Based on an overview of scientific works related to living standards of scholars in Vietnam and around the world, the author has studied the problem Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam. This article analyzes purposes and requirements; content; method; criteria for assessing the living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level. In particular, the author has proposed 6 indicators assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam. This is a work that is both scientific and of great practical value.
ASSESSMENT LIVING STANDARD TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FOR THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM Tran Thi Thanh Ha Abstract Based on an overview of scientific works related to living standards of scholars in Vietnam and around the world, the author has studied the problem Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam This article analyzes purposes and requirements; content; method; criteria for assessing the living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level In particular, the author has proposed indicators assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam This is a work that is both scientific and of great practical value Key words: assessment; living standard towards sustainable; the provincial level Introduction The study of living standards and their differentiation for have possible solutions to improve living standards has been a subject of much interest among researchers and countries ―Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam‖ is the problem I studied in this article for the following reasons: Firstly, the study of this issue will contribute to clarifying the scientific and practical basis of the living standard assessment in order to improve the living standard of the population in a sustainable manner in the context of Vietnam Secondly, the issue of living standard assessment is not new However, this issue is predominantly presented in studies and there are no specific and systematic studies on this issue In particular, the issue Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam is new and no research has been mentioned Therefore, this is a new research direction that contributes to comprehend the problem posed and has high practical value Thirdly, this issue of successful research will be a highly valuable research In particular, the indicators recommended in this article are applicable to all provinces in Vietnam Method This study mainly uses the secondary data analysis method, processing statistics based on available studies on living standards The statistics are handled and analyzed carefully by the author These are important proofs for the author's conclusions The research also uses comparative methods to compare and evaluate research results, recommendations from reports compare to recommendations and solutions from state management agencies 209 In addition, the author use the consultative methodology of experts and stakeholders: consult with experts, managers and people living in Son La province This work helps the author to properly understand and understand the living standard of the province All of the above research methods are the foundation for the author to propose the contents Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam Results 3.1 Purposes and requirements, contents, methods and criteria for assessing the living standard towards sustainable - Purposes and requirements: + Evaluate the level of achievement and the level of change in living standards by quantitative criteria + Comparison over years and compared with the object to match + Assess the causes of the living standard of the population - Contents + Assessment living standard towards sustainable between urban and rural areas + Assessment living standard towards sustainable between difficult areas and the rest + Assessment living standard towards sustainable between population groups (group of rich, poor ), the residential communities (districts, cities), ethnicity (among ethnic groups in the province) - Criteria + The living standard of the population is high or low + The living standard of the population is improved quickly or slowly + Is the living standard of the population sustainable? - Methods + Method of collecting and processing data, documents This is the traditional method used in general research and socio-economic geography research in particular Living standards research is complex, involving many aspects Therefore, in order to serve the research of this topic, input data is taken from various sources, such as socio-economic development review reports, statistical yearbook, survey data population, population and housing census reports, articles and documents related to living standards In order to achieve high results, the collected data and documents need to be processed and systematized in a scientific way + Method of analysis, comparison, synthesis Due to the lack of information on living standards in a province, the processing of documents, especially the data is rather complex Therefore, from the sources of raw data collected, the author has processed, analyzed, synthesized, built new charts, maps and tables to draw the correct comments In 210 the course of research, to allow a proper and complete assessment of the living standard of the population in the study area Using the results of document collection, field observations, and processing of information, in which the process of processing the document, a variety of traditional methods have been used such as: analysis, synthesis, statistics, comparative, etc + Scoring method Based on this method, the integrated living standard assessment of a province is relatively objective and comprehensive and sees a clear division The living standards of a province are differentiated by specific and spatial criteria, so in the analysis and evaluation process a point-based approach is required The author will select the appropriate criteria, which clearly show the differentiation and characteristics of provincial living standard Then, build a rating scale: choose the rating, determine the level of each indicator and grade each grade Each specific indicator is divided into five basic levels (high, quite high, medium, quite low and low) and have a specific rating scale with 5, 4, 3, 2, Once the evaluation form has been prepared for each indicator, the author develops a consolidated scorecard of the indicators in the districts and cities of the province + Methods of sociological investigation Conducting field surveys and surveys is a necessary requirement in order to contribute to the verification of collected data and to identify ―gaps‖ in the study to be supplemented in a timely manner in order to produce conclusions reliable The author takes the following steps: - Determine the content of the investigation; 2- Build questionnaires; - Conduct a planned survey; - Handling of survey results + Expert method In order to get accurate estimates of the living standard of the province, it is necessary to directly seek opinions from managers, experts, some local officials in the fields of education, health, economics, social welfare, etc + Map method, chart, GIS "Geography and its work begin with the map and end with the map" (M N Bazanxki) - maps are important tools in geographic research Therefore, in the process of research, based on the charts, maps of the province, statistics and based on the knowledge learned about GIS, Mapinfo software, SPSS, The author has developed maps of living standards to gain a more intuitive view of the issue These methods give us an overview of the characteristics of the living standard and at the same time clearly reflect the scientific results of the work from a geographic perspective + Principal Component Analysis - PCA This is one of the simplest methods of analyzing data In statistics, it is often necessary to "study" the data before constructing inference models based on that data This method should be used in the research process when selecting the most representative indicators to compare living standards between between localities of any province 211 + Forecasting method Study on improving the living standards of the population towards sustainable need to use predictive methods for forecasting sustainability requirements for the future 3.2 Indicator for assessment of sustainable living standard for a province (a community) Inheriting the results of the review, based on theoretical issues and a review of the living standards of people living in Vietnam, the author identifies the indicator system for assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam, namely: Table Summary of indicators and criteria reflecting the sustainable living standard of a province Criteria Main indicators Per capita income High-low 2- Accumulated rate vs total income 3- The difference between 20% of the people with the highest income level compared to 20% of the people with the lowest income 4- Structure of monthly or daily expenses Fast - slow 5- Proportion of solid houses 6- The rate of poor households (linked to poverty reduction) Sustainable + Relatively stable increase for indicators 1,2,5 and decreased relatively stable for indicators 3, + Change the spending structure (indicators 4) towards increasing the expenditure on meat, fish, fruit, education, health care and art culture (Source: Author of the proposal) Per capita income - Per capita income is the rate of pay for labor received during a certain period of time (months or years) and is calculated in VND / month or VND / year - Also, can use average household income, that is the total amount of money and the value of the kind received by the household and household members during a certain period of time (usually one year), including: + Income from wages, salaries + Income from agriculture, forestry and fishery production (minus cost and production tax) + Income from non-agricultural production + Others - Particularly should use additional indicator GRDP/person - This indicator is considered when assessing the living standard of the whole province (production site + 212 send from outside) These two indicators complement one another The standard of living of a locality depends not only on local economic development, but also depends on assets elsewhere taken to The difference between GRDP/people - Per capita income to determine whether living standards are dependent on external factors Accumulated rate vs total income This indicator has not been mentioned by scholars in the past It demonstrates whether living standards are sustainable Because if income only meets 70% of the minimum demand, it can not afford a sustainable standard of living (ie, expense exceeds income) This indicator reflects the ability to accumulate from within the economy If the ability to accumulate from within the economy, the greater the possibility of capital The more likely the capital is, the more likely it is that capital will be injected into production At the same time, production will increase as the number of employed workers increases, resulting in increased incomes, which leads to increased purchasing power, thereby boosting production If the difference between income and expenditure is negative, it means that there is no possibility of reproduction, which leads to living standard and life in the next cycle is likely, the trend is lower, more difficult From the difference between revenue and expenditure, authors calculate the cumulative ratio of income The higher the cumulative income ratio, the higher the living standard The difference between 20% of the people with the highest income level compared to 20% of the people with the lowest income - Difference in average per capita income - Difference in average living expenditure per capita Structure of monthly or daily expenses This is an indicator that has been mentioned by some scholars but has not yet become a normative directive of the nation This indicator has not been evaluated in depth, but it is only indicative of the survey parameters in the expenditure structure The author sees this as a very important indicator, because through this indicator shows how living standards, how advanced the society, reaching the level of civilization Practical analysis (according to the Statistical Yearbook and living standard survey results), the authors found that: expenditure structure reflects vividly the life of a community 213 Table Comparison of expenditure structure for life between two income groups of Vietnam in 2014 Eat, drink, smoke In addition to eat, drink, smoke Structure of expenditure (%) Group Group Eat, drink, smoke in general 62,6 46,7 Food and foodstuff 49,1 29,6 Fuel 4,4 1,8 Drink and smoke 2,9 2,2 Eating outside the home 6,3 13,2 In addition to eat, drink, smoke in general 37,4 53,3 Clothing, hats, shoes 3,8 3,6 Health care 6,3 4,7 Housing, electricity, water, sanitation 3,7 7,8 Equipment, household appliances 6,5 7,8 Travel and communication 9,3 18,0 Education 4,3 5,4 Culture, sports, entertainment 0,1 2,0 Expenses for other utilities and services 3,4 4,0 100 100 Total (Source: Author Calculated Based on Viet Nam Household Living Standards Survey 2014) According to the author, in the structure of expenditure of group 1, 62.6% spent on food, drinking and smoking and 37.4% were spent on all kinds of food, drink, entertainment, entertainment, etc.), the living standard of this group is very low In contrast, in the structure of expenditures in group 5, 46.7% spent on food, drink, and smoking and 53.3% spent on all other food, drink and smoking, show high living standards It is noteworthy that when comparing the component expenditures of two income groups, the authors find that: In group eat, drink, smoke: all expenses (food, food, fuel, drinking and smoking) of group were higher than group Only out-of-home expenses were group is much lower than group In group In addition to eat, drink, smoke only the expenses for clothing, hats, footwear and medical care were higher than group (but little difference) Left, the other expenses of group are far below group But in the structure of food, drink, smoking as the author mentioned above, mainly for food (food accounts for 70 - 80% of food expenditure), the rest is only 20-30% For meat, fish, sugar, milk, the living standard is very low, and vice versa The analysis of the expenditure structure for food also demonstrates that: The higher the expenditure on food so expenditure on items that reflect high living standards (tea, coffee, ripe fruits, sugar, honey, milk, bread, jam, candy) will be lower 214 Table Comparison of expenditures in expenditure structure for food and foodstuff between two income groups of Vietnam in 2014 Structure of expenditure (%) Group Group Rice 24,2 7,9 Meat of all kinds 22,2 21,1 Sugar, honey, milk, jam, sweets 5,4 8,0 Tea, coffee 1,4 1,6 Ripen fruits 2,7 5,2 Eating outside the home 11,0 29,8 Other foods and foodstuffs 33,1 26,4 100 100 Total (Source: Author Calculated Based on Viet Nam Household Living Standards Survey 2014) Based on the above analysis, the author affirm that the expenditure structure is a very important indicator for assessing the living standard of the population Thus, the indicator of this indicator is quite accurately reflects the living standard of a household or community However, there are some expenses that not reflect the living standard of the object For example, if you have a family member who is sick, sick, or even seriously ill, you will lose a lot of money for medical treatment, leading to the cost of in addition to eat, drink, smoke will increase a lot But in fact, their standard of living is not high, maybe even very low Therefore, when analyzing specific objects, the author will analyze from the system perspective, thorough examination of all aspects of the object Proportion of solid houses This is the percentage of households currently living in solid houses in the total number of households surveyed This is an indicator for community living standards According to Official Letter 134 / BXD-QLN of the Ministry of Construction dated 12/15/2015, criteria for housing classification of durable materials for three main structures: (1) Columns made of materials: reinforced concrete, brick / stone, iron / steel / durable wood; (2) Roof made of materials: reinforced concrete, tile (cement, terracotta); (3) Wall made of materials: reinforced concrete, brick / stone, wood / metal Depending on the actual local conditions, the housing components can be made of materials of equivalent quality Solid house is home to all three main structures are made of durable materials; semi-solid houses have two of the three main structures made of durable material 215 The rate of poor households (linked to poverty reduction) The poverty rate is an indicator for community living standards, which is the percentage of households with a real per capita income level is lower than the poverty line for the year determined in the total number of households From 2015, on the basis of the five dimensions of poverty, the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) has developed and proposed 10 indicators for measure the degree of deficiency Table Defining multi-dimensional poverty in Viet Nam Poverty 1) Education 2) Health Measurement index Level of deficiency 1.1 Adult education level Households with at least one full 15-year-old child born back to 1986 not graduate from high school and are not attending school 1.2 School attendance of children Households with at least one school-age child (5-14 years old) are not attending school 2.1 Access to health services Households have sick people who not go for medical treatment (sickness is determined to be sick / traumatized to the point where they have to stay in one place and must have someone who takes care of their bed or does not attend school Normal activities) 2.2 Health Insurance Households with at least member age and over not currently have health insurance Households are indoors or indoors 3.1 Quality housing (The house is divided into four levels: solid, semipermanent, semi-permanent, simple house) 3.2 Housing area per capita Housing area per capita of less than 8m households 4.1 Water source Households not have access to clean water 4.2 Toilet / Toilet Households not use hygienic latrines / toilets 5.1 Use of telecommunications services Households have no members using telephone and internet subscribers 5.2 Property access to information Households not have any of the assets: TVs, radios, computers; And not hear the loudspeaker system of the village radio station 3) Housing 4) Living conditions 5) Access to information (Source: [2]) According to Decision No.59/2015 / QD-TTg , poverty line for years (period 2016-2020) includes people with incomes below 700,000 VND / person / month in rural areas and 900,000 VND / person / month city Decision No 59/2015 / QD-TTg on the application of the poverty level for the period 2016-2020 216 Or households with a per capita income of more than VND 700,000 to VND 1,000,000 per month and a shortage of 03 indicators that measure access to basic social services (Rural area) Or households with per capita income per month over 900,000 VND to 1,300,000 VND and shortage of 03 indicators of access to basic social services (Urban areas) The above indicators reflect the sustainable living standard of a province and which must be compared to the regional average or the national average or to a province that has achieved a higher standard of living to see the sustainable living standard of the province Table Comparison of living standards of the study province compared to other subjects Chỉ tiêu so sánh Study Study Absolute province province value of the compared compared to study than larger the national regional province average * average * Study province compared to the highest living standard of one province in the region * Per capita income (thousand dong) Accumulated rate vs total income (%) The difference between 20% of the people with the highest income level compared to 20% of the people with the lowest income (times) Structure of monthly or daily expenses (%) - The proportion of expenditure for food, drink, smoking - The proportion of expenditure not eat, drink, smoke Proportion of solid houses (%) The rate of poor households (linked to poverty reduction) (%) (Source: Author of the proposal) Note: * in percentage or by times In addition to the indicators mentioned above, other indicators may be used when statistics are available, such as the number of years of schooling for people in the school age; KWh power consumption per person; number of people using clean water; happy index, etc Discussion and Conclusion 4.1 Discussion In the case of living standards of an individual or a household, The author argues that the use of indicator systems is somewhat different from that of a community or province Specifically, the indicators are: 217 (1) GDP / person (Income/person) (2) Difference between income and expenditure (3) Structure of monthly or daily expenses (4) The area of housing per capita (or type of housing) (5) Average power usage per capita (6) Number of years of schooling per person 4.2 Conclusion In fact, there have been many surveys and studies on living standards in the world and in Vietnam The issue is to develop a set of criteria for assessing the living standard of the population at the provincial level in the Vietnamese context and to be sustainable in order to succeed in the coming years In the article, the author analyzes the purpose, requirements, criteria and methods of assessing the living standard of the population in the direction of sustainability At the same time, the author proposes six basic criteria for assessing living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam The results of this study, if applied in practice, will play an active role in creating the basis for planning policies for economic development and social security and raising the standard of living for the population References Bayliss, FJ (Frederic Joseph) (1969), Living standards ([1st ed.]), Pergamon press, pp.86-87, Oxford, New York Ministry of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs (2015), The Master Plan Transforms 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on poverty reduction and the emerging challenges 218 ... of people living in Vietnam, the author identifies the indicator system for assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial level in Vietnam, namely: Table Summary of indicators... understand the living standard of the province All of the above research methods are the foundation for the author to propose the contents Assessment living standard towards sustainable for the provincial. .. Vietnam The issue is to develop a set of criteria for assessing the living standard of the population at the provincial level in the Vietnamese context and to be sustainable in order to succeed in the