Vocabulary extension through English – American literature course for English major students at Quang Binh University

This paper suggests certain effective strategies to better help the English major students through an English – American literature course at Quang Binh University.

Hue University Journal of Social Science and Humanities ISSN 2588–1213 Vol 127, No 6B, 2018, Tr 67–76; DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v127i6B.4958 VOCABULARY EXTENSION THROUGH ENGLISH – AMERICAN LITERATURE COURSE FOR ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT QUANG BINH UNIVERSITY Vo Thi Dung* Quang Binh University 312 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Dong Hoi, Quang Binh, Vietnam Abstract Vocabulary is one of the most important elements in learning foreign languages, which is the foundation for developing language competence The main premise of the paper focuses on the background of vocabulary knowledge and then analyses the hurdles that English major students may encounter when engaging in learning languages and the factors that provoke communicative misunderstanding This paper suggests certain effective strategies to better help the English major students through an English – American literature course at Quang Binh University Keywords vocabulary, English – American literature course Introduction Developing vocabulary plays a very important role in the process of learning foreign lan- guages Vocabulary is specifically predictive and reflective of high levels of language achievement Having a wide range of vocabulary means that students can operate more efficiently in writing and speaking Consequently, students need to improve vocabulary as it will enable them to understand more of what is written or spoken in many cases According to Wilkins (1985), a person with a limited vocabulary will never be able to speak, write, read, or understand English effectively Wilkins (1985, pp 111–112) wrote that “ while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed” Lewis (1993, p 89) went further to argue, “Lexis is the core or heart of language” There have recently been several studies by researchers into vocabulary such as Aronoff (1994), Ehri (1994), Anderson (1996), Corson (1997) Bear, Ivernizzi, Templeton and Johnston (2004) However, relatively little research has thoroughly and systematically studied how to improve a wide range of vocabularies through an English – American literature course for English major students, especially at Quang Binh University Given the focus of this paper, we will not attempt to review the rather complex topic of developing fluency However, we feel it is important to briefly address one aspect of decod* Corresponding: vodungqbuni@gmail.com Submitted: 18–12–2015; Revised: 04–01–2016; Accepted: 28–03–2017 Vo Thi Dung Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 ing that is crucial for English major students: the wide range of vocabulary frequency through English – American literature The important role of vocabulary for English major students Vocabulary is central to English language teaching because, without sufficient vocabu- lary, students cannot understand others or express their own ideas Harmon (2005) as well as Wood & Keser (2009) state that learners’ vocabulary development is an important aspect of their language development Schmitt (2000, p 55) went further to argue, “lexical knowledge is central to communicative competence and to the acquisition of a second language” Different researchers, such as Laufer and Maximo (2000), Read (2000), Pikulski and Templeton (2004), Marion (2008), Nation (2011), Alali & Schmitt (2012) and others, have realised that the acquisition of vocabulary is essential for successful second language use and plays an important role in the formation of complete spoken and written texts As Schmitt (2010, p 4) noted, “learners carry around dictionaries and not grammar books” Researchers such as Wilkins (1985), Huckin (1995), Krashen (1993) have shown that second language learners rely heavily on vocabulary knowledge and the lack of that knowledge is the largest obstacle for students to overcome Additionally, by observing new words from other languages, students can discover the beauty and novelty of the language through new words They are able to consider the differences between their mother tongue and voluminous foreign languages This helps them to master the language system of two languages, which is one of the important factors that people learn to communicate effectively Consequently, these students are likely to establish a better understanding of vocabulary in language systems Therefore, it is obvious that a lack of vocabulary in the learning process will result in devastating consequences to their ability to learn other languages Undoubtedly, students who lack a great deal of academic vocabulary will be prone to failure in stimulating their language deficiencies and making use of vocabulary learning strategies Accordingly, due to the essential impact of learning vocabulary, lecturers should significantly exert more effort on enhancing their students’ capability to use a wide range of academic vocabulary For devoting attention to vocabulary, the research was carried out some interview questions which are open-ended questions such as most important, considerably important, marginally important, and not know The data was analysed according to statistical frequency and converted into percentages 68 Jos.hueuni.edu.vn Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 Figure Students’ opinions about learning vocabulary From the statistic number (Figure 1), we can easily see that 58% (76) admitted that vocabulary is the most important while 25% (33) explained that vocabulary was as considerably important as grammar, pronunciation Whereas, 13% (17) felt that vocabulary was marginally important Only 4% (5) of the students did not know whether vocabulary was important In general, more than half of the students realised the importance of vocabulary, which influences their positive attitude towards learning it in class Suggested strategies to extend English major students’ vocabulary In conventional teaching approach, English vocabulary is taught in combination with practical skills, such as listening, speaking, and writing Therefore, many students acquire new vocabularies by learning a large number of new words by heart, without taking into consideration their pragmatic uses in real communication Without doubt, not only does this studying method require a great deal of time and effort, but it is also of little help in supplying them with adequate knowledge of language use Generally, it is easier to remember words when they are associated with other words in groups with real contexts Consequently, various researchers, such as Doff (1988) and Van Steensell (2012), not lend their support to this traditional learning method Studying new words in this way, they argue, heavily damages students’ creativity to use English vocabulary in a flexible way In other words, these students are only exposed to the words’ figurative meanings, thus, they are not capable of taking advantage of these words in communications As a result, an array of approaches has been successfully applied to advance English students’ vocabulary sources One possible measurement, which can be taken, is to randomly present students with new words 69 Vo Thi Dung Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 during active language activities Another plausible teaching approach is to supply English words in real curriculums so that students can easily gain a deepening acquisition of vocabulary Furthermore, studying with dictionaries or with various games is proven to be useful in generating a new way for students to learn English words Several leading experts in education, such as Wright, Betteright and Bucky (1989), and Graves (2006), along with Niaidroose (2010), expressed considerable support for using novels or biographies of well-known authors to enhance students’ academic words uses Because it is a changing, growing reality, English vocabulary is challenging As Ur (2012, p 3) stated, unlike grammar, “lexical items are an open set, constantly being added to (and lost, as archaic words gradually go out of use)” It means that students alike need to be in the habit of learning vocabulary Therefore, students can develop a growing love for English vocabulary learning and naturally share a passion for words and phrases in any language The importance of English – American literature course in improving a wide range of vocabularies Irrefutably, reading a wide range of advanced references has a positive impact on devel- oping English major students’ vocabulary sources Indeed, several researchers, such as McKay & Tom (1999), Carter and Mcrae (2001), Parrot (2001), Gurley (2006), Pieper (2006), Pathan & AlDersi (2013), have claimed that teaching English – American literature has countless benefits for both students and lecturers, especially in presenting new knowledge in a vivid and novel way According to Hill (1986), the reading of literature provides an opportunity for the language to be internalised whereby vocabulary already learnt can be reinforced Ur (2011) states that literature provides examples of different styles of writing while also being a basic for vocabulary expansion Literature, especially in the form of a masterpiece or added biographies, is a golden source of vocabulary and a blend of various invaluable English structures In addition, typical works being used in learning provide lecturers with priceless advantages to get their students to cross the most complex ideas of English words, which obviously helps the students to establish a firm foundation of language competence Likewise, bringing literature novels into use in higher education offers English students significantly more vocabularies than simply studying endless papers of new words by heart Additionally, popular novels and well-known works consist of substantially many priceless cultural features As a consequence, using these special works undoubtedly broadens students’ knowledge about foreign cultural identities as well as their traditional styles 70 Jos.hueuni.edu.vn Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 To accomplish the course goal, we also analysed the students’ evaluation on improving English vocabulary designed in the teaching of English – American literature The majority of investigated students (accounting for 74%) supposed that pictures, videos, and other illustrations were relatively good for their learning because they make the students more interested and more motivated in the study process Surprisingly, up to 80% of the students believed that “Gap-filling”, “Matching”, “True/False”, “Complete sentences with prompts given”, “Multiple choices”, etc would make them get access to the content and help them avoid some unwanted obstacles in learning In conclusion, students not only need to know a single word of English, but it is also necessary for them to accumulate basic cultural knowledge about different layers of English words’ meanings to understand the overt meaning, along with the subtle meaning of what the author has written English – American literature teaching and curriculum design at Quang Binh University English – American literature is a mandatory curriculum of English language bachelor programs in many Vietnamese universities, such as Hanoi University, Hanoi National University of Education, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, Foreign Trade University, Thai Nguyen University of Technology, University of Foreign Languages–Hue University, Danang University of Language Study, Quang Nam University, Ha Tinh Unversity As a result, designing the course is awarded by educators and lecturers to align students' needs and foreign language curriculum requirements in the shortened time in class Moreover, students’ background knowledge of English and American literature and their literary analysis skill is very limited A recent survey has shown that most English major students of Quang Binh University never read an authentic literary work in English Therefore, lecturers should think of supporting students in their selfstudy, especially in a variety of vocabulary At present, English – American literature is included in the curriculum Quang Binh University as a mandatory course for the English majors in different training modes: full-time, parttime, and in-service The course introduces to the students a glimpse of English and American literature and gives them a chance to further explore the typical authors and masterpieces in Britain and the United States as well as their language competence and their self-study ability Our English – American literature program can be specified in themes as follows: Part I English Literature: Survey of English literature; The Old English literature; The Middle English literature; The Modern English literature 71 Vo Thi Dung Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 Part II Survey of American literature (Early American and colonial period to 1776); The Middle American literature; The Modern American literature Both part I and part II include a brief social-historical background, characteristics, and major authors Table Students’ attitude towards learning literature No Students’ opinion Number of respondents Percentage, % 53 40 53 40 26 20 I like learning literature and doing the tasks in textbooks I am afraid of learning literature because I not know how and what to with the tasks I hate literature because it is difficult Table shows that 40% of the student responded that they like learning literature and doing the tasks in textbooks Forty percent of the students found literature difficult because they not know how and what to with the tasks The proportion of the students who dislike literature estimates 20% They explained that the vocabulary in literature is very difficult and they spent a great deal of time memorising list of words or finding out the main ideas Over 70% of the students agreed that they feel frustrated with the length of novels or plays Many students who joined in the English and American literature course showed that they had a limited knowledge of literary terms Moreover, literature manipulates various rhetorical devices, figurative language, symbolism, similes, metaphor that make students become confused and cannot understand the hidden meaning, the themes of famous works Another problem is that many students have limited knowlegdge of the culture and social different in literature prevented them from understanding the novels, poems, prose, etc Based on the data survey, the redesigning English and American literature course at Quang Binh University was carried out to have students done their learning objectives by building up a word field related to their own area Three components of the English and American literature module are briefly described as follows: + The course goal: Based on the free online resources, lecturers can assist students in understanding and analyzing literary works along with their principal skills There are three main factors determining the English and American literature course, namely, to provide students with the main literary history and movements in the periods of American and British literature from the ancient, middle, and modern events; to introduce a brief social-historical background, characteristics, and typical authors; to equip students with literary devices and constituent elements of the short stories, poetry and non-fiction essays These are guides for English major students to their literary plan on a favorite author and his/her works during the course; to 72 Jos.hueuni.edu.vn Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 equip students with literary devices and constituent elements of the short stories, poetry, and non-fiction essays to assist students in understanding and analysing literary works Accordingly, students have realised that they have a greater chance of being able to widen their range of vocabulary + The textbook and references: In terms of literary work selection criteria, the lecturers suggested students to read original texts in real-life contexts for a literature course Simultaneously, the lecturers should consider choosing suitable materials according to the following criteria: interesting topics, manageable length, and appropriate level of language difficulty + The main material and references: For students to infiltrate foreign literature, lecturers ask students to read the original texts To avoid difficulties due to limited time or background, lecturers should consider choosing suitable materials according to the following criteria: the balance between literary history and literary theory; medium strength properties and typical properties of the compositions Besides, lecturers should encourage students to widen their knowledge to meet learning needs In addition to the lecture material provided in class, lecturers introduce additional references or web addresses on English and American literature Within a limited timeframe and textbook printing, we integrate some free online Internet resources in the course so that students can use them as their references for further reading or their assignments This way would be a good motive for students to understand the work better + Teaching methods: According to Carrell & Eisterhold (1983), Akyel, A and E Yalcin (1990), Carrell et al (1989), and Chamot et al (1999), the ultimate aim of foreign language teaching is to shape students into competent language learners They argued that reading comprehension in literary is neither simply a unidirectional information-receiving activity nor a comprehension of words, sentences, and texts The readers construct a certain cerebral mode in the reading process, a comprehension-aimed, multi-strigiform, and interactive process that requires consistent inferring The English and American literature course provides students with an access to English through a very interesting channel, which is literature Students would benefit considerably in expressing their own ideas and feeling by building up a variety of words An interactive process in the English and American literature course shows that a literary work affects students through its words, content, and structure, whereas they apply their background knowledge to act on the text, thus encouraging them to communicate fluently in class Consequently, it is such a way that students can engage in interactive activities in class with their classmates, such as developing their literary critical skills, discussing and presenting their opinions/feelings and perspectives during the seminar On the basis of teaching experience of English and American literature course, we realised that students are so eager and creative in making their presentations grip the class attention using multimedia support like films, songs, and dramas 73 Vo Thi Dung Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 + Assessment: Assessment is regarded to be part of the students’ learning process and takes place over the course time Students at Quang Binh University are encouraged to support their classroom learning in small groups The group presentations in literary seminars account for 30% of the total score, in which student's speaking skill, public speaking skill, teamwork skill, attitude toward learning, and literary knowledge are assessed by the lecturers It is done with varied methods from the lecturers and students Moreover, students can self-evaluate their own progression or success in the learning acquisition The final term test (forming 70% of the total score) is in a form of a literary portfolio, for which students must prepare during the course time At the end of the course, students would be able to understand more details about their favorite authors and typical works so that they can enhance their understanding of literary theory, aesthetic values, and the English language, which are the objectives of the course The benefits of teaching English – American literature course As will become evident, the role of cultural learning in the foreign language classroom has been the concern of many lecturers and scholars and has sparked considerable controversy As Lessard-Clouston (1997) and Dixon-Krauss, (2002) noted, in the past, people learned a foreign language to study its literature, and this was the main medium of culture Teaching an English and American literature course creates an interesting and flexible environment to help students study English vocabulary English and American literature stimulates students’ desire to widen their own knowledge about the cultures of English speaking countries; hence, students are capable of learning how to use words correctly and diversely Moreover, being knowledgeable about the giant cultures of the United States and the United Kingdom, the students can open a new horizon as well as improve vital language skills This subject also offers young people different layers of meanings of words and their uses, thus, resolving students’ difficulties in choosing the right words to use Through a new language, students may gain an insight into the way words express thoughts, and so achieve greater clarity and precision in their own communications Furthermore, one of the most advantageous ways to be fluent in a particular language is to read novels or short stories They provide students with chances to come across different words in different forms, which consequently alter the way these students communicate in foreign languages Therefore, they help students to remember words in the long term As well as developing broad vocabularies, students also remain updated and backdated; their general knowledge will increase, and they will become intelligent, well-rounded people As in the study of any subjects, the study of literature builds thinking skills that are native to the subject but applicable outside the subject as well Literature offers a unique education in itself, representing a wealth of ideas, perspectives, worldviews, emotional insights and more, 74 Jos.hueuni.edu.vn Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 all of which enrich the reader's "ideational vocabulary", expanding the range of thoughts and ideas available to the reader Not only they build their vocabulary and reading comprehension skills, but students can also build their cognitive skills while annotating literature, and then use those annotations to assist them in comparing or evaluating and analyzing the text in terms of theme, conflict, figurative language, tone, or mood Conveying a sense of confidence when reading and evaluating original works written by native speakers in a post-survey after the course, more than 70% of students responded that they would certainly continue to read English literature and use literature as a means to improve their English competence Although more time and measures are needed to assess the results of the course, the student feedback demonstrates that the course is on the right track at Quang Binh University Conclusion Literature is an amazing tool that all the previous researches have alluded to and it gives insight into other cultures and their norms The study of literature is important because it, at its most basic, improves reading skills, especially a wide range of vocabulary Good stories, whether novels, short stories, plays, or poems, help students experience, in their minds, new vistas, customs, cultures, and ways of life This helps English majors students at Quang Binh University thoroughly comprehend the differences between Vietnamese and other foreign languages As students reach the high language level, their vocabulary knowledge and specific literary repertoire are important factors for doing well in foreign language acquisition In terms of English competence, the integration of free online resources into teaching the English and American literature content magnifies the interactions between the lecturers and students to facilitate students' self- study As a result, the teachers initially had positive feedback from students in improving their wide range of vocabulary References Akyel, A and E Yalcin (1990) Literature in the EFL class: A study of goal-achievement incongruence ELT Journal, 44(3), 174–180 Anderson, R C (1996) Research foundations to support wide reading In Creany, V (Ed.), Promoting reading in developing countries, 55–77 Newark, DE: International Reading Association Bear, D R., Ivernizzi, M., Templeton, S., and Johnston, F (2004) Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall 75 Vo Thi Dung Vol 127, No 6B, 2018 Carrel P L and Eisterhold J C (1983) Schema theory and ESL reading pedagogy TESOL Quarterly, 17/4, 553–573 Corson, D (1997) The learning and use of academic English words Language Learning, 47, 671–718 Dixon-Krauss, L (2002) Using literature as a context for teaching vocabulary Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 45(4), 310–318 Ehri, L C (1994) Development of the ability to read words: Update In Ruddell R., Ruddell M., and Singer H (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (4th ed.), 323–358 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum John J Pikulski, Shame Templeton (2004) Teaching and Developing Vocabulary: Key to Long-Term Reading Success Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A Ur P (1991) A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and theory Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 10 Wilkins, D A (1985) Linguistics in Language Teaching Edward Arnold, London, UK 76 ... ing that is crucial for English major students: the wide range of vocabulary frequency through English – American literature The important role of vocabulary for English major students Vocabulary. .. meaning of what the author has written English – American literature teaching and curriculum design at Quang Binh University English – American literature is a mandatory curriculum of English language... Our English – American literature program can be specified in themes as follows: Part I English Literature: Survey of English literature; The Old English literature; The Middle English literature;