Management a very short introduction

Management: A Very Short Introduction Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP , United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © John Hendry 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938496 ISBN 978–0–19–965698–1 Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire Very Short Introductions available now: ADVERTISING • Winston Fletcher AFRICAN HISTORY • John Parker and Richard Rathbone AGNOSTICISM • Robin Le Poidevin AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS • L Sandy Maisel THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY • Charles O Jones ANARCHISM • Colin Ward ANCIENT EGYPT • Ian Shaw ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY • Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE • Harry Sidebottom ANGLICANISM • Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE • John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS • David DeGrazia ANTISEMITISM • Steven Beller THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS • Paul Foster ARCHAEOLOGY • Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE • Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOCRACY • William Doyle ARISTOTLE • Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY • Dana Arnold ART THEORY • Cynthia Freeland ATHEISM • Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE • Henry Chadwick AUTISM • Uta Frith BARTHES • Jonathan Culler BESTSELLERS • John Sutherland THE BIBLE • John Riches BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY • Eric H Cline BIOGRAPHY • Hermione Lee THE BOOK OF MORMON • Terryl Givens THE BRAIN • Michael O'Shea BRITISH POLITICS • Anthony Wright BUDDHA • Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM • Damien Keown BUDDHIST ETHICS • Damien Keown CAPITALISM • James Fulcher CATHOLICISM • Gerald O'Collins THE CELTS • Barry Cunliffe CHAOS • Leonard Smith CHOICE THEORY • Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART • Beth Williamson CHRISTIAN ETHICS • D Stephen Long CHRISTIANITY • Linda Woodhead CITIZENSHIP • Richard Bellamy CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY • Helen Morales CLASSICS • Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ • Michael Howard THE COLD WAR • Robert McMahon COMMUNISM • Leslie Holmes CONSCIOUSNESS • Susan Blackmore CONTEMPORARY ART • Julian Stallabrass CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY • Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY • Peter Coles THE CRUSADES • Christopher Tyerman CRYPTOGRAPHY • Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADA AND SURREALISM • David Hopkins DARWIN • Jonathan Howard THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS • Timothy Lim DEMOCRACY • Bernard Crick DESCARTES • Tom Sorell DESERTS • Nick Middleton DESIGN • John Heskett DINOSAURS • David Norman DIPLOMACY • Joseph M Siracusa DOCUMENTARY FILM • Patricia Aufderheide DREAMING • J Allan Hobson DRUGS • Leslie Iversen DRUIDS • Barry Cunliffe THE EARTH • Martin Redfern ECONOMICS • Partha Dasgupta EGYPTIAN MYTH • Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN • Paul Langford THE ELEMENTS • Philip Ball EMOTION • Dylan Evans EMPIRE • Stephen Howe ENGELS • Terrell Carver ENGLISH LITERATURE • Jonathan Bate EPIDEMIOLOGY • Roldolfo Saracci ETHICS • Simon Blackburn THE EUROPEAN UNION • John Pinder and Simon Usherwood EVOLUTION • Brian and Deborah Charlesworth EXISTENTIALISM • Thomas Flynn FASCISM • Kevin Passmore FASHION • Rebecca Arnold FEMINISM • Margaret Walters FILM MUSIC • Kathryn Kalinak THE FIRST WORLD WAR • Michael Howard FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY • David Canter FORENSIC SCIENCE • Jim Fraser FOSSILS • Keith Thomson FOUCAULT • Gary Gutting FREE SPEECH • Nigel Warburton FREE WILL • Thomas Pink FRENCH LITERATURE • John D Lyons THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • William Doyle FREUD • Anthony Storr FUNDAMENTALISM • Malise Ruthven GALAXIES • John Gribbin GALILEO • Stillman Drake GAME THEORY • Ken Binmore GANDHI • Bhikhu Parekh GEOGRAPHY • John Matthews and David Herbert GEOPOLITICS • Klaus Dodds GERMAN LITERATURE • Nicholas Boyle GERMAN PHILOSOPHY • Andrew Bowie GLOBAL CATASTROPHES • Bill McGuire GLOBAL WARMING • Mark Maslin GLOBALIZATION • Manfred Steger THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL • Eric Rauchway HABERMAS • James Gordon Finlayson HEGEL • Peter Singer HEIDEGGER • Michael Inwood HIEROGLYPHS • Penelope Wilson HINDUISM • Kim Knott HISTORY • John H Arnold THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY • Michael Hoskin THE HISTORY OF LIFE • Michael Benton THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE • William Bynum THE HISTORY OF TIME • Leofranc Holford-Strevens HIV/AIDS • Alan Whiteside HOBBES • Richard Tuck HUMAN EVOLUTION • Bernard Wood HUMAN RIGHTS • Andrew Clapham HUME • A J Ayer IDEOLOGY • Michael Freeden INDIAN PHILOSOPHY • Sue Hamilton INFORMATION • Luciano Floridi INNOVATION • Mark Dodgson and David Gann INTELLIGENCE • Ian J Deary INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION • Khalid Koser INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • Paul Wilkinson ISLAM • Malise Ruthven ISLAMIC HISTORY • Adam Silverstein JOURNALISM • Ian Hargreaves JUDAISM • Norman Solomon JUNG • Anthony Stevens KABBALAH • Joseph Dan KAFKA • Ritchie Robertson KANT • Roger Scruton KEYNES • Robert Skidelsky KIERKEGAARD • Patrick Gardiner THE KORAN • Michael Cook LANDSCAPES AND CEOMORPHOLOGY • Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles LAW • Raymond Wacks THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS • Peter Atkins LEADERSHIP • Keth Grint LINCOLN • Allen C Guelzo LINGUISTICS • Peter Matthews LITERARY THEORY • Jonathan Culler LOCKE • John Dunn LOGIC • Graham Priest MACHIAVELLI • Quentin Skinner MARTIN LUTHER • Scott H Hendrix THE MARQUIS DE SADE • John Phillips MARX • Peter Singer MATHEMATICS • Timothy Gowers THE MEANING OF LIFE • Terry Eagleton MEDICAL ETHICS • Tony Hope MEDIEVAL BRITAIN • John Gillingham and Ralph A Griffiths MEMORY • Jonathan K Foster MICHAEL FARADAY • Frank A J L James MODERN ART • David Cottington MODERN CHINA • Rana Mitter MODERN IRELAND • Senia Paseta MODERN JAPAN • Christopher Goto-Jones MODERNISM • Christopher Butler MOLECULES • Philip Ball MORMONISM • Richard Lyman Bushman MUSIC • Nicholas Cook MYTH • Robert A Segal NATIONALISM • Steven Grosby NELSON MANDELA • Elleke Boehmer NEOLIBERALISM • Manfred Steger and Ravi Roy THE NEW TESTAMENT • Luke Timothy Johnson THE NEW TESTAMENT AS LITERATURE • Kyle Keefer NEWTON • Robert Iliffe NIETZSCHE • Michael Tanner NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN • Christopher Harvie and H C G Matthew THE NORMAN CONQUEST • George Garnett NORTHERN IRELAND • Marc Mulholland NOTHING • Frank Close NUCLEAR WEAPONS • Joseph M Siracusa THE OLD TESTAMENT • Michael D Coogan PARTICLE PHYSICS • Frank Close PAUL • E P Sanders PENTECOSTALISM • William K Kay PHILOSOPHY • Edward Craig PHILOSOPHY OF LAW • Raymond Wacks PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE • Samir Okasha PHOTOGRAPHY • Steve Edwards PLANETS • David A Rothery PLATO • Julia Annas POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY • David Miller POLITICS • Kenneth Minogue POSTCOLONIALISM • Robert Young POSTMODERNISM • Christopher Butler POSTSTRUCTURALISM • Catherine Belsey PREHISTORY • Chris Gosden PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY • Catherine Osborne PRIVACY • Raymond Wacks PROGRESSIVISM • Walter Nugent PSYCHIATRY • Tom Burns PSYCHOLOGY • Gillian Butler and Freda McManus PURITANISM • Francis J Bremer THE QUAKERS • Pink Dandelion QUANTUM THEORY • John Polkinghorne RACISM • Ali Rattansi THE REAGAN REVOLUTION • Gil Troy THE REFORMATION • Peter Marshall RELATIVITY • Russell Stannard RELIGION IN AMERICA • Timothy Beal THE RENAISSANCE • Jerry Brotton RENAISSANCE ART • Geraldine A Johnson ROMAN BRITAIN • Peter Salway THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Christopher Kelly ROMANTICISM • Michael Ferber ROUSSEAU • Robert Wokler RUSSELL • A C Grayling RUSSIAN LITERATURE • Catriona Kelly THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION • S A Smith SCHIZOPHRENIA • Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone SCHOPENHAUER • Christopher Janaway SCIENCE AND RELIGION • Thomas Dixon SCOTLAND • Rab Houston SEXUALITY • Véronique Mottier SHAKESPEARE • Germaine Greer SIKHISM • Eleanor Nesbitt SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY • John Monaghan and Peter Just SOCIALISM • Michael Newman SOCIOLOGY • Steve Bruce SOCRATES • C C W Taylor THE SOVIET UNION • Stephen Lovell THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Helen Graham SPANISH LITERATURE • Jo Labanyi SPINOZA • Roger Scruton STATISTICS • David J Hand STUART BRITAIN • John Morrill SUPERCONDUCTIVITY • Stephen Blundell TERRORISM • Charles Townshend THEOLOGY • David F Ford THOMAS AQUINAS • Fergus Kerr TOCQUEVILLE • Harvey C Mansfield TRAGEDY • Adrian Poole THE TUDORS • John Guy TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN • Kenneth O Morgan THE UNITED NATIONS • Jussi M Hanhimäki THE U.S CONCRESS • Donald A Ritchie Amongst the most insightful and at the same time accessible accounts of the social and psychological changes accompanying the rise of enterprise culture are: Bellah, Robert N., et al., 1985/1996, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life University of California Press Sennett, Richard, 1998, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism Norton The nearest thing to a manifesto for enterprise itself in a management context is: Gilder, George, 1984/1986, The Spirit Of Enterprise Simon and Schuster/Penguin On the audit culture and the failure of financial audit, see, respectively: Power, Michael, 1999, The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification Oxford University Press Hendry, John, 2013, Ethics and Finance: An Introduction Cambridge University Press Chapter 7: Management across cultures The key sources for this chapter are: Hampden-Turner, Charles and Trompenaars, Alfons, 1993, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism Doubleday Hampden-Turner, Charles and Trompenaars, Alfons, 1998, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business McGraw-Hill Hofstede, Geert, 1980/2001, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values Sage Hofstede, Geert, 1991/2010, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind McGraw-Hill Table is based on data reported in The Seven Cultures of Capitalism and Figure is adapted from the figures on p 77 of this work These are very impressionistic and appear slightly differently in Riding the Waves of Culture Table is based on data obtainable at geerthofstede.com, which gives values and analysis on five dimensions across 93 countries A particularly insightful comparison of French and American cultures can be found in: Lamont, Michelle, 1992, Cultures, Morals and Manners University of Chicago Press Chapter 8: Critical perspectives on management For a textbook introduction to the approach of critical management studies, see: Knights, David and Willmott, Hugh, 1999, Management Lives Power and identity in Work Organizations Sage For more advanced introductions, see: Alvesson, Mats and Willmott, Hugh, 2012, Making Sense of Management: A Critical Introduction 2nd edition Sage Alvesson, Mats, Bridgman, Todd and Willmott, Hugh, eds, 2011, The Oxford Handbook of Critical Management Studies Oxford University Press For the plight of junior managers, see the book by Hassard and others referred to in Chapter Shorter works of particular interest for their insights to the emergence of business strategy and the American adaptation of Japanese management techniques respectively are: Knights, David and Morgan, Glenn, 1991, ‘Corporate strategy, organizations and subjectivity: a critique’, Organization Studies, 12: 251–73 Willmott, Hugh, 1993, ‘Strength is ignorance, slavery is freedom: managing culture in modern organisations’, Journal of Management Studies, 30(4): 515–52 Other works referenced in this chapter, in order of mention, are: Marx, Karl, 1887 (1867), Capital Available online and in many editions Berle, Adolph A., Jr and Means, Gardiner, 1932, The Modern Corporation and Private Property Commerce Clearing House Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert, 1997, ‘A survey of corporate governance’, Journal of Finance, 52: 737–83, quote on p 738 McIntyre, Alasdair, 1985, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory 2nd edition Duckworth Quote on p 74 Deetz, Stanley A., 1992, Democracy in an Age of Corporate Colonization: Developments in Communication and the Politics of Everyday Life SUNY Press Chapter 9: Management as sense-making The classic account of sense-making, and an excellent guide to other writings, is: Weick, Karl, 1995, Sensemaking in Organizations Sage Other important works referred to are: Garfinkel, Harold, 1967, Studies in Ethnomethodology Prentice Hall Milgram, Stanley, 1963, ‘Behavioral study of obedience’, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67: 371–8 The Milgram experiments have also been the subject of a number of television documentaries, some of which can be found on YouTube A good textbook introduction to the management of change is: Balogun, Julia, Hailey, Veronica Hope, Johnson, Gerry and Scholes, Kevan, 2003, Exploring Strategic Change FT Prentice Hall Two works of fiction that nicely illustrate some of the ideas in this chapter, the first implicitly, the second more explicitly, are: Tolstoy, Leo, 1869/2010, War and Peace Oxford University Press Also in many other translations and editions Barnes, Julian, 2006, Arthur and George Vintage Chapter 10: Management and morality For a much fuller treatment of these issues, see Hendry, Between Enterprise and Ethics, cited under Chapter Also referred to in this chapter is: Bauman, Zygmunt, 1989, Modernity and the Holocaust Polity Index 7-S framework 69 forces model 49–50 A accounting 31 adhocracy 56 administration as part of management 12–16 contrasted with management agency theory 8–9, 100 alienation 63 Alisson, Graham 127 Alvesson, Mats 104, 131 Amazon 71 analytical approaches 4, 46–59 versus synthetic 84–95 Ansoff Matrix 47–8 Ansoff Igor, 47, 125 Apple 71 Arthur Andersen 118 assumptions 5–10 self-fulfilling Athos, Anthony 68, 128 audit culture 76 authority 26–37 charismatic 29–31, 80, 117 legal 29 legitimate 29–31 rational 29–31, 87, 89, 105, 118, see also bureaucracy traditional 29–31, 80, 89–91, 105, 118 undermined 75 autonomy 45, 69, 76 B Bales, Kevin 27 Balogun, Julia 132 Barley, Stephen 124 Barnard, Chester 65, 128 Barnes, Julian 132 Barney, Jay 128 Bauman, Zygmunt 117, 132 BCG, see Boston Consulting Group BCG Matrix, see Boston Box Bedeian, Arthur 125 Bellah, Robert 129 Bendix, Reinhard 125 Bennis, Warren 19, 124 Berle, Adolph 99, 131 betterment 63–4 bias 53, 119 blame 19, 28, 64, 76 Boltanski, Luc 129 Boston Box 47–8 Boston Consulting Group 47 bounded rationality 52 Brandes, Stuart 127 Brazil, see culture, Brazilian Bridgman, Todd 131 bureaucracy 20–1, 29, 32–6, 40, 54, 56, 67–8, 73–4, 78 and morality 117 Burns, Tom 54, 126 business policy, see business strategy business process re-engineering 57–9, 78 business strategy 20, 45–51, 55–6, 58, 112, 114 C Cadbury 63 capital (management as agents of) 98–100 Chandler, Alfred 54, 125, 126 Champy, James 126 change management 20–2, 70–1, 114 Chiapello, Eve, 129 chief executives 9, 11, 21, 114–15 China, see culture, Chinese class interests 98–105 coercion 26–31, 63–4, 89, 117 Cohen, Michael 52, 126 collectivism 83, 86, 90–3 communication 34, 44, 78 competence 6, 8, 18 consensus 53, 90–4, 118 rational 31, 39, 41 consulting, see management consulting contingency theories 54–7, 86 control 1–3, 23, 38, 46, 63, 65, 80 coordination 38, 57 coping 1, 3, 23, 116 core competence 63, 65 corruption 74 creativity 45, 62, 74–6 critical management studies 96, 103–6 critical theory 104 culture: American 84–8 Brazilian 92 Chinese 74, 88–9, 117–18 French 60, 84, 93–4 German 84, 92–4, 101 Indian 91–2 Japanese 66–70, 89–91 national, 95–111 organizational, see organizational culture South Korean 91 D Dalton, Melville 73, 129 Dandridge, Thomas 128 Davenport, Thomas 57, 126 Deal, Terrence 69, 128 decision analysis 42 decision making 4, 46–55, 68–9, 102–3, 112–14 Deetz, Stanley 102–4, 131 delayering 24 developmental psychology 66 Dickson, William 65, 128 differentiation organizational 54–5 strategic 50 direction 2, 20–2, 38, 70 division of labour 34, 39, 98 Drucker, Peter 43–5, 54, 60, 125 duty 36, 75, 117 E East India Companies 31 education, see management education efficiency 33–4, 39–43, 57–8, 74–8, 102–5 Emerson, Harrington 40 emotions 6–7, 21, 65, 102–3, 110 engineering principles 34, 38–43, 57–61 Enron 118 enterprise, see entrepreneurial management; values, enterprise entrepreneurial management 36–7, 71, 76–8 entrepreneurship 69, 74 esprit de corps 35–6, 60 ethics, see morality F fairness 15, 18, 34, 75, 120 Faulks, Sebastian 30, 125 Fayol, Henri 34–8, 43, 60, 124 Fiedler, Fred 55, 126 flexible organisations 21, 71 Ford 41 forecasting 38, 42 Foucault, Michel 104–6 Frankfurt School 104 Franklin, Benjamin 60 Frost, Peter 128 G Gantt, Henry 40 garbage can model 52 Garfinkel, Harold 109, 132 gender 67, 105 generic strategies model 49–50 Gilder, George 130 GLOBE project 82 Google 71 Grant, Robert 126 Grint, Keith 123 group dynamics 53, 64, 66 groupthink 53, 114 guanxi 88–9 H Habermas, Jürgen 104–6 Hamel, Gary 49, 51, 126 Hammer, Michael 57, 126 Hampden-Turner, Charles 82, 84–5, 87–90, 93–4, 130 Handy, Charles 122 Harris, Pauline 24, 123 Harvard Business School 20, 41–2, 49, 64–5, 69 Hassard, John 123 Hawthorne studies 65 Herzberg, Frederick 66, 128 Hewlett Packard 45 hierarchy 20–1, 31–4, 55, 83, 87 and morality 117–18 Hill, Linda 24, 123 Hofstede, Geert 82–4, 87, 91, 93, 130 Holocaust 117 home-life balance, see work and leisure homo economicus 72 Hope Hailey, Veronica 128, 132 horses 1–2 hours of work 24, 58, 119 House, Robert 82 human condition 3–6 human dimension of management human failings human potential 35, 44–5 human relations movement 64–7 human resource management 58–9 human-heartedness I incentive pay 8–9, 40–1, 73, 93, 100 incentives 21, 37, 63, 65, 68, 71–9 incompetence, see competence India, see culture, Indian individualism 80, 83, 85–93 industrial organisation economics 48–9 information 7, 12–17, 46–53 technologies 57–8, 73, 103 integration 54 interpersonal relationships 15–17, 35–6, 39, 59, 63, 75, 88–95, 110 J Jackall, Robert 74, 129 Janis, Irving 53, 126 Japan, see culture, Japanese Japanese management 67–70, see also culture, Japanese job satisfaction 9, 16, 62, 66, 72–3 job security 61–2, 68, 73, 77, 79 Johnson, Gerry 127, 129, 132 judgement 4, 9, 15, 46, 51–2, 105, 119–20 moral 96, 103 K Kahneman, Daniel 53–4, 126 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss 69, 71, 128, 129 Kennedy, Allan 69, 128 kindness 35, 63 Knights, David 131 Kotter, John 20–2, 123, 124 Kunda, Gideon 124 L labour and management 15, 98–101 Lamont, Michelle 130 Lawrence, Paul 54, 126 laziness 8, 60, 72 leadership 19–23, 29, 55, 58, 65, 67, 70, 114 moral 119 learning 19, 87, 119 Lehman Brothers 118 Lever Brothers 63 Lewin, Kurt 66, 128 lifetime employment 67–8 Likert, Rensis 66, 128 Lindblom, Charles 52, 126 loose-tight organizations 70–1 Lorsch, Jay 54, 126 loyalty 30–1, 54, 89, 118 M machine (organization as) 35–40, 56, see also mechanistic organizations management as technique 101–3 management by objectives (MBO) 43–5 management consulting 66–9, 80, 96, 102–3 management education 41–3, 47, 86 management practice 2, 7, 80 management science 41–53, 65–6, 86 management studies 6–10 managerial work 11–25, see also management practice managerialism 102–3 March, James 52, 126 Marchand, Roland 127 Marx, Karl 98, 131 Marxist critique 98–9, 105 Maslow, Herbert 66, 128 Mayo, Elton 64–5, 128 McCann, Leo 123 McDonalds 99 McGregor, Douglas 61–3, 66, 68, 72, 86, 128 McIntyre, Alasdair 101–2, 131 McKinsey 68–9 Means, Gardiner 99, 131 mechanistic organisations 54, see also machine Milgram experiments 113 Milgram, Stanley 113, 132 Mintzberg, Henry 11–12, 14, 24, 50, 55–6, 123, 126 mistakes 7–19 money 8–9, 60, 75, 88, 90 monitoring 13, 31, 38, 42 morality 36, 63, 72–6, 101–5, 116–21 Morgan, Gareth 128 Morgan, Glenn 131 Morris, Jonathan 123 motivation 7, 35, 44–5, 60–1, 66, 86 N N O Nelson 63 narrative 107–15 Nelson, Daniel 125 networks 21, 78, 88 O Odiorne, George 43, 125 Olsen, Johan 52, 126 organization design 38, 54–6 organization structure 20–5, 34, 56, 70, 92, see also bureaucracy organizational culture 21–2, 68–71 organism (organization as) 35, 54 Ouchi, William 68, 128 ownership and control (separation of) 99 P Packard, David 125 particularism 84–5 Pascale, Richard 68, 128 paternalism 63–4 performance expectations 77 performance measurement 39–40, 44–5 performance pay, see incentive pay performance targets 21, 44 personal relationships, see interpersonal relationships PEST analysis 46 Peters, Tom 69–71, 128 Pettigrew, Andrew 129 Pondy, Louis 128 Porter, Michael 49–50, 125 post-bureaucracy 79–81 power 4, 55, 105–6, 117 distance (or differentials) 83, 87–94 Power, Michael 130 power-knowledge relations 105 Prahalad, C K 49, 51, 126 profit motive 4, 39, 46, 93, 100, 102–3 project teams 16, 21, 71 prospect theory 53 psychoanalysis 64, 104 psychological contract 21 Pugh, Derek 124 Pullman 63 R rational management 38–59, 102–3 rationality 3–10, 51–2, 58, 104–5 and its limits 3–5, 51–2 economic 102 relationships, see interpersonal relationships resource analysis 49–50 Roethlisberger, Fritz 65, 128 Rogers, Carl 66, 128 S satisficing 51–3, 108 Sayles, Len 123 Schein, Edgar 128 Scholes, Kevan 127, 132 scientific management 39–45, 54, 57–8, 60, 63–7, 72, 99 self-actualization 62, 66 self-development 44 self-direction 62 self-improvement 44, 60–2 self-interest 6, 9, 22, 35–6, 39, 44, 72–6, 79, 116–19 financial 35, 39 self-motivation 44–5, 76 self-reliance 75, 88 self-seeking 9, 72 senior managers 9, 24, 46, 93, 100, 114 Sennett, Richard 129 sense-making 107–16 Shleifer, Andrei 100, 131 Simon, Herbert 7, 51–3, 108, 122 slavery 27 Slovic, Paul 126 Smith, Adam 75, 98 socio-technical systems 66 South Korea, see culture, South Korean Stalker, G M 54, 126 STEP analysis 46 Stewart, Rosemary 123 story telling 107–20 strategic management, see business strategy strategic planning, see business strategy stress 16, 18, 25, 58, 79 structure, see organization structure SWOT analysis 47–8 sympathy 4, 18 synthetic approach 84–5, 92–3 systems engineering 41–3 Szent-Gyorti, Albert 113 T Tavistock Institute 66 Taylor, Frederick Winslow 39–41, 63, 125 teams and teamwork 68–71, 78 techniques of management 8–9, 23, 42–3, 46–7, 51, 58, 66, 89, 103, 106 Tengblad, Stefan 11, 24, 123 Theory X 61, 63, 72 Theory Y 61–3, 67–70 thinking 12, 16, 17 time (attitudes toward) 83, 87–95 time-and-motion studies 39, 41 Tolstoy, Leo 132 Tone, Andrea 127 Tönnies, Ferdinand 36, 125 top management teams 20–1 trade unions 58, 60–1, 41 Trist, Eric 66, 128 Trompenaars, Alfons 82, 84–5, 87–90, 93–4, 130 troubleshooting 16–19 trust 9, 15, 39, 68, 75, 90–2 Tversky, Amos 53–4, 126 U uncertainty 7, 22 radical 51 tolerance of 83, 87–92 universalism 84–7, 92 V value chain 49–50 values enterprise 76–9 managerial 97, 101–3 middle class 101 violence 26–30 Virgin 71 Vishny, Robert 100, 131 Vroom, Victor 55, 126 W Waterman, Robert 69–71, 128 Watson, Tony 24, 123 Weber, Max 29–30, 32–3, 35–7, 39–40, 54, 104–5, 124 Weick, Karl 108, 113, 132 Western Electric Company 65 Whipp, Richard 129 Whittington, Richard 127 Willmott, Hugh 104, 131 work and leisure 23, 25, 68, 79, 119–20 work-study 39 WorldCom 118 Wren, Daniel 125 Z Zaleznik, Abraham 20, 124 ... authority Rationalizing management Socializing management Individualizing management Management across cultures Critical perspectives on management Management as sense-making 10 Management and morality... coalitions, motivating and inspiring people are all as much part of management as they are of leadership, and in a relatively modest way they are all part of management as routine administration... Management and managing Introduction Talking to a friend, John explained that his partner, Mary, was away for two weeks managing a project overseas, that their son, Peter, had managed to break