terms of repeat purchase, or purchase frequency, or share of purchase The second appoarch views brand loyalty as an attitude and the operationalises this as perference, commitment, buying intention, and recommendation willing This study explores consumer’s brand loyalty on the basis of attitudinal perspective Thus, H4 can be formed as below: H4: Brand loyalty directly affects brand equity (+) Perceived Safety Perceived safety represents subjective perception of consumers about the safety of the product for their health (Kim, 2012) Thus, Perceived safety of Binh Thuan dargon fruit represents subjective perception of consumers about the safety of the product from producing to harvesting, processing, preserving and distributing fruit Thus, H5 can be formed as below: H5: Perceived safety directly affects brand equity (+) The effect of brand equity’s conponents Consumer loyalty to the brand when they have knowledge that brand (Saleem et al, 2015); the characteristics of the brand to be created in their minds (Tho and Trang, 2011); the brand has high quality compared to other brands in a competitive set (Tho et al, 2011); and safety (Roosen, 2003; Kim, 2012; Fontes et al, 2013) So customer intend to buy the dragon fruit when they recognize this brand; easily associate with it; and think that it has high quality and safety Thus, H6, H7, H8, H9 can be formed as below: H6: Brand awareness directly affects brand loyalty (+); H7: Brand associations directly affects brand loyalty (+); H8: Perceived quality directly affects brand loyalty (+); H9: Perceived safety directly affects brand loyalty (+) Brand associations is the result in high brand awareness (Yoo et al, 2000) and the associations are stronger when customers are based on many experiences or exposures to communications (Yoo et al, 2000; Yoo and Donthu, 2001) So, customers associate to the Binh Thuan dargon fruit when they must recognize this brand; and think that it has high quality and safety Thus, H10, H11, H12 can be formed as below: H10: Brand awareness directly affects brand associations (+); H11: Perceived quality directly affects brand associations (+); H12: Perceived safety directly affects brand associations (+) And consumers only think that Binh Thuan dragon fruit are more higher quality than others products when they feel it safety and they can recognize it Hence, the author suggest the following hypotheses: H13: Brand awareness directly affects perceived quality (+); H14: Perceived safety directly affects perceived quality (+) Product safety is a factor which consumers desire in agricultural products when they decide to consume them (Grunert, 2005) However, customers only judge the the safety of products when they can recognize the brand of this products Hence, the author suggest the following hypotheses: CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESGIN 3.1 RESEARCH PROCESS This study use a mix method research approach, incroporating both qualitative and quatitative research Qualitative research featured indepth interviews and focus groups Next, pilot study is conducted with 144 respondents, based on direct interviews by means of questionnaires to evaluate the consistency and scale structure Main study is conducted with 781 respondents direct interviews by means of questionnaires to test the research model and hypotheses 3.2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 3.2.1 Quantitative research desgin Indepth interviews Interview method: the interviews are conducted by conversations between author and experts on the topic of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity and its components The interview processes are written on paper Data analysis: The collected data is aggregated to determine the components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity; adjust the observed variables to measure the concepts research (brand equity and its components) Focus groups Focus group method: Focus groups are conducted by seminars on the topic of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity and its components Focus group processes are written on paper Data analysis: The collected data is aggregated to determine the components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity; adjust the observed variables which has changed the word to suit the mind of 10 consumers and retailers use to measure brand equity and its components 3.2.2 Quantitative research results 3.2.2.1 Indepth interviews results The results show that: (i) brand equity have 05 components: brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and perceived safety; 30 observed variables used to measure brand equity and its components 3.2.2.2 Focus group with consumers results The results show that: (i) brand equity also have 05 components: brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and perceived safety; 30 observed variables which has changed the word to suit the consumer’s mind use to measure brand equity and its components Brand Awareness: 05 Items AW1: I am aware of Bình Thuận dragon fruit; AW2: I know the specific characteristics of the Binh Thuan dragon fruit; AW3: I can distinguish Binh Thuan dragon fruit from other types; AW4: I am aware of the design of its logo; AW5: Briefly, when referring to Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I can easily conceive of it Brand Association: 06 items AS1: When mentioning dragon fruit, I immediately associate it with Binh Thuan one; AS2: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, some external characteristics of Binh Thuan dargon fruit come to my mind quickly; AS3: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I picture the one with a thick peel and long-term preservation; AS4: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I picture the one with very tasty, sweet and pure flavor; AS5: When mentioning Binh 11 Thuan dragon fruit, I picture the one with high nutritional value; AS6: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I picture the one with safe for your health Perceived Quality QL: 06 items: QL1: The shape and colour of Binh Thuan dragon fruit is so beautiful; QL2: Binh Thuan dragon fruit is tasty, sweet and pure flavor; QL3: Binh Thuan dragon fruit offers high nutritional value; QL4: Binh Thuan dragon fruit can be long-term preserved; QL5: Compared to other brands of dragon fruit, Binh Thuan dargon fruit is of very high quality; QL6: Binh Thuan dargon fruit is the best brand in its product class Brand Loyalty LO: 04 items LO1: I always think of Binh Thuan brand when I want dragon fruit; LO2: I will not buy any other brands if Binh Thuan dragon fruit is not available at fruit stores; LO3: I will purchase Binh Thuan dragon fruit in the future; LO4: I will introduce Binh Thuan dragon fruit to other consumers Perceived Safety SA: 05 items: SA1: I think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is safe for your health; SA2: I feel secure when I consume Binh Thuan dragon fruit; SA3: I think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is produced with pesticides standard; SA4: I think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is preliminary treatment and packing standard; SA5: I think Binh Thuan dragon fruit has preservation process standard Brand Equity: 04 items BE1: It makes sense to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit instead of any other brand, even if they are the same; BE2: Even if another brand has same features as Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I would prefer 12 to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit; BE3: If there is another brand as good as Binh Thuan dragon fruit, I prefer to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit; BE4: If another brand is not different from Binh Thuan dragon fruit in any way, it seems smarter to purchase Binh Thuan dragon fruit 3.2.2.3 Focus group with retailers results The results show that: (i) brand equity also have 05 components: brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and perceived safety; 30 observed variables which has changed the word to suit the retailer’s mind use to measure brand equity and its components Brand Awareness: 05 Items AW1: Customers of our store are aware of Binh Thuan dragon fruit; AW2: Customers of our store know the specific characteristics of the Binh Thuan dragon fruit; AW3: Customers of our store can distinguish Binh Thuan dragon fruit from other types; AW4: Customers of our store am aware of the design of its logo; AW5: Briefly, when referring to Binh Thuan dragon fruit, Customers of our store can easily conceive of it Brand Association: 06 items AS1: When mentioning dragon fruit, Customers of our store immediately associate it with Binh Thuan one; AS2: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, some external characteristics of Binh Thuan dargon fruit come to our customers mind quickly; AS3: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, Customers of our store picture the one with a thick peel and long – term preservation; AS4: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, Customers of our store picture the one with very tasty, sweet and pure flavor; AS5: When 13 mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, Customers of our store picture the one with high nutritional value; AS6: When mentioning Binh Thuan dragon fruit, Customers of our store picture the one with safe for their health Perceived Quality QL: 06 items: QL1: The shape and colour of Binh Thuan dragon fruit is so beautiful; QL2: Binh Thuan dragon fruit is tasty, sweet and pure flavor; QL3: Binh Thuan dragon fruit offers high nutritional value; QL4: Binh Thuan dragon fruit can be long – term preserved; QL5: Compared to other brands, Binh Thuan dargon fruit is of very high quality; QL6: Binh Thuan dargon fruit is the best brand in its product class Brand Loyalty LO: 04 items LO1: Customers of our store always think of Bình Thuận brand when they want dragon fruit; LO2: Customers of our store will not buy any other brands if Bình Thuận dragon fruit is not available at fruit stores; LO3: Customers of our store will purchase Bình Thuận dragon fruit in the future; LO4: Customers of our store will introduce Bình Thuận dragon fruit to other consumers Perceived Safety SA: 05 items: SA1: Customers of our store think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is safe for their health; SA2: Customers of our store feel secure when Customers of our store consume Binh Thuan dragon fruit; SA3: Customers of our store think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is produced with pesticides standard; SA4: Customers of our store think Binh Thuan dragon fruit is preliminary treatment and packing standard; SA5: Customers of our store think Binh Thuan dragon fruit has preservation process standard 14 Brand Equity: 04 items BE1: It makes sense to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit instead of any other brand, even if they are the same; BE2: Even if another brand has same features as Binh Thuan dragon fruit, customers of our store would prefer to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit; BE3: If there is another brand as good as Binh Thuan dragon fruit, customers of our store prefer to buy Binh Thuan dragon fruit; BE4: If another brand is not different from Binh Thuan dragon fruit in any way, it seems smarter to purchase Binh Thuan dragon fruit 3.2 PILOT STUDY Pilot study is conducted with 144 respondents (72 consumers and 72 retailers), based on direct interviews by means of questionnaires to evaluate the consistency and scale structure The results show that: All of 30 items which measure 06 concept research (brand equity and its components) are satisfies value conditions in reliability analysis through Cronbach’s Alpha and exploratary factor analysis 3.3 MAIN STUDY Sampling and data collection: the main study is conducted with 850 respondents (600 consumers and 250 retailers), based on direct interviews Main survey use convience sampling Data analysis: Collected data regarding Bình Thuận dragon fruit consumers and retailers are evaluated by means of Cronbach’s Alpha, Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 15 CHAPTER 4: RESULT OF THE RESEARCH 4.1 SURVEY CONSUMER RESULTS 4.1.1 The sampling At the end of the data collection period, a total of 566 usable questionnaires were obtained 4.1.2 The statistical results 4.1.3 The reliability analysis results Results of reliability analysis through Cronbach’s Alpha: The results achieved from Cronbach’s Alpha test demonstrate that the scales’s reliability is ensured Such as: Cronbach’s Alpha of AW is 0.868; Cronbach’s Alpha of AS is 0.890; Cronbach’s Alpha of QL is 0.864; Cronbach’s Alpha of LO is 0.834; Cronbach’s Alpha of SA is 0.835; and Cronbach’s Alpha of BE is 0.817 4.1.4 The Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) results The EFA result of 05 components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity: EFA results suggest that 26 observed variables are drawn into factors Such as: AS1, AS2, AS3, AS4, AS5, AS6: brand association AS (variance = 15.01%); QL1, QL2, QL3, QL4, QL5, QL6: Perceived Quality QL (variance = 11.64%); AW1, AW2, AW3, AW4, AW5: brand awareness AW (variance = 12.79%); 05 biến SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5: perceived safety SA (variance = 11.64%); LO1, LO2, LO3, LO4: brand loyalty LO (variance = 9.64%) The EFA result of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity: EFA results suggest that 04 observed variables are drawn into factor: BE1, BE2, BE3, BE4: brand equity BE (variance = 71.91%) 4.1.5 The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results 16 All of 30 items which measure 06 concept research are satisfies value conditions in CFA Such as: AW have Pc = 0.869 and Pvc = 0.571; AS have Pc = 0.890 and Pvc = 0.575; QL have Pc = 0.865 and Pvc = 0.516; LO have Pc = 0.834 and Pvc = 0.557; SA have Pc = 0.835 and Pvc = 0.503; BE have Pc = 0.870 and Pvc = 0.626 4.1.6 Results of Model and Hypotheses Testing Results of Model Testing: The results of estimation of theoretical model presented in picture 4.8 show that χ2 = 378.744, df = 265; Cmin/df = 1.022 with p – value = 0.373 (> 0.05) So the model research is matching data collected from market Picture 4.8 Results of Model Testing (Source: Authors’ calculations) 17 Results of Hypotheses Testing: Table 4.12 demonstrates the results of the hypotheses testing (from H1 to H15), which indicate that all of the hypotheses are accepted at 0.05 significance level Table 4.12 Results of Hypotheses Testing Estimate P Label SA < AW 0.284 *** Supported H15 QL < SA 0.370 *** Supported H14 QL < AW 0.082 0.001 Supported H13 AS < QL 0.657 *** Supported H11 AS < SA 0.490 *** Supported H12 AS < AW 0.258 *** Supported H10 LO < AS 0.270 *** Supported H7 LO < SA 0.557 *** Supported H9 LO < AW 0.202 *** Supported H6 LO < QL 0.598 *** Supported H8 BE < LO 0.231 *** Supported H4 BE < SA 0.587 *** Supported H5 BE < AW 0.273 *** Chấp nhận H1 BE < QL 0.599 *** Supported H3 BE < AS 0.208 *** Supported H2 (Source: Authors’ calculations) 4.2 SURVEY RETAILER RESULTS 4.2.1 Sampling At the end of the data collection period, a total of 215 usable questionnaires were obtained 4.2.2 The statistical results 4.2.3 The reliability analysis results 18 Results of reliability analysis through Cronbach’s Alpha: The results achieved from Cronbach’s Alpha test demonstrate that the scales’s reliability is ensured Such as: Cronbach’s Alpha of AW is 0.864; Cronbach’s Alpha of AS is 0.878; Cronbach’s Alpha of QL is 0.874; Cronbach’s Alpha of LO is 0.858; Cronbach’s Alpha of SA is 0.864; and Cronbach’s Alpha of BE is 0.876 4.2.4 The Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) results The EFA result of 05 components of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity: EFA results suggest that 26 observed variables are drawn into factors Such as: QL1, QL2, QL3, QL4, QL5, QL6: perceived quality QL (variance = 14.64%); AS1, AS2, AS3, AS4, AS5, AS6: brand association AS (variance = 14.55%); SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5: perceived safety SA (variance = 12.87%); AW1, AW2, AW3, AW4, AW5: brand awareness (variance = 12.78%); LO1, LO2, LO3, LO4: brand loyalty LO (variance = 10.33%) The EFA result of Binh Thuan dragon fruit brand equity: EFA results suggest that 04 observed variables are drawn into factor: BE1, BE2, BE3, BE4: brand equity BE (variance = 72.85%) 4.2.5 The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results All of 30 items which measure 06 concept research are satisfies value conditions in CFA Such as: AW have Pc = 0.864 and Pvc = 0.561; AS have Pc = 0.878 and Pvc = 0.545; QL have Pc = 0.874 and Pvc = 0.537; LO have Pc = 0.858 and Pvc = 0.602; SA have Pc = 0.865 and Pvc = 0.562; BE have Pc = 0.877 and Pvc = 0.642 4.2.6 Results of Model and Hypotheses Testing Results of model Testing: The results of estimation of theoretical model presented in picture 4.20 show that χ2 = 399.952, 19 df = 390; Cmin/df = 1.026 with p – value = 0.353 (> 0.05) So the model research is matching data collected from market Picture 4.20 Results of Model Testing (Source: Authors’ calculations) Results of Hypotheses Testing: Table 4.30 demonstrates the results of the hypotheses testing (from H1 to H15), which indicate that all of the hypotheses are accepted at 0.05 significance level Table 4.30 Results of Hypotheses Testing Estimate P Label SA < AW 0.679 *** Supported H15 QL < SA 0.335 *** Supported H14 20 Estimate P Label QL < AW 0.241 0.015 Supported H13 AS < QL 0.234 0.002 Supported H11 AS < SA 0.237 0.008 Supported H12 AS < AW 0.219 0.015 Supported H10 LO < AS 0.216 0.016 Supported H7 LO < SA 0.322 *** Supported H9 LO < AW 0.273 0.003 Supported H6 LO < QL 0.183 0.020 Supported H8 BE < LO 0.203 0.028 Supported H4 BE < SA 0.272 0.002 Supported H5 BE < AW 0.264 0.002 Supported H1 BE < QL 0.312 *** Supported H3 BE < AS 0.260 0.002 Supported H2 (Source: Authors’ calculations) 4.3 RESULTS OF THE DIFFERENCE OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS (BETA) IN MODEL’S BRAND EQUITY (APPROACH CONSUMERS AND RETAILERS) The results show that: there are the difference of regression conefficients (beta) in the model’s brand equity when approaching consumers and retailers Such as: For the consumers, perceived quality and perceived safety are 02 conponents of brand equity which are the most effect on overall brand equity; for the retailers, there are not difference effect of 05 components of brand equity on overall brand equity Thus, H16 is supported 21 Table 4.35 Results of the difference of regression coefficients (beta) in model’s brand equity (approach consumers and retailers) Consumer BE