Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
In this chapter: See how economists apply the methods of science, consider how assumptions and models can shed light on the world, learn two simple models - the circular flow and the production possibilities frontier, distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics,...
Chapter Classic Theories of Economic Growth and Development Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley All rights reserved Class Theories of Economic Development – Four Approaches • Structural change model – Linear stages of growth – Saving-investment – Rural-urban migration • Neocolonial dependence theory – Dependence: Center vs Periphery – False Paradigm • Neoclassical theory – Market friendly approach – Dualistic approach – Public choice approach Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 32 Rostow’s Linear-Stages Model Traditional society Pre-condition to take-off Take-off Drive to maturity Age of high mass consumption Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 33 Rostow’s Linear-Stages Model Traditional society: slow economic and population growth Pre-condition to take-off: development of institutions, organizations, and infrastructure Take-off: large investment in selected industry (10 to 15% of GDP) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 34 Rostow’s Linear-Stages Model Drive to maturity: sustained growth of the industry and economy Age of high mass consumption: production of consumer goods and services to serve an affluent society Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 35 Rostow’s Linear-Stages Model GDP Growth Economic Growth Post Takeoff Takeoff Pre Takeoff t1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved t2 Time 36 Harrod-Domar Growth Model S = sY S=Saving; Y=Real GDP; s=Saving Ratio I = ΔK I=Investment; ΔK=Capital Accumulation S=I Saving-Investment identity Define the Marginal Capital-Output Ratio as k = ΔK/ΔY Write ΔK = kΔY or I = kΔY From S = I, write sY = kΔY or Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved ΔY/Y = s/k 37 Harrod-Domar Growth Model The source of growth is saving and investment in production of goods and services Accordingly, GDP growth rate = s/k s = national saving ratio; k = marginal capital-output ratio If s=6% and k=3, then GDP growth rate=2% Given k=3, to raise growth rate to 4%, we need to increase the saving ratio from 6% to 12% with 6% of foreign saving Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 38 Criticism of Investment Models • Many LDCs have not been able to take-off or achieve maturity despite massive foreign investment • Many nations have neglected the development of institutions, organizations, and infrastructure required for industrialization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 39 The Lewis Development Model • Rural agricultural sector – Low or even zero Marginal Product of Labor so that labor is a redundant factor and wage rate is at the subsistence level • Urban industrial sector – Rising demand for unskilled labor to be trained for industrial growth results in greater employment and more profits and higher wages • Rural-Urban migration – To find jobs and earn higher wages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 310 Approaches to Development • Public-choice approach: public officials and bureaucrats in the position of authority are “rent-seeking” citizens acting on self-interest rather than public-interest • Need a system of checks and balances to monitor the behavior of public officials and bureaucrats • Need a democratic system to let people choose public officials and bureaucrats for limited duration of authority Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 320 Appendix 3.1: Components of Economic Growth • Capital Formation – Physical capital formation: investment in tools, equipment, machinery, buildings – Social capital formation: investment in roads, dams, airports, railroads, bridges – Human capital formation: investment in education, training, health, nutrition – Political capital formation: investment is creating a secular and democratic government and free mass Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison media Wesley. All rights reserved 321 Determinants of Economic Growth • Physical Capital Formation – Increase in the amount of physical capital per unit of labor Copyrightâ2009PearsonAddisonư Wesley.Allrightsreserved 3ư22 Determinants of Economic Growth Technological Advancement – Increase factor productivity (labor, land, capital) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 323 Production Possibilities Curve • Maximum quantities of two good and services the economy can produce, assuming: – full employment / efficiency – fixed resources – constant technology Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 324 PPC Schedule Combination Radios Rice A B C E 100 90 50 0 40 80 100 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 325 PPC Graph Combinations A, B, C, and E are attainable Combination D is unattainable given resources and technology Combination F is attainable, but inefficient Radios 100 90 50 A B F D C E 40 80 100 Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 326 Economic Growth Combination D becomes available with more resources and better technology Radios 100 90 50 A B D C E 40 80 100 Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 327 Economic Improvement Radios 100 90 50 Combinations G (or B or C) becomes efficient with more employment and/or improved efficiency A B F G C E 40 80 100 Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 328 Technological Advancement Neutral: proportional increase in the supply of Rice and Radios Radios Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 329 Technological Advancement Capital augmenting: greater increase in the supply of Radios Radios Copyright © 2009 Pearson AddisonRice Wesley. All rights reserved 330 Technological Advancement Radios Labor augmenting: greater increase in the supply of Rice Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 331 Technological Advancement Radios Advancement only in agricultural production Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 332 Technological Advancement Radios Advancement only in industrial production Rice Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 333 Factor Accumulation Accounts for Only a Fraction of Growth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved 334 ... slow economic and population growth Pre-condition to take-off: development of institutions, organizations, and infrastructure Take-off: large investment in selected industry (10 to 15% of GDP)... Rostow’s Linear-Stages Model GDP Growth Economic Growth Post Takeoff Takeoff Pre Takeoff t1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved t2 Time 36 Harrod-Domar Growth Model...Class Theories of Economic Development – Four Approaches • Structural change model – Linear stages of growth – Saving-investment – Rural-urban migration • Neocolonial