Waste management and resource efficiency proceedings of 6th IconSWM 2016

Sadhan Kumar Ghosh   Editor Waste Management and Resource Efficiency Proceedings of 6th IconSWM 2016 Waste Management and Resource Efficiency Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Editor Waste Management and Resource Efficiency Proceedings of 6th IconSWM 2016 123 Editor Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Department of Mechanical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata, West Bengal India ISBN 978-981-10-7289-5 ISBN 978-981-10-7290-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944330 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface A healthy environment and sustainable living conditions are the basic goals for us and the future generation To achieve such goals, we need renewable energy resources, sustainable technology and effective waste management, leading towards a circular economy The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim for sustainable production and consumption to avoid waste—focusing on production and distribution supply chain in an integrated process rather than on processes in isolation It is also our duty to ensure that we pose the least harm to the environment by polluting soil, air and water Since the inception, the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW) has been working and committed for sustainable waste management and environmental protection by reducing air and water pollution The IconSWM movement was initiated for better waste management and environmental protection in the year 2009 through generating awareness and bringing all the stakeholders together across the world in a bracket for discussion under the aegis of the International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW) It establishes research projects across the country and in collaboration with the Consortium of Researchers in International Collaboration (CRIC) IconSWM has become significantly one of the biggest international platforms in India for knowledge sharing, awareness generation and encouraging the urban local bodies (ULBs), government departments, researchers, industries, NGOs, communities and other stakeholders to be better in the area of waste management The conference attracted huge interest from academics, practitioners and policy makers around the world because of the importance of the theme areas and the conference’s timeliness in addressing the need for resource utilization Resource efficiency can be enhanced if the material is circulated for a number of times of use in the appropriate form Circulation of materials will help in bringing the circular economy in place, leading to zero waste Of course, the concept of the circular economy is being demonstrated in some of the countries across the world The main pillar of the circular economy concept is to conserve resources accelerating waste avoidance, reuse, recycle and driving towards zero landfills There are many countries where a target of recycling and zero landfill has been set Initiatives v vi Preface in research and implementation to realize the benefits of circulation of resources have been witnessed across the world However, research outputs and realization of ideas must converge This is exactly what IconSWM aimed to achieve through stakeholder’s interaction and networking In the 6th IconSWM, papers received were based on waste management, policy and strategies, recycling, treatment technologies including energy recovery through different routes, nanotechnology, modelling We have segregated the articles related to research in different fields and covered them in several tracks The conference offered both the academics and the practitioners the opportunity to share knowledge and experience relevant to the waste management and resource circulation The overarching question was how we collaborate to facilitate further development in these emerging areas This book represents the selected papers from the conference Part I: Swachh Bharat Mission in India Part II: Solid Waste Management in Asia-Pacific, African and and European Countries Part III: Sustainability and Climate Change Part IV: Policies and Strategies Part V: Municipal Solid Waste Management Part VI: City Specific MSW Part VII: Landfill and Leachate Management Part VIII: Composting Part IX: Industrial Waste Treatment and Management Part X: Sludge Management Part XI: Waste to Energy Part XII: W2E Pyrolysis and Gasification Part XIII: C&D Waste Management Part XIV: WEEE Management Part XV: Plastic Waste Management Part XVI: Chemical Engineering in Waste Management Part XVII: Waste Utilization and Minimization Part XVIII: Air Pollution Part XIX: Modelling in Solid Waste Management Part XX: Waste Water Treatment Part XXI: Nano Technology Kolkata, India April 2018 Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Ph.D 6th IconSWM 2016 Technical Committee Editor Prof Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Members vii viii 6th IconSWM 2016 Technical Committee Acknowledgements ISWMAW and IconSWM express gratitude to the Jadavpur University, Kolkata ISWMAW and IconSWM are indebted to United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD); Centre for Sustainable Technology at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI); International Partnership for Expanding Waste Management Services of Local Authorities (IPLA), Japan; Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment (ISPONRE), Vietnam; DBFZ, Germany; Consortium of Researchers in International Collaboration (CRIC); Aston University, UK; Rostock University, Germany; and UK-India Educational and Research Initiative (UKIERI) IconSWM Committee gratefully acknowledges the help provided by the sponsoring organizations and exhibitors, namely Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India; Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal; BBMP, DMA, Karnataka; Hiland Group; Oil India Ltd.; IOCL (R&D); Geocycle Ltd.; SUEZ, UK; and CMAK, Bangalore The Committee expresses gratitude to Mr Praveen Prakash, IAS, JS(W), UDD, GOI; Mr Biswajit Roy, Director (BD&HR) of Oil India Ltd.; Mr Arnab Roy, IAS, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal; Dr N Visal, IAS, DMA, Government of Karnataka; Mr M P Singh, GM R&D, IOC Ltd.; Mrs Dipsikha Deka, Oil India Ltd.; Mr N K Belani, President, CREDAI; Mr Manjunath Prasad, IAS, Commissioner, BBMP; Mr G Kumar Nayak, IAS, MD, Karnataka Power Corpn Ltd.; Mr Khalil Ahmed, IAS, Commissioner, KMC; Mr C P Marak, Chairman, MSPCB; and Mr B K Barua, ASPCB I am thankful to all the members in the core group, International Scientific Committee and Secretariat Technical Committee members and many of the authors, who served as the referees, are included in this book Thanks go to all who provided constructive and comprehensive reviews I must mention the active participation of all the team members in IconSWM across the country with special mention of Ms Sheetal Singh and her team in CMAK; Dr Suneel Pandey and his team in TERI; Prof Deben Barua in Tezpur University, Assam; Dr V Kirubakaran ix x Acknowledgements in GGRI, Chennai; Mr Gautam Ghosh and his team, Sampriti Kakati, Biswajit Debnath, Rahul Baidhya, Sannidhya Kumar Ghosh, Suresh Mondal, Bisweswar Ghosh, Gobinda Debnath and the research team members in Mechanical Engineering Department; and ISWMAW, Kolkata HQ, for various activities for the success of the 6th IconSWM 2016 Special thanks go to the team in Springer (India) Private Limited, in particular Special thanks go to Mr Aninda Bose and Ms Kamiya Khatter, whose contribution through the process of this publication has been invaluable I express my thanks to all the participating delegates and all the members in the Core Committee, International Scientific Committee, National Organizing Committee, Local Working Group members for making the event meaningful I must express my gratitude to Pranati, my wife, for her valuable support and suggestions and allowing me to spare time for this work In closing, I wish to thank all of the authors for their insights and excellent contributions to this book This book is definitely an effective document for the library, for the researchers and for the implementers 1268 S Manna et al Table Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters Sorption particulars Parameters UL NL Langmuir isotherm ka (L mg−1) qm (mg g−1) r2 kf (mg g−1) n r2 k1 (min−1) qe (mg g−1) qe;Cal r2 k2 (g mg−1 min−1) qe (mg g−1) r2 0.171 166 0.95 10.72 1.362 0.60 0.1 6.8 41.64 0.79 0.007 45.46 0.99 0.222 250 0.98 42.1 1.733 0.94 0.057 5.31 48.83 0.98 0.05 50.0 1.00 Freundlich isotherm Pseudo-first-order kinetic Pseudo-second-order kinetic Langmuir equation was higher than the Freundlich isotherm which indicated that the data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm (Table 1) Therefore, surface process appears to play a significant role in safranin removal by UWL and NWL Estimated qm for NWL was found to be higher than that for the untreated biosorbent (Table 1) These data also pointing to the fact that modification of lignocellulosic biomatters with alklai-steam and neam oil phenolic resin had positive impact on the removal efficacy This is possible due to presense of more active sites on the surface of the modified biomatters than thier untreated counterparts 3.2.2 Sorption Rate The rate for safranin adsorption was determined by fitting the batch study data to pseudo-first-order (Eq 4) and pseudo-second-order (Eq 5) rate kinetics, respectively: Inqe qt ị ẳ In qe k1 t t=qt ẳ  k2 q2e ỵ t=qe ð4Þ ð5Þ where qt is the amount of dye captured at time, t, and k1 and k2 (minute-1) are pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate constants, respectively From Table 1, it has been noticed that the estimated removal efficacy (qe ) (45.46 mg/g for UWL and 50 mg/g for NWL) of the biomatters estimated from Eq were closely matched with the experimental values (41.64 mg/g for UWL and 48.83 mg/g for NWL) These observations indicated that safranin removal by UWL and NWL biomatters were appeared to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics The goodness of fit Dye-Containing Wastewater Treatment Using Treated Jute 1269 Table Comparative assessment of safranin adsorption processes Biosorbent qm (mg g−1) References Alkali-treated rice husk Alkali-treated mango seed Corncob activated carbon NaOH-teated rice husk Pretreated rice husk Pineapple peels Kaolinite clay Fly ash Natural palygorskite clay Treated mango seed Coffee spent grounds Untreated (UL) Neem oil-phenolic resin treated (NL) 9.77 31 1428.57 37.97 45.58 21.7 16.23 1.76 200 43.47 3.76 166 250 Chowdhury et al [5] Malekbala et al [6] Preethi et al [3] Chowdhury et al [7] Chowdhury and Das [8] Mohammed et al [4] Adebowale et al [9] Dwivedi et al [10] Taha et al [11] Mohammed et al [4] Lakshmi et al [12] This study This study (measured by the correlation coefficients, r2) was also higher for the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation than the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation indicating that data were fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetics Comparison with Available Biosorbents Safranin removal efficacy of NWL was found to be comparable or better than those reported by others (Table 2) The process developed during this study appears to be advantageous as it works over a relatively wider range of pH and could capture safranin within few minutes compared to the available alternatives Conclusions Lignocellulosic waste materials were processed through alkali-steam and neem oil-phenolic resin to enhance their dye removal efficiency The results obtained from this study indicated that the removal efficacy of the lignocellulosic waste increased from 166 to 250 mg/g upon treated with alkali-steam and neem oil-phenolic resin The treated materials were also can capture safranin over a wide range of pH Efficacy of the treated biomatters was found to be higher and/or comparable with the available alternatives Acknowledgements First, the author would like to thank Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology (SERB-DST), New Delhi, India, for the financial support he is receiving as National Post-Doctoral Fellow (Sanction order no-PDF/2016/000062) 1270 S Manna et al References Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R., & Nigam, P (2001) Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: A critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative Bioresource Technology, 77(3), 247–255 Manna, S., Roy, D., Saha, P., Sen, R., & Adhikari, B (2015) Defluoridation potential of jute fibers grafted with fatty acyl chains Applied Surface Science, 356, 30–38 Preethi, S., Sivasamy, A., Sivanesan, S., Ramamurthi, V., Swaminathan, G (2006) Removal of safranin basic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto corncob activated carbon Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45(22), 7627–7632 Mohammed, M A., Ibrahim, A., & Shitu, A (2014) Batch removal of hazardous safranin-O in wastewater using pineapple peels as an agricultural waste based adsorbent International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2(3), 128–133 Chowdhury, S., Misra, R., Kushwaha, P., & Das, P (2011) Optimum sorption isotherm by linear and nonlinear methods for safranin onto alkali-treated rice husk Bioremediation Journal, 15, 77–89 Malekbala, M R., Soltani, S M., Yazdi, S K., & Hosseini, S (2012) Equilibrium and kinetic studies of safranine adsorption on alkali-treated mango seed integuments International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 3, 160–166 Chowdhury, S., Mishra, R., Kushwaha, P., & Saha, P (2012) Removal of safranin from aqueous solutions by NaOH-treated rice husk: Thermodynamics, kinetics and isosteric heat of adsorption Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 7(2), 236–249 Chowdhury, S., & Das, P (2011) Linear and nonlinear regression analyses for binary sorption kinetics of methylene blue and safranin onto pretreated rice hus Bioremediation Journal, 15, 99–108 Adebowale, K., Olu-Owolabi, B., & Chigbundu, E (2014) Removal of safranin-O from aqueous solution by adsorption onto kaolinite clay Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 4, 89–104 https://doi.org/10.4236/jeas.2014.43010 10 Dwivedi, M K., Jain, N., Sharma, P., & Alawa, C (2015) Adsorption of safranin from wastewater using coal fly ash IOSR-JAC, 8(4), 27–35 11 Taha, D N., Samaka, I S., & Mohammed, L A (2013) Adsorptive removal of dye from industrial effluents using natural iraqi palygorskite clay as low-cost adsorbent Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 3(9), 945–955 12 Lakshmi, P M., Sumithra, S., & Madakka, M (2016) Removal of safranin-O from aqueous solution by adsorption onto carbonized spent coffee ground International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7(4), 10401–10405 Part XXI Nano Technology Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste treatment and Energy Harvesting Abhirup Basu and Biswajit Debnath Abstract In the recent world, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted the attention of researchers because of their unique physical and chemical properties, small dimensions and strength After the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Iijima in the year 1991, they have found extensive use in different fields CNTs are widely used in electronics such as field emission display, nano-electronic devices, sensors and in electrochemical devices such as electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors, rechargeable batteries Other important applications of carbon nanotubes are in fluidic waste treatment and energy harvesting Wastewater treatment such as removal of dyes and heavy metals, flue gas treatment like carbon dioxide capture or adsorption of other toxic gases are few wide areas of uses of CNTs CNTs are also widely applied in energy storage and as energy conversion devices Though their applications are wide and promising, a few questions still remain Considering the global concerns, such as climate change, water and energy nexus, whether these CNTs will be sustainable? How the CNTs will be able to meet the requirements of the COP21 treaty? In this paper, a review on the applications of CNT in fluidic waste treatment and energy harvesting has been presented discussing the sustainability of the CNTs in the light of global issues The findings will help the stakeholders, policy makers and will set the future direction of research Á Á Keywords Carbon nanotubes Applications Fluidic waste treatment Carbon dioxide capture Energy storage Sustainability Á Á A Basu Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India e-mail: basuabhirup93@gmail.com B Debnath (&) Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India e-mail: biswajit.debnath.ju@gmail.com; bisuworld@gmail.com © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 S K Ghosh (ed.), Waste Management and Resource Efficiency, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1_106 1273 1274 A Basu and B Debnath Introduction Carbon has a large variety of allotropes, both natural and artificial like graphite, fullerene, diamond, nanotubes etc Among these allotropes, carbon nanotubes have emerged as one of the important discoveries in the field of nanotechnology The most striking feature of the CNTs is their high aspect ratio, i.e length-to-diameter ratio of about 132,000,000:1 [1, 2] Carbon nanotubes are sp2 hybridized and held together by means of van der Walls forces [3] The in-plane graphitic C–C bonds make them exceptionally strong and stiff against axial strains They have a low weight and high elastic modulus and therefore considered as the strongest fibres [4] and are widely used in the polymer industry They also have excellent electrical properties CNTs are basically characterized by a pair of indices (m, n) called chirality, which is used to specify the way the carbon nanotubes are wrapped as shown in Fig 1a The chiral vector is represented as C h ẳ m a ỵ n a2 where a1 and a2 are the unit vectors along two directions in the crystal lattice If m = 0, then it is armchair; if m = n, then it is zigzag, else it is chiral (Fig b) [5] The process of synthesis of carbon nanotubes involves bringing a carbonaceous feedstock in the vapour phase which leads to the formation of a tube-like structure from the evaporated species [6] The oldest method of synthesis was arc discharge method developed by Iijima in 1991 where two thin electrodes were placed vertically at the centre of the chamber which acted as the source of carbon for the CNTs [7, 8] The arc was generated by passing a DC current of 200 A and 25 V between the electrodes, as a result of which some carbon materials were evaporated from the anode These were transported through the plasma state which got deposited on the negative electrode But this process had many-fold disadvantages Fig a Hexagonal lattice of graphene sheet including base vectors and b Armchair CNTs, zigzag CNTs, chiral CNTs Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste … 1275 Lee et al [9] felt that this process was a discontinuous and an unstable process Since the spacing between the electrodes was not constant, it might lead to non-uniformity in current flow, as a result of which there was a change in density and chirality within the nanotubes and hence could not be used in nano-electronic devices Chemical vapour decomposition (CVD) is presently used for large-scale synthesis of CNTs to meet the high demand of CNTs This process involves the growth of carbon nanotubes on a heated metal substrate in the presence of a catalyst This process has become widespread because of its low cost, high purity and controlled growth [10] There are various other techniques of producing CNTs like laser ablation [11, 12], shape-controlled MWNTs via electro-deposition [13] spring-like multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) via mechanothermal method [4], producing CNTs via CoMoCAT process [14], solar synthesis of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) [15] etc In this paper, we have broadly focussed on the application of carbon nanotubes One of the important uses of carbon nanotubes is in wastewater treatment Demand of freshwater is increasing day by day The main pollutants that pollute water are coming from chemical and biological sources, i.e from anthropogenic activities, heavy metals in the effluent streams from industries, microcystins and antibiotics [16], etc Besides, there are some synthetic dyes which contain stable aromatic structures and are carcinogenic in nature Some of these pollutants cannot be removed by traditional water treatment methods like membrane separation, flocculation, coagulation In recent years, with the progress in the field of nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes are being used for purification of water The high aspect ratio and hydrophobic nature of the tubes help in efficient transport of water through the tubes [17] They can be used as an effective absorbent, and therefore, they are able to remove biological and chemical contaminants like Cr3+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and arsenic compounds In recent times, application of multi-wall CNTs in mixed matrix membranes for gas separation has also been explored by the researchers [18] Carbon nanotubes are also used in energy harvesting, which has also been highlighted in this review Hydrogen has attracted much attention as a promising energy resource and is expected to be applied to fuel cell systems Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes has been vigorously explored in the past decade CNT is also used for physical adsorption of carbon dioxide and other gases [19, 20] Energy harvesting using CNT is an emerging field where CNT is used to manufacture thermoelectric devices, and it is a very promising zone [21] Carbon Nanotubes in Waste Water Treatment Adsorption is an efficient process of removing organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater Treatment of water using adsorption by CNTs was reported much later, after its discovery in 1997 [22] The morphology of CNTs, nanoscale curvature and chirality of the graphene layers play an important role in the adsorption process There are four main spaces of CNTs which act as the adsorption sites [23] 1276 A Basu and B Debnath Fig Sites of CNTs available for adsorption as shown in the Fig The internal sites found in the hollow tubular structure of CNTs are available for adsorption when the tubes are open [24–26] But adsorption is very limited in these sites because of the small diameter of CNTs Interstitial channels are the gaps present between the nanotubes, which are produced because of entanglement of hundreds of nanotubes to each other These pores have the dimensions of mesopores and have enough surface area so as to entrap even bacteria and viruses External grooves are present on the outer surface of the CNTs when two parallel tubes meet The exposed surface site is the outside curved surface of the CNTs and is easily accessible The last two sites provide the maximum area for adsorption because they are accessible easily This large surface area and p–p electrostatic interaction provide extensive adsorption However, CNTs are poorly dispersed in solvents because of the strong intermolecular van der Waals interaction between tubes leading to the formation of aggregates [27] There are different types of synthetic dyes whose complex aromatic nature makes them very stable and difficult to biodegrade Removal of these dyes is very important because it can cause direct destruction of aquatic organisms Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution using CNTs is investigated by the scholars in recent years An idea of the current research on the application of different hybrid CNTs used for removal of different dyes is shown in Table Removal of toxic metals like chromium, cadmium, lead, zinc, arsenic from water is another important use of carbon nanotubes There are different techniques involved in the adsorption of metals from water A few of them are discussed in this paper Hamza et al [34] studied the adsorption of aqueous Pb2+ using sugarcane Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste … 1277 Table Role of different types of CNTs in removal of dyes Hybrid CNTs Dye Comments Reference CNT/TiO2 Azo dye CNT/TiO2 nanowire film and CNT/P25 film SWCNT/TiO2 Methyl orange Yu et al [28] Daranyi et al [29] Congo red CNT/ZnS Methylene blue CNT/CdS Azo dye MWCNT Direct blue 53 dye MWCNT/TiO2 2,6-Dinitro-p-cresol Enhancement of adsorption of dye; Inhibition of charge recombination CNT/TiO2 nanowire film more suitable for photocatalytic filtration application owing to its less pore blockage The addition of silica promoted the coating of TiO2 on CNT Imitate contact between CNT and TiO2 needed to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity Post-refluxing treatment played a key role in the improvement of the interaction between ZnS nanocrystals and CNTs CNTs hampered the photocorrosion of CdS Electrostatic force of attraction between the charged dye and MWCNTs separates the dye from aqueous solution No obvious decline in efficiency of the composite photocatalysts was observed after five repeated cycles Jafry et al [30] Feng et al [31] Ma et al [32] Prola et al [33] Wang et al [1, 2] bagasse and multi-walled CNT composites The composite adsorbed 56.6 mg of Pb2+ per gram of composite at 28 °C while the bagasse adsorbed only 23.8 mg g−1 Thus, this composite can be used as a good adsorbent for removal of Pb2+ from wastewater and control environmental pollution Luo et al [35, 36] used manganese dioxide/iron oxide/acid oxidized MWCNTs for enhanced removal of chromium from water The introduction of the functional groups in MWCNTSs increased the adsorption capacity The introduction of metal oxides like iron oxide dispersed on the surface of CNTs could also be used for magnetic removal of many compounds The maximum adsorptive capacity was found to be 186.9 mg g−1 Luo et al [35, 36] again studied adsorptive capacity and behaviour of manganese modified MWNT for the removal of cadmium Thallium which is a very toxic element is also being adsorbed by MWNTs as shown by Rehman et al [23] Kuo [37] investigated equilibrium and thermodynamics of adsorption of Cu2+ using CNTs whose surface is modified by H2SO4 and H2SO4/KMnO4 Although CNTs can be used for purification, CNTs removal from aqueous solution is quite difficult because of its nanosize and aggregation property [38] So nowadays composites with CNTs like CNT-chitosan, CNT-ACF, CNT-cellulose, 1278 A Basu and B Debnath phosphorylated multi-walled carbon nanotube-cyclodextrin polymer [39], b-cyclodextrin/N-doped carbon nanotube polyurethane nanocomposites [40] are used which have increased surface area and are better adsorbents Carbon Nanotubes in Gas Purification Gas purification is a very interesting area where CNTs find their application having impact on both waste management and energy sector CNTs can be used to treat flue gases, carbon dioxide capture, gas separation (embedded in mixed matrix membranes), etc CNTs embedded in a mixed matrix membrane used for gas separation is an emerging field of research Incorporation of the CNTs into the polymer matrix of membranes has certain advantages over the conventional ones However, there are many engineering challenges incorporated with the preparation of CNT-embedded membranes CNTs having length below 100 nm is quite difficult to produce, which is basically the first thing to be taken care of [41] Dispersing the CNTs in proper alignment inside the membrane matrix is a very big challenge [42] According to Baker and Lokhandwala [43] “The ideal membrane structure can be obtained by filling the spaces between the CNTs with a continuous polymer film and etching open the closed end of the nanotubes” Despite the challenges, there are some molecular transport properties whose proper tuning and control can be done in order to get best possible output There are many studies regarding gas separation using CNT-embedded membranes Nour et al [18] evaluated the gas separating properties of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite membrane featured with different amounts of MWCNTs Mixtures of hydrogen and methane gas was used to carry the study Ismail et al [44] have presented a comprehensive review on the carbon nanotube mixed matrix membranes in detail which unveils insights to the subject Another important area is carbon dioxide capture from flue gas stream CNTs are preferred for carbon capture due to their promising physical and chemical properties, high thermal and electrical conductivity, along with the possibility to modify their surfaces chemically by adding a chemical function group, yielding high adsorption storage capacity [19] A comprehensive idea about the current trend of research on carbon capture using CNT is presented in Table Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Harvesting Carbon nanotubes find its application in the energy harvesting sector too This sector is developing widely because of the high energy demand and international policies such as COP21 Hydrogen is a clean fuel, and researchers are struggling a lot to find efficient ways to produce hydrogen from different virgin and waste sources However, the real difficulty lies in the suitable storage of hydrogen for CNTs modified by 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTS) Amine-loaded CNT MWCNT/PEI 15% 85% 15% 85% 15% 50% CO2 and N2 CO2 and N2 CO2 CO2 Gas mixture Pure CO2 Type of CNT Layered double hydroxides/oxidized carbon nanotube Nanocomposites (LDH/OCNT) Table Carbon capture using CNT A dual-column temperature/vacuum swing adsorption (TVSA) 29% physisorption and 79% chemisorption at 293 K 0.43 mmol/ g 0.43 mmol/ g 0.43 mmol/ g 55.1 mg/g at 293 K 114 mg/g at 293 K 67% at 298 K Adsorption at 473 K Chemisorption Uptake LDH-NS-NO3/ OCNT LDH-NO3/ OCNT LDH-CO3/ OCNT 94 mg/g at 298 K Process References Lee et al [46] Su et al [47] Su et al [48] Wang et al [45] Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste … 1279 1280 A Basu and B Debnath Table Different types of CNT and their storage capacity Type of CNT Purity H2 storage (wt%) References CNT K-CNT Li-CNT Li-CNT K-CNT CNT V-CNT Pd-CNT Ni-MWCNT CNT@MOF-5 hybrid composite Pd-CNT (polyol method) Pd-CNT (wet impregnation route) Hexagonal boron nitride MWCNT – Purified Purified Purified Purified – Purified Purified – – Purified Purified Acid treated 11.26 14 2.5 0.7–4.2 1.8 0.5 0.66 0.69 2.8 0.61 0.7 0.4 2.3 Chambers et al [52] Chen et al [53] Yang [54] Pinkerton et al [55] Yang [54] Adu et al [56] Zacharia et al [57] Zacharia et al [57] Kim et al [58] Yang et al [59] Banerjee et al [60] Banerjee et al [60] Muthu et al [61] future use CNT is one of the materials that have been explored for storage of hydrogen A huge number of works have been reported in the last 15 years on this topic Lee and Lee [49] reported that SWCNTs can be used for hydrogen storage based on density function calculations and the preferred sites are to be interior and exterior of the CNT walls They predicted that the space inside the CNT is useful and the molecules of hydrogen can exist in them The maximum storage capacity of hydrogen linearly increases with the diameter of the CNT It was predicted that the storage capacity of hydrogen can exceed 160 kg/m3 in an armchair configuration of SWCNT The storage mechanism hydrogen in a SWCNT was explored and reported [50] Züttel et al [51] presented a study on hydrogen storage in different nanostructures They presented a model that assumes the monolayer condensation of hydrogen at the CNT surface as well as condensation in bulk in the tube cavity The model predicted that 3.3 mass% was absorbed at the surface considering monolayer absorption Different types of pure and modified CNT have been employed by the researchers for studying hydrogen storage A summary is presented in Table Discussions and Analysis Purification of water is a serious topic to be dealt with, since the scarcity of water will be a major problem that will affect the entire world by 2025 Water is generally purified by desalination, but they are costly monetarily and energy expensive Even the most efficient process till date such as reverse osmosis requires a great deal of energy input daily, which generally comes from non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and nuclear energy Also, these processes are not environmentally friendly Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste … 1281 because they can change the salt concentration thus affecting the life of marine organisms While the global freshwater availability is choking up, the demand for cheaper, more efficient and eco-friendly desalination technology exists and CNTs could be a viable option for further intervention CNTs require less energy than reverse osmosis for production of same amount of fresh due to their desalination capacity and frictionless water interactions There are a few difficulties that must be overcome before real CNT desalination plants can be set up though A method for large-scale synthesis of CNTs is needed that ensures consistent shape, size and function Besides, the methods of the increase in adsorption of metals should also be looked further CNTs are also useful for energy harvesting and gas purification Flue gas cleaning, acid gas removal, methane enrichment, etc., are achievable using CNT-embedded mixed matrix membrane (CNT-MMM) These CNT-MMM are advantageous over conventional ones However, there are certain engineering challenges which need to be dealt with—maintaining certain diameter, adsorption capacity of CNTs, correct alignment of CNTs, proper dispersion into the membrane matrix, etc Incorporation of CNTs certainly influences the efficiency of removal of pollutants as well as it becomes much more resilient technology to combat climate change issues Hybridization with the conventional techniques could be another solution where this technology will play a key role Storage of hydrogen is a very big problem which is offering resistance towards commercialization of use of hydrogen as a mainstream clean fuel The capability of CNT to store hydrogen is a groundbreaking discovery However, the efficiency, desorption method, amount of storage, scale up, etc., are the issues that need to be addressed before commercialization CNTs can be prepared from waste oil and plastic waste which is environmentally friendly as well as socially acceptable However, the economical viability is still questionable From the preparation of CNT to applications discussed here reveals its feasibility as a technology and strong contendership to be sustainable Further research on this will pave a path towards an open challenge to resist climate change and subsequently a clean and sustainable future Conclusion In this paper, a review on the applications of carbon nanotubes has been presented focusing on water treatment, flue gas treatment and energy harvesting The present situation reveals that application of CNTs in the field of water purification, gas separation and energy harvesting has got enough potential However, a number of engineering challenges are associated with them and addressing them will certainly pave the commercial implementation of these technologies The discussed applications are both environmentally and socially sustainable, though economic feasibility is still a bit fuzzy These processes are potent enough to face the challenges to resist the strict guidelines of withstanding climate change so as to comply with 1282 A Basu and B Debnath treaties like COP21 More investigations will help these technologies to be mature and sustainable enough which will lead to a greener future ensuring circular economy References Wang, X., Li, Q., Xie, J., Jin, Z., Wang, J., Li, Y., … & Fan, S (2009) Fabrication of ultralong and electrically uniform single-walled carbon nanotubes on clean substrates Nano Letters, 9, 3137–3141 Wang, H., Wang, H L., Jiang, W F., & Li, Z Q (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composite in aqueous solution under solar irradiation Water Research, 43(1), 204–210 Gharbavi, K., & Badehian, H (2014) Structural and electronic properties of armchair (7, 7) carbon nanotubes using DFT Computational Materials Science, 82, 159–164 Manafi, S A., Rahimipour, M R., & Pajuhanfar, Y (2011) The synthesis of peculiar structure of spring-like multiwalled carbon nanotubes via mechanothermal method Ceramics International, 37(7), 2803–2808 Dresselhaus, M S., Dresselhaus, G., & Saito, R (1995) Physics of carbon nanotubes Carbon, 33(7), 883–891 Maser, W K., Benito, A M., & Martınez, M T (2002) Production of carbon nanotubes: The light approach Carbon, 40(10), 1685–1695 Iijima, S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon Nature, 354(6348), 56–58 Iijima, S (2002) Carbon nanotubes: Past, present, and future Physica B: Condensed Matter, 323(1), 1–5 Lee, S J., Baik, H K., Yoo, J., & Han, J H (2002) Large scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes by plasma rotating arc discharge technique Diamond and Related Materials, 11 (3), 914–917 10 Lee, S F., Chang, Y P., & Lee, L Y (2011) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on silicon nanowires by thermal chemical vapor deposition New Carbon Materials, 26(6), 401–407 11 Colbert, D T., Zhang, J., McClure, S M., & Nikolaev, P (1994) Growth and sintering of fullerene nanotubes Science, 266(5188), 1218 12 Lai, H J., Lin, M C C., Yang, M H., & Li, A K (2001) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as carbon sources in an arc discharge Materials Science and Engineering C, 16(1), 23–26 13 Sun, H., Yu, Y., & Ahmad, M (2011) Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals– multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid structures via electrodeposition Materials Letters, 65 (23), 3482–3485 14 Resasco, D E., Alvarez, W E., Pompeo, F., Balzano, L., Herrera, J E., Kitiyanan, B., et al (2002) A scalable process for production of single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWNTs) by catalytic disproportionation of co on a solid catalyst Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 4(1– 2), 131–136 15 Luxembourg, D A., Flamant, G., & Laplaze, D (2005) Solar synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes at medium scale Carbon, 43(11), 2302–2310 16 Shannon, M A., Bohn, P W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J G., Marinas, B J., & Mayes, A M (2008) Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades Nature, 452 (7185), 301–310 17 Kar, S., Bindal, R C., & Tewari, P K (2012) Carbon nanotube membranes for desalination and water purification: Challenges and opportunities Nano Today, 7(5), 385–389 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Fluidic Waste … 1283 18 Nour, M., Berean, K., Balendhran, S., Ou, J Z., Du Plessis, J., McSweeney, C., Bhaskaran, M., Sriram, S., & Kalantar-zadeh, K (2013) CNT/PDMS composite membranes for H2 and CH4 gas separation International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(25), 10494–10501 19 Ben-Mansour, R., Habib, M A., Bamidele, O E., Basha, M., Qasem, N A A., Peedikakkal, A., Laoui, T., & Ali, M (2016) Carbon capture by physical adsorption: Materials, experimental investigations and numerical modeling and simulations–a review Applied Energy, 161, 225–255 20 Zhao, J., Buldum, A., Han, J., & Lu, J P (2002) Gas molecule adsorption in carbon nanotubes and nanotube bundles Nanotechnology, 13(2), 195 21 KunadianI, Andrews R, & MengucMP, Qian D (2009) Thermo electric power generation using doped MWCNTs Carbon, 47, 589–601 22 Mackie, E B., Wolfson, R A., Arnold, L M., Lafdi, K., & Migone, A D (1997) Adsorption studies of methane films on catalytic carbon nanotubes and on carbon filaments Langmuir, 13 (26), 7197–7201 23 Rehman, S., Ullah, N., Kamali, A.R., Ali, K., Yerlikaya, C., & urRehman, H (2012) Study of thallium (III) adsorption onto multiwall carbon nanotubes New Carbon Materials, 27(6), 409–415 24 Chen, Y., Liu, C., Li, F., & Cheng, H M (2006) Pore structures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes activated by air, CO2 and KOH Journal of Porous Materials, 13(2), 141–146 25 Hemraj-Benny, T., Bandosz, T J., & Wong, S S (2008) Effect of ozonolysis on the pore structure, surface chemistry, and bundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 317(2), 375–382 26 Lee, S M., Lee, S C., Jung, J H., & Kim, H J (2005) Pore characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by KOH Chemical Physics Letters, 416(4), 251–255 27 Vuković, G D., Marinković, A D., Čolić, M., Ristić, M Đ., Aleksić, R., Perić-Grujić, A A., et al (2010) Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes Chemical Engineering Journal, 157(1), 238–248 28 Yu, Y., Yu, J C., Chan, C Y., Che, Y K., Zhao, J C., Ding, L (2005) Enhancement of adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 by using carbon nanotubes for the treatment of azo dye Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 61(1–2), 1–11 29 Daranyi, M., Csesznok, T., Kukovecz, A., Konya, Z., Kiricsi, I., & Ajayan, P M (2011) Layer-by-layer assembly of TiO2 nanowire/carbon nanotube films and characterization of their photocatalytic activity Nanotechnology, 22(19), 195701 30 Jafry, H R., Liga, M V., Li, Q L., & Barron, A R (2011) Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as templates for the growth of TiO2: The effect of silicon in coverage and the positive and negative synergies for the photocatalytic degradation of Congo red dye New Journal of Chemistry, 35(2), 400–406 31 Feng, S A., Zhao, J H., & Zhu, Z P (2008) The manufacture of carbon nanotubes decorated with ZnS to enhance the ZnS photocatalytic activity New Carbon Materials, 23(3), 228–234 32 Ma, L L., Sun, H Z., Zhang, Y G., Lin, Y L., Li, J L., & Yu, K W Y (2008) Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of CdS nanoparticles dotted on the surface of carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology, 19(11), 115709 33 Prola, L D., Machado, F M., Bergmann, C P., de Souza, F E., Gally, C R., Lima, E C., et al (2013) Adsorption of Direct Blue 53 dye from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon Journal of Environmental Management, 130, 166– 175 34 Hamza, I A., Martincigh, B S., Ngila, J C., & Nyamori, V O (2013) Adsorption studies of aqueous Pb (II) onto a sugarcane bagasse/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 66, 157–166 35 Luo, C., Tian, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, L., & Yan, S (2013) Manganese dioxide/iron oxide/acid oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube magnetic nanocomposite for enhanced hexavalent chromium removal Chemical Engineering Journal, 234, 256–265 .. .Waste Management and Resource Efficiency Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Editor Waste Management and Resource Efficiency Proceedings of 6th IconSWM 2016 123 Editor Sadhan Kumar Ghosh Department of Mechanical... R Gupta and R B Vaidya 533 Assessment of Maturity and Quality of Compost Through Evolution of Aerobic and Anaerobic Composting of Flower Waste Dayanand Sharma, C Vimal Raj and Kunwar... VII: Landfill and Leachate Management Part VIII: Composting Part IX: Industrial Waste Treatment and Management Part X: Sludge Management Part XI: Waste to Energy Part XII: W2E Pyrolysis and Gasification