Copyright Copyright © 2017 by Joseph F Coughlin Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author’s intellectual property If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact permissions@hbgusa.com Thank you for your support of the author’s rights PublicAffairs Hachette Book Group 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104 www.publicaffairsbooks.com @Public_Affairs First Edition: November 2017 Published by PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2017042065 ISBNs: 978-1-61039-663-9 (HC), 978-1-61039-665-3 (EB) E3-20170928-JV-NF CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication A Note on Collaboration Introduction: The Longevity Paradox PART I Vital Force Myths The Future Is Female A Tale of Two Villages PART II Radical Empathy and Transcendent Design Health, Safety, and the Triumph of Magical Thinking The Pursuit of Happiness Meaning and Legacy in the Longevity Economy Acknowledgments About the Author Notes Index For Emily, Mary, and Catherine A NOTE ON COLLABORATION IN THE WORLD of research publications, it’s a poorly kept secret that the names following that of the first author are often responsible for the bulk of the hard work The same is very much true in the case of this book The Longevity Economy, frankly put, could never have been written without the help of my collaborator and friend, the science writer Luke Yoquinto There is scarcely a sentence between the covers of this book that has not benefited from his research and reportage, his storytelling skill and keen editorial eye He conducted several of this book’s interviews and helped me over the course of many months turn my disorganized thoughts into a form that, I hope you will agree, is at least marginally coherent Some sections ahead, meanwhile, evolved out of ideas Luke and I first put forward in such publications as The Washington Post and Slate For his hard work and prodigious talent, not to mention his ability to keep me on task, I owe him my profound thanks INTRODUCTION: THE LONGEVITY PARADOX EACH OF US will grow old—if we’re lucky The same can be said for nations: luck, in the form of prosperity, gives rise to older populations as surely as a good growing season leads to an ample harvest Today, most countries around the world are about to haul in the biggest longevity crop of all time: the fruit of all the affluence, education, and technological progress that burgeoned in the second half of the 20th century The effect will be enormous The aging of populations represents the most profound change that is guaranteed to come to high-income countries everywhere and most low- and middle-income ones as well There may be other big shifts headed our way—related to climate change, say, or global geopolitics, or technological advancement—but their particulars are still up in the air We can only speculate about how London will cope with sea-level rise, or Tokyo with self-driving cars But we know exactly how global aging will unfold We know when and where it will happen and to what degree We know which subpopulations are likely to live long lives, and shorter lives, and how prepared they are for their future Because population aging will manifest in such dramatic-yet-predictable ways, when companies make long-term plans for the future, there should be nothing higher on their priorities list than preparing for an older world It’s worth planning for the unexpected, after all, but only after you prepare for the guaranteed With few exceptions, however, companies—and nonprofits and governments—are not getting ready The reason why is a mystery In fact, from my perspective as the founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AgeLab, a research organization devoted to studying the intersection of aging and business, it’s the mystery Happily, I’m here to report, there is an answer It’s so simple that it almost defies belief: old age is made up That doesn’t mean I think arthritis is imaginary or that we can will ourselves to live forever Rather, the meaning of “old”—whether you’re talking about the life stage, the “senior” population, or even your conception of self—is what academics would call “socially constructed” and everyone else might call a mass delusion or a story that no one realizes is fictional Certain bits of our current idea of old age are grounded in biology But most of it was invented by human beings for short-term, human purposes over the past century and a half Today, we’re stuck with a notion of oldness that is so utterly at odds with reality that it has become dangerous It constrains what we can as we age, which is deeply troubling, considering that the future of our older world will naturally hinge on the actions of the older people in it It also distracts companies from serving the true needs of aging consumers, an already staggeringly powerful group that is growing larger, wealthier, and more demanding with every passing day The Setup The world is growing older for three reasons, the most obvious of which is the fact that people are simply living longer The story of the United States resembles that of most high-income nations: the majority of American babies born in 1900 could not expect to see their 50th birthday; as of 2015, life expectancy in the United States had reached 79 years Even larger gains have unfolded in Western Europe, East Asia, and elsewhere Of major economies, Japan leads the world with a life expectancy of 84 years; it’s followed closely by Spain, Switzerland, Italy, and Singapore Nipping at their heels are most other western and southern European countries as well as standouts elsewhere in the world such as South Korea, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Israel If I were teaching this information to my graduate students, some wisenheimer in the back of the room would have chimed in by now: “What about childhood mortality?” It’s true: the biggest component of the post-1900 life expectancy bump is due to the fact that far more of us survive childhood than we did over a century ago, particularly the gauntlet of diseases that threaten kids from birth to age five However, it would be woefully incorrect to say that all of our life expectancy gains are due to diminished child mortality For one thing, we’ve also cut back on deaths for people in their twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties A 30-year-old American man in 1900, for instance, was six times more likely to die within a year than a 30-year-old man is today, and a 30-year-old woman was 12-and-a-half times more likely to die within a year As a result of things like public health measures, indoor plumbing, a lack of world wars (knock wood), modern medicine, antibiotics, safer workplaces, and—a big one—safer childbirth, far more of us are reaching 65 than ever before And the gains don’t stop there, because those who make it to 65 now get to stick around for longer In 1900, a 65-year-old woman in the United States could expect to live to 78; 76 for men Today these figures have reached 85.5 and 82.9, respectively That is to say, over a century’s worth of scientific and economic progress has bought those of us who make it to 65 an extra seven years And that’s just the United States—in Japan, the average 65-year-old woman can expect to reach age 89 That’s right: it’s now utterly unremarkable for Japanese women to live well into their 90s—and Spanish, French, Italian, and Korean women are right behind them But longer lives only account for part of why the world is growing older A bigger factor, especially in lower-income countries, is the fact that birth rates around the world plummeted in the second half of the 20th century, a trend that in many cases has only picked up speed following the turn of the new millennium As of 2015, fertility rates in every world region except Africa are near or below what’s considered the “replacement rate,” which in most high-income countries hovers around 2.1 children per woman (Slightly more than two children per woman are needed to keep a population stable, because not every one of those children will survive to childbearing age.) There are two sides to the fertility coin Heads is the tale of the incredible, shrinking, high-income nations Once again, Japan is the standout example: it has a one-word immigration policy (“No!”) and a very low fertility rate—1.46 children per woman, as of 2015 As a result of both, its population is shrinking more rapidly than any country outside Eastern Europe, a low-fertility region that is also losing large chunks of its population to emigration Many countries other than Japan, such as Germany, Italy, Singapore, and South Korea, have similarly low or even lower fertility rates—much of southern and western Europe has been subreplacement for decades—but the shrinking effect in these countries is somewhat counterbalanced by an influx of immigrants Still, Germany and Italy are projected to shrink by 2050, and so would be the United States, with its fertility rate of 1.9, if not for its twin bulwarks of immigration and the relatively large families that first-generation immigrants tend Democratizing Innovation (Hippel), 120 dentures, 68–69, 110 design and disability, 185–186, 189–91 transcendent design, 20, 170–171, 186, 188–197, 222, 231 universal design, 186–189 diabetes, 21, 82–83, 178, 207–208, 242 disability and Civil War pensions, 36 and design, 185–186, 189–91 and emergency response services, 73 and food delivery services, 116 and healthy life expectancy, 21 and technological innovation, 62 and vitality theory, 27 disruptive innovation, 109, 127–132 See also innovation divorce, 101–102, 140, 278 DNA analysis, 213–215, 287 Dobres, Jonathan, 192–193 Dodge, 105 domotics (domestic robotics), 61 See also robotics Doppler Labs, 67–68, 212–213 Doucette, Joan, 154–155, 157–158, 161, 163 Dowling, Andrew, 100 Duhaime-Ross, Arielle, 94 Dychtwald, Ken, 65–66 Dychtwald, Maddie, 66 “easy-to-use” products, 62–63, 72, 169–170 efficiency, 34–40, 41, 47 eldercare, 20, 90–91, 98, 117, 201–205, 211, 236 See also health and healthcare Eli Lilly, 265 Elizabethan Poor Law (1601), 32 Elliot, Jodie, 146–147 Emanuel, Ezekiel, 197–201, 205, 222 Emerald, 227–232 Emerson, Harrington, 38 empathy, 111, 170–171, 239, 289 AGNES (age-simulating suit), 10, 171–188, 291 employment agencies, 265 Ensure, 176, 236 entrepreneurship, 80, 85, 99, 119–122, 127, 249, 291 Estes, Carol, 82 Eveleth, Rose, 94, 107–108 exoskeletons, 10, 259–263 eyeglasses, 7, 67, 178 Facebook, 79, 207 Farber, Betsy, 186–188 Farber, Sam, 186–188 federal judges, 41, 47 Federighi, Craig, 93 Fitage, 75 food delivery services, 113, 114, 116, 129, 291 Ford Motor Company, 72, 263 Model T, 190 Foucault, Michel, 31 Fourier Transform, 225 Foxx, Anthony, 174 France, 3, 238 Freud, Sigmund, 29 garage door openers, 190 Gatorade, 120 Gawande, Atul, 236, 247–248 Gehry, Frank, 223 gender See women gender bias, 93–94 General Motors (GM), 72, 180–181, 263 Generator Ventures, 122 Gerber baby food, 69, 100 Singles, 70 “geriatrics,” origins of the term, 31 Germany, 75, 164 auto industry, 10, 171, 179–185, 245, 257–259, 262, 275, 286 baby boom generation, 258 birth rates, 4, 5, 258 consumer spending, old-age social insurance program, 35 Gerontechnology (journal), 63–64 glasses See eyeglasses Goldblum, Jeff, 87, 89, 95, 100 golden years, 52–53, 140, 278 golf and retirement, 39, 164, 245–246, 250, 256, 273 at The Villages, 134–135, 139, 142, 144–151, 153, 162 Google Google Adwords, 271 Google Assistant, 223 Google Talk, 207 search algorithm, 206 workforce, 79, 93 Gorilla Glass, 108 Graebner, William, 51–52 Graham, Paul, 79 Grape, Tom, 117 Great Acceleration, 292 Great Awakening Progressive movement compared to, 41 Second Great Awakening, 27 GreatCall, 75 Great Depression, 39, 41, 43 Great Recession, 7, 38 Green, Bryan, 30–31 Griffith, D W., 33 grocery delivery services, 113, 114, 116, 129, 291 gross domestic product (GDP), 7, 197, 253, 256 Gunura, Keith, 260–262 Haber, Carole, 27–29 hacks See consumer hacks happiness and aspiration, 242–244, 248, 250–251 and consumption, 270–275 and human capital, 263–265 and learning, 257–263 and meaning, 241–251, 262, 265, 266, 275–277 and physical appearance, 275–279 and social capital, 263–265 and work, 251–263 and workplace productivity, 257–263 See also aspiration Harley-Davidson, 11 Harry Potter series (Rowling), 223–224, 230–232, 239 Hartmier, Deanna (Dee Dee), 252 Haskell, Bill, 159 health and healthcare, 82 Alzheimer’s Disease, 77, 198, 200, 238 congestive heart failure, 218–219, 242 dementia, 15, 28–29, 33, 77, 198, 211, 233, 238, 254–255 diabetes, 21, 82–83, 178, 207–208, 242 electronic health records, 214–215, 221 health apps, 93–94 home care service, 206–212, 221–222, 233–234 “hurry up and die” mindset, 13, 195–196, 212 insurance, 197, 213, 277 National Health Service (UK), 67, 73 and regulation, 212–217 healthy life expectancy, 21, 198, 221, 243 See also life expectancy hearables, 67–68 hearing aids, 66–68, 73, 212–213 Hear One Listening System, 67–68, 212–213 Heinz Senior Foods, 69–70, 72–73, 77, 110, 178 Hickman, Donald “Smoke,” 141–145, 163 hierarchy of needs, 63–64, 66, 78, 84, 196–197, 248 and geriatric technology, 63–64 and legacy, 281–283, 288–289 and life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, 241 self-actualization, 64, 248, 282–283 Hispanic paradox, 151 Hello Alfred, 116–117, 129 Her (film), 238 Hochman, Julius, 51 Hoepke, Kate, 161 Home for the Aged and Infirm (New York City), 33 Homeshare (United Kingdom), 164 Honda, 105, 128, 203, 238 Hong Kong, 248, 249 Honor (home care service), 206–212, 221–222, 233–234 household appliances, 105–108 Hugo Boss, 260–261 human capital, 263–265 Hutchings, Cédric, 82–83 Iacocca, Lee, 128 identity, 140–141, 143, 156, 160, 294 Imagine Solutions Conference, 245–246 implicit bias, 14 India, Industrial Revolution, 37–38 innovation disruptive innovation, 109, 127–132 and gender, 20, 93–104 lead-user innovation, 117–123, 131, 261, 285, 291, 296 and “population” as a concept, 31 The Innovator’s Solution (Christensen), 109 Instacart, 113, 114, 116, 129, 291 institutions, 30–34, 292–293 intrapreneurship, 199, 212 See also entrepreneurship isolation, 250, 294 and cell phones, 75 isolation-abatement, 99–104, 111, 130 and personal emergency response systems, 75 Italy, 3, 4, 5, 60, 63, 238, 245, 252 Japan birth rates, elder pornography, 276 and gender, 91, 105, 122–123, 131–132 “hurry up and die” mindset, 13, 195–197 life expectancy, 2, 3, 243 older population in, 5–8, 63, 152 personal emergency response systems, 73 retirement, 252 robotics, 203, 238 smart toilets, 218 Jen, Sandy, 207–210 The Jewish Kitchen (website), 284–287 Jobs, Steve, 118 Johnson, C G., 190 Jurassic Park (film), 87, 226 Kabelac, Zach, 228, 230 karaoke, Kasparov, Garry, 221 Katabi, Dina, 222–230, 232 Kickstarter, 130 Kimberly-Clark, 111, 115 Kleenex, 111, 115 Kotlikoff, Larry, 152 labor market average number of jobs held, 267 consumer tech industry, 78–83 and gender, 91, 97, 187 and global aging, 6, 12, 253–254, 265 Japanese, 91 history of, 33–36, 41, 50 median worker age, 79 See also work labor unions, 39, 50, 293 Lambert, Adam, 88 Langer, Bob, 161 Lauer, Matt, 175 lead-user innovation, 117–123, 131, 261, 285, 291, 296 Lee, Chaiwoo, 98, 119 legacy, 281–298 leisure and gender, 99, 106 glamorization of, 51 lump-of-labor fallacy, 38 and meaning, 50–51, 140–141 normalization of, 14, 16, 35, 50–53, 63, 241, 278 products and consumption, 14, 16, 51 and retirement communities, 135–136, 140, 160 See also golf Leisureville (Blechman), 143, 149, 152 Levitt, Theodore, 109 Life Alert, 73–74, 104, 229 LifeCall, 73 life expectancy, 2–3, 6, 21, 151 for the elderly, healthy life expectancy, 21, 198, 221, 243 in Japan, 2, in United States, worldwide, 2–3 life insurance companies, 52 lifestyle leader, 113–114 Lindover, Sally, 112–114, 117, 120, 130, 291 Lloyd, Geoffrey, 42 Luber, Jodie, 271–275, 283–287, 295 lump-of-labor fallacy, 38 Lyft, 116, 237 Madara, James, 214–216 Maestas, Nicole, 254–257, 262–263 Magliozzi, Ray, 180 Magliozzi, Tom, 180 marriage, 91, 94–95, 101–102 See also dating sites and apps; divorce Marx, Groucho, 71 Marxism, 38 Maslow, Abraham, 63–64, 66, 78, 84, 196, 241, 248, 281–283 See also hierarchy of needs Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), 223–224 House of the Future project, 61 Media Lab, 215 online education, 268–270 Ray and Marie Stata Center, 222–224 Sloan School of Management, 64, 119 See also AgeLab (MIT) Masserman, Mike, 116 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), 269 McCracken, Harry, 212–213 McGroarty, John Steven, 41–42 McReynolds, Clark, 41, 47 McWhinney Morse, Susan, 156 meaning and consumerism, 50–51 and culture, 249 and happiness, 241–251, 262, 265, 266, 275–277 and health, 200–201, 236–237 and legacy, 281–298 and sexuality, 275 and Social Security, 81–82 and socioemotional selectivity theory, 247–248, 276, 287–288 and work, 98, 118, 249, 265–266 and youthful expectations, 275–279 See also aspiration; happiness Medicaid, 152 Medicare, 53, 54, 81–82, 152–153, 209, 295 membership communities, 155–163, 236, 295 menopause, 28 Mera, Haruka, 131 Mercedes-Benz, 171–172, 179–180 Microsoft, 273 Cortana, 68, 223 microwave ovens, 190–191 Midgley, Thomas J., Jr., 41, 43, 45, 53–54, 248 Milholland, Terry, 264 mobility geographic, 57–58 physiological, 173, 174, 177, 178, 184, 199 Monsanto, 108 Moore, Patty, 187–188 Morales, Natalie, 175 Morse, Gary, 139 Moss, Frank, 215–217 motorcycles, 11 multigenerational households, 63, 294 National Health Service (UK), 67, 73 Nelson, Robert H., 41 Netflix, 113, 114 New Deal, 46 See also Social Security New England University Transportation Center, 58–59 Nigeria, Nissan, 128, 174 Noonee, 262 nursing homes, 14, 34, 152, 156, 164, 203, 232, 236, 277 old age See aging and old age Obama, Barack, 222, 228–229 Older Americans Act (1965), 54, 81–82, 295 on-demand services, 112–117, 194, 287 online dating See dating sites and apps orphanages, 32 Osler, William, 199 Overhead Door Corporation, 190 “over the hill,” 33–34 Over the Hill to the Poor-House (poem), 33 OXO, 186–189, 291 Paris Miki, Paro (robotic seal), 237–238 See also robotics Patniak, Dev, 186 pensions and global aging, 6, 152, 251, 294 history of, 25, 31, 34–36, 39–40, 44, 49–50 See also Social Security personal butler service, 116–117, 129 personal emergency response system (PERS), 73–75, 104, 229 phones See cell phones; smartphones PillPets, 59–60 pill-reminder systems, 231–232 Pirc, 123–127, 130 “population” as an economic concept, 31 pornography, 276 potato peelers, 186–189 Procter & Gamble (P&G), 83, 108, 207, 265, 272 Putnam, Robert, 293 reading glasses, See also eyeglasses ReadyFor?, 130–131 Reif, L Rafael, 268 Reimer, Matt, 269 relief, indoor and outdoor, 32, 34 See also almshouses remote controls, 62, 170, 190 retirement history of, 34–39 and identity, 140–141, 143, 156, 160, 294 savings, 8, 13, 126, 276–278 working during, 34–35, 97, 98, 119, 140, 251 See also pensions; Social Security retirement communities and leisure, 135–136, 140, 160 and social networks, 99–100 Sun City (Arizona), 52–53, 98, 138–139, 152 The Villages (Florida), 20, 133–54, 160–62 Woodfield (Floria), 149, 16 retirement rate, 36–37 Riesman, David, 50–51, 141 Riken, 203 RoBear (caregiving robot), 203, 211 See also robotics Roberts, Owen, 46–47 robotics domestic robotics), 61, 259 eldercare robots, 201–206, 211, 222, 232 companionship robots, 237–238 for surgery, 214 wearable robots, 259 Rogo, Marcie, 99–104, 111, 122, 234 Romney, George, 71 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 43–47, 153 “court-packing plan, “46–47 fireside chats, 47 Roosevelt, Theodore, 36 Rose, David, 202 Rowling, J K., 223–224 salary caps, 50 Samuelson, Paul, 199 San Francisco Village (membership organization), 159–161 Sapone, Marcela, 116 Sarma, Sanjay, 268, 270 Scheiber, Noam, 79–80 Scheinman, Dan, 123–127, 131–132 Schwartz, Harold, 138–139, 162 scientific charity, 32 Seinfeld, Jerry, 263 self-employment, 48 sexism, 293 sexual intercourse, 27, 62–63, 84, 88, 250 sexuality, 62, 274–75 Shibata, Takanori, 237 sharing economy, 112–115, 117, 164, 194 Sheffi, Yossi, 58 Shidax Corporation, Siemens, 171, 173, 258 Silicon Valley, 122–125, 207, 210, 212 and age, 79, 124–125 and disruption, 128 and gender, 93–94, 122 Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 268 smart scale, 218, 219 smart-home technologies, 6, 61–62, 194, 217, 219, 222, 227, 230 Smart Personal Advisor (SmartCart), 82–83 smartphones, 83 as age-friendly, 75–77, 182 apps, 68, 93–95, 114, 123, 125, 211, 217 and food, 285 Gorilla Glass, 108 and low-end footholds, 129 and smart toilets, 220 and transcendent design, 191 smart toilets, 218, 218, 219–220 social capital, 263–265 social networks, 160, 247 and cell phones, 75 ConnectAround, 99–104 See also membership communities; retirement communities Social Security, 81–82, 137, 144 contributory aspect of, 44–47, 153 earnings test, 48–49 and global aging, 13, 152–153, 295 history of, 34, 35, 40–50, 53–54 Japanese, 197, 203 and retirement, 251 Social Security Act (1935), 40, 43–46, 48, 81, 251 socioemotional selectivity theory, 247–248, 276, 287–288 South Korea, 4, 80 Soylent, 236 Spain, 2, 257 Starkey Hearing Technologies, 67 Sternberg, Seth, 207–211, 233 Stitch, 89, 95–96, 99–104, 110, 122, 160, 206, 234, 29 streaming services, 113, 114 Sun City, Arizona (retirement community), 52–53, 98, 138–139, 152 Supreme Court, 46–47 surveillance, 232–233 Swiffer, 108 23andMe, 213–216 Tango, 123–125 Tapestry, 100 TaskRabbit, 115, 129, 207 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 37–38 Theranos, 213, 216 Thomas de la Peña, Carolyn, 27 Townsend Jr., Lynn, Jr., 71–72, 128 Toyota, 128, 149, 174, 203, 238 transcendent design, 20, 170–171, 186, 188–197, 222, 231 See also design transportation and home care, 209 and homeownership, 115 and membership communities, 157 paratransit systems, 57–58, 209 and retirement communities, 139, 150 See also automotive industry Trotti, Gui, 59 Trump, Donald, 250 Turkle, Sherry, 204–205, 238 Twain, Mark, 36 typefaces, 192–193 Uber, 115, 116, 122, 157, 206, 210, 220, 237 unemployment, 31, 33, 38, 39, 43, 44, 252 Unicharm, United Kingdom, 73, 159, 164, 180 United Nations, 5, 239 US Declaration of Independence, 241 US Department of Health and Human Services, 81 US Department of Transportation, 57, 58, 81 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 212–213, 215–217, 219 venture capital, 79–80, 93, 121–124, 127, 131–132, 210, 212, 295 videochat app, 123, 125 The Villages (Florida retirement community), 20, 133–138 golf, 134–135, 139, 142, 144–151, 153, 162 lifestyle, 138–147, 150, 151–153 population, 135 and society, 138–154, 160–162 Village to Village Network, 158, 160–162 Vitality GlowCap, 202 vitality theory, 26–30, 32–33 Volkswagen, 10, 258, 262 Volterra, Italy, 60–63 von Hippel, Eric, 119–120 Webb, Delbert, 52–53, 138, 152 What Shall We Do With Our Old? (documentary), 33 White, Lynn, Jr., 51 White House Demo Day, 227–228 Wired to Care (Patniak), 186 Withings, 83 Wohnen für Hilfe (Housing for Help, Germany and Switzerland), 164 women, 87–89 and consumer hacks, 111–118 and consumption, 89–93 and digital coupon service, 123–127 and innovation, 93–104, 127–132 and job of consumer, 109–111 and lead-user innovation, 117–123 and product design failures, 104 WomensForum, 270–275, 283–287 Woodfield (Florida retirement community), 149, 162 work absenteeism, 204 and meaning, 251–263 “presenteeism,” 204 productivity, 257–263 and retirement, 14, 34–40, 97, 98, 119, 140, 251 unemployment, 31, 33, 38, 39, 43, 44, 252 and vitality theory, 30 See also labor market workhouses, 32 World War II post-war fertility bump, 5, 57 salary caps, 50 scientific innovation, 42 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 154 Y Combinator, 79 Yglesias, Matt, 253–254 YourEncore, 265 Zenefits, 213–214 Zuckerberg, Mark, 79, 122, 124, 214 PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997 It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me I.F STONE, proprietor of I F Stone’s Weekly , combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek BENJAMIN C BRADLEE was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books ROBERT L BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner Morris B Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large ... kept secret that the names following that of the first author are often responsible for the bulk of the hard work The same is very much true in the case of this book The Longevity Economy, frankly... the one that ended the environment? Will they be the generation that closed the curtain on the Cold War or the one that killed off trust in institutions? The answer will probably be “all of the. .. wrote, The white-collar man, the artisan, and the other classes of men, are not wanted after they are even forty-five years of age They are ditched by employers just when they are the most capable.”