International Migration: A Very Short Introduction Very Short Introductions are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes – a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology Very Short Introductions available now: ANARCHISM Colin Ward ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin Atheism Julian Baggini Augustine Henry Chadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE BIBLE John Riches THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright Buddha Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM Damien Keown BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHAOS Leonard Smith CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore CONTEMPORARY ART Julian Stallabrass Continental Philosophy Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADA AND SURREALISM David Hopkins Darwin Jonathan Howard THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Timothy Lim Democracy Bernard Crick DESCARTES Tom Sorell DESIGN John Heskett DINOSAURS David Norman DREAMING J Allan Hobson DRUGS Leslie Iversen THE EARTH Martin Redfern economics Partha Dasgupta EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Paul Langford THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball EMOTION Dylan Evans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver Ethics Simon Blackburn The European Union John Pinder EVOLUTION Brian and Deborah Charlesworth EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn FASCISM Kevin Passmore FEMINISM Margaret Walters THE FIRST WORLD WAR Michael Howard FOSSILS Keith Thomson FOUCAULT Gary Gutting THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREE WILL Thomas Pink Freud Anthony Storr FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven Galileo Stillman Drake Gandhi Bhikhu Parekh GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire GLOBALIZATION Manfred Steger GLOBAL WARMING Mark Maslin HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson HEGEL Peter Singer HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson HINDUISM Kim Knott HISTORY John H Arnold HOBBES Richard Tuck HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood HUME A J Ayer IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden Indian Philosophy Sue Hamilton Intelligence Ian J Deary INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Khalid Koser ISLAM Malise Ruthven JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves JUDAISM Norman Solomon Jung Anthony Stevens KAFKA Ritchie Robertson KANT Roger Scruton KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner THE KORAN Michael Cook LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler LOCKE John Dunn LOGIC Graham Priest MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips MARX Peter Singer MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham and Ralph A Griffiths MODERN ART David Cottington MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta MOLECULES Philip Ball MUSIC Nicholas Cook Myth Robert A Segal NATIONALISM Steven Grosby NEWTON Robert Iliffe NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and H C G Matthew NORTHERN IRELAND Marc Mulholland PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close paul E P Sanders Philosophy Edward Craig PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Raymond Wacks PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Samir Okasha PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards PLATO Julia Annas POLITICS Kenneth Minogue POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY David Miller POSTCOLONIALISM Robert Young POSTMODERNISM Christopher Butler POSTSTRUCTURALISM Catherine Belsey PREHISTORY Chris Gosden PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY Catherine Osborne Psychology Gillian Butler and Freda McManus PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns QUANTUM THEORY John Polkinghorne THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton RENAISSANCE ART Geraldine A Johnson ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway THE ROMAN EMPIRE Christopher Kelly ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler RUSSELL A C Grayling RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION S A Smith SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone SCHOPENHAUER Christopher Janaway SHAKESPEARE Germaine Greer SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY John Monaghan and Peter Just SOCIALISM Michael Newman SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce Socrates C C W Taylor THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR Helen Graham SPINOZA Roger Scruton STUART BRITAIN John Morrill TERRORISM Charles Townshend THEOLOGY David F Ford THE HISTORY OF TIME Leofranc Holford-Strevens TRAGEDY Adrian Poole THE TUDORS John Guy TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN Kenneth O Morgan THE VIKINGS Julian D Richards Wittgenstein A C Grayling WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar Available soon: AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and Richard Rathbone CHILD DEVELOPMENT Richard Griffin CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Paul Wilkinson RACISM Ali Rattansi For more information visit our web site www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ Khalid Koser INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION A Very Short Introduction Great Clarendon Street, Oxford o x d p Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Khalid Koser 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as a Very Short Introduction 2007 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hampshire ISBN 978–0–19–929801–3 10 Contents Abbreviations ix List of illustrations xi Why migration matters Who is a migrant? 16 Migration and globalization 28 Migration and development 41 Irregular migration 54 Refugees and asylum-seekers 70 Migrants in society 90 The future of international migration 109 Further reading 125 Index 129 This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations CIS Commonwealth of Independent States EEA European Economic Area ELR Exceptional Leave to Remain EU European Union GCIM Global Commission on International Migration GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index HTA Home Town Association ICT Inter-Corporate Transferee IDP Internally Displaced Person ILO International Labour Office IOM International Organization for Migration IPS International Passenger Survey NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIC Newly Industrializing Country OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PRD Pearl River Delta, China UK United Kingdom UN United Nations Susan Forbes Martin, Refugee Women (2nd edn, Lexington Books, 2003) focuses on refugee women and policy recommendations UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees (Oxford University Press, 2006) is the latest edition of a biennial UNHCR publication providing an overview of current asylum and refugee issues and data Chapter George Borjas, Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigration on the US Economy (Basic Books, 1990) analyses the economic impact of immigration in the USA during the 20th century International Migration Robin Cohen and Zig Layton-Henry, The Politics of Migration (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997) includes an overview of the political impacts of migrants and migration Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut, Immigrant America: A Portrait (3rd edn, University of California Press, 2006) analyses the various impacts of immigration in the USA Chapter Wayne Cornelius, Phil Martin, and Jim Hollifield, Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (2nd edn, Stanford University Press, 2003) compares policies on migration control and their underlying philosophies around the world Richard Florida, The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent (Harper Collins, 2005) analyses highly skilled migration and the global competition for skills Ari Zolberg and Peter Benda, Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and Solutions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001) is an edited volume of chapters on a variety of current and future migration and refugee challenges 128 Index migrant smuggling 66 migrants in Asian tsunami (December 2004) 120 assimilation 23–4, 98 asylum-seekers 4, 60, 70, 74, 96, 118, 119 application countries 75 bogus 56, 85 Europe 84–9 rejected 57, 87–8 statistics 20 Atlantic Records 10 Australia anti-immigration party 100 Asian immigrants 110 asylum applications 75 British immigrants Chinese immigrants highly-skilled immigrants 114 irregular migrants 57 ius solis principle 23, 24 multiculturalism 24 refugees 83 visa overstayers 19 Austria 24, 98, 100 A abduction 64 activism 100 Afghanistan 74, 77 asylum-seekers 85 migrant smugglers in 68 migrants from 107 refugees from 75, 79 Taliban regime 71 US invasion of 99 voluntary repatriation to 82 Africa: border controls 56–7 brain drain 52 cell phones 34 diasporas 25, 26 irregular migration 59, 62 migrants in 1, refugees 74, 75, 82–3 regional migration warfare 77 African-Americans 94, 98 agricultural workers 32 Algerian migrants 9, 92, 107 Ali, Monica 104 amnesties 58 Angola 92 Annan, Kofi 34–5 anti-immigrant extremism 99–100 Armenian diaspora 25 Asia 4, 110–11 human trafficking 65 ‘maid trade’ B Balkan wars 77 Bangkok 107 Bangladesh 74, 110 banks 41, 42 Belgium 3, 24, 44, 98, 99 Bengalese migrants 107 Bhutanese refugees 79 biometric testing 118 birth rate 30, 102, 103 129 GDP 113 human trafficking 56 internal migrants 112, 113 migrants 6, 110 sojourning students studying abroad 115 circular migration 9, 51, 110 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 59 cities 106–8, 112, 120 citizenship 22–4, 27, 76, 100 Clark, William 96 Cohen, Robin Colombia 43 colonization 1, communications 28, 33–4, 36, 39, 113 communism 40, 71 Congo, Democratic Republic of 34, 75 construction industry 32 Cornyn-Kyl bill (2005) 116 corporations 18 corruption 30, 31, 61 Costa Rica 107 criminality 61 Crusades Cuba 40, 42, 92 cultural diversity 1, 11, 104–8 cultural identity 24 ‘culture of migration’ 46 Blok, Vlaams 99 bogus marriage 56 Bolivia 43 border controls 63, 118 Borjas, George 91 Bosnia 74 brain drain 51–3, 116 Burkina Faso 31 Burmese migrants 107 Burundi 75, 82 Busch, Adolphus 10 International Migration C Camus, Albert 104 Canada: asylum applications 75 immigrant votes 101 irregular migration 118 ius solis principle 23, 24 multiculturalism 24 refugees 83 self-employed foreign workers 93 capital flow 29 Caribbean Carnegie, Andrew 10 Castles, Stephen 27 Castles, Stephen and Miller, Mark 5, 99 Catholics (Northern Ireland) 98 cell phones 33–4 census 20 child migrants 64, 68, 122–3 child refugees 82 Chile 83 China economic growth 111 D data collection 57–8, 65, 109 debt 65 decolonization 3–4, 74 democracy 30, 31, 49, 100–1 demographic deficit 102–4, 114 130 E East Asia 110–11 East Timor 74 Eastern Europe 23 131 Index ebay 10 economic growth 10, 91–9, 110, 111, see also development economic migrants 17, 18–19, 31 Ecuador 43 education 12, 29, 30, 31, 45, 52, 113, 122 EEA (European Economic Area) 20 Egypt 43 El Salvador 43 electoral votes 49, 100–1 ELR (Exceptional Leave to Remain) 70, 87 emails 33 employment see labour market entrepreneurs 1, 10, 50, 91, 93 internal migration 112 remittances 41–2 Eritrea 47, 49, 50, 77 Ethiopia 50, 77, 79 ethnic cleansing 77 ethnic diversity 105–6, 110 ‘ethnic penalty’ 98 EU (European Union) 5, 95 asylum-seekers 84–9 brain drain 52 demographic deficit 103 elections 101 employment rate of foreign-born population 96 foreign students 115 free movement of EU citizens 37 highly-skilled immigrants 114 human trafficking 65 Denmark 93, 101 dependents 7, 17, 20, 37, 41–8, 95–6 deportation 58, 88, 122 destination countries 7–8 impact of migrants on 90–108 migration control 40 migration networks 36–7 temporary migration and 117, see also individual countries developing countries agricultural stress 32 birth rate 30 diaspora organizations 48–50 remittances 41–8, 50 return migration 50–1, see also individual countries development 1, 41–53, 113 diaspora organizations 48–50 diasporas 16, 25–6, 115 discrimination 12, 63, 97, 122, 123 disease rates 52 disparity awareness 34, 118 Djibouti 79 domestic work 7, 12, 32, 117 Dominican Republic 43 dual nationality 23, 24 Durand, Jorge 39 Frisch, Max 117 fundamentalism 99 irregular migrants 56 migrant smuggling 66 refugee resettlement 83 regional migration second/third generation immigrants 98 UNHCR funding 73 exploitation 32, 63, 65, 68, 117, 122 G GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 31, 44, 113 gender: education 30 employment rates 96 labour market discrimination 122 Germany 44 circular migration trends ethnic penalty 98 gastarbeiter system 91 highly-skilled workers 114–15 immigrant votes 101 irregular migration 118 Italian repatriation 21 ius sanguinis principle 23 migrant statistics temporary migrants 116 Turkish migrant workers 3, 23, 101 ghettos 108 global cities 106–7 Global Commission on International Migration 25 globalization 16, 28, 29, 35–6, 42–3, 108, 113 Goedhard, Gerrit Jan van Heuven 73 Goldwyn, Samuel 10 Google 10 governments: irregular migration 61–2 International Migration F families: large 92 refugee 79 reunions 7, 38, 95 separation 46, see also dependents Finland 93, 101 Florida, Richard 113–14 food aid 80 food industry 32–3 forced labour 31 forced migrants 16–17, see also refugees Fortuyn, Pim 100 France: Algerian immigrants 92 anti-immigrant extremism 99, 100 assimilation policy 24, 98 asylum applications 75 ethnic penalty 98 headscarf controversy 105, 106 immigrant community riots 121 pieds noirs free movement of labour 37–8 132 humanitarian aid 49, 73, 80, 120 hunger strikes 100 Hurricane Katrina (2005) 120 hyper-diversity 105, 110 migration control 40 persecution of citizens 30, 71, 72 responses to refugees 72 Great Depression (1930s) Greece 43 Gulf States 6, 110, 117 Guterres, Antonio 73 I H Haider, Jörg 99–100 Hanson, Pauline 100 Harney, Robert 39 Harrell-Bond, Barbara 80 hawilaad system 42, 44 HDI (Human Development Index) 28–9 health professionals 52, 114 healthcare 12, 29, 45, 63, 99, 102–3, 113, 122 Heath, Professor Anthony 98 heavy industry 32 Held, David 29 highly-skilled migrants 17, 18, 110, 111, 113–15 HIV/AIDS 61, 63, 78, 122 Hodgson, Pete 114 Home Town Associations (HTA) 48 homophobia 71 Hong Kong 106 Hotmail 10 human capital 98 human rights 1, 12, 63, 72, 88, 101, 117 human security 62–3 human trafficking 7, 12, 38, 56, 61, 63, 64–9 133 Index ICTs (inter-corporate transferees) 18, 106 IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) 72, 75, 111, 119–21 illegal migrants see irregular migration ILO (International Labour Organization) 31, 110 immigration industry 38, 39, 113 Inca empire incentives 53, 104 income 29, 67, see also wages indentured labour India 3, 6, 43, 107, 110 computer expertise 51–2 cuisine 93 Gulf States workers 51 indentured labour irregular migrants in 59 labour surplus 111 migrants from partition remittances 44 students 115 Indonesia 110, 111, 116, 120 Indus empire infant mortality 52 infectious diseases 61 information 29, 34–5, 36 International Migration Israel 4, 23, 24, 101 Italy: anti-immigrant extremism 100 cuisine 93 return migration 21 ius sanguinis/ius solis 22–4 Ivory Coast 82 infrastructure 82, 90 integration 1, 23–4, 25, 117, 121 refugees 82–3 second-generation 98–9 Intel 10 internal displacement see IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) internal migration 32, 39, 112–13 International Centre on Migration Policy Development 59 international cuisine 93, 104 international telephone calls 34 international travel 9, 35–6 internet 33, 34 social remittances 47–8 ‘virtual return’ 49 investment 51, 113, 115 IOM (International Organization for Migration) 38, 64, 73 IPS (International Passenger Survey) 20 Iran 75, 79, 82 Iraq 74, 77, 82, 99 Ireland 93, 101, 105 Irish famine irregular migration 17, 19, 32–3, 38, 54–7, 60–3, 86, 87, 88–9, 101 Asian 111 managing 118–19 recording 57–60 regularization 116, see also asylum–seekers; human trafficking J Japan 3, 31, 73, 95, 111, 116 Jewish diaspora 25, 26, 101 Jordan 44, 107 Jospin, Lionel 99 K Kaldor, Mary 77 Karachi 107 Kenya 79 King, Russell 21 Kodak 10 Kosovo 74 Kureishi, Hanif 104 L Labour Force Survey 20 labour market 90, 91, 92–4, 95–7 free movement 37–8 gaps 117 gender discrimination 122 gender-selective global crisis 31–2 internal migration 113 segmentation of 32–3 shortfalls 111 surplus 110 134 mobile phones see cell phones mobility 28, 35–6, 38, 113–14 Morocco Mozambique 43, 74, 92 multiculturalism 24, 98 Mumbai, India 107 music 104 Muslim migrants 106, 121 labour migrants 17, 85 land mines 77 language 23, 24, 99, 104, 106 Latin America 5, 6, 59 Le Pen, Jean-Marie de 99 Lesotho 44, 45 Levitt, Peggy 47 Liberia 82 Libya life expectancy 31, 102 literacy 30, 31, 52 Loescher, Gil 72 London 105, 106, 121 low-skilled migrants 96, 106– 7, 122 N M Malawi 52 Malaysia 97, 111, 116 malnutrition 29 marginalization 117 marriage: mail-order brides sham 56 Martin, Susan Forbes 80 media 118 mercenary groups 77 Mesopotamia Mexico 2, 32, 39, 43 diaspora organizations 50 Home Town Associations 48 irregular migration 59, 62, 101 remittances 44, 46 migrant smuggling 38, 65–9, 88, 118 Migration Policy Institute, Washington 121 135 Index NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 37 Namibia 74 nationalism 27 nationality 22 natural disasters 71, 72, 120 naturalization 23, 24 Nazism 71, 74 NBC 10 Nepal 79 Netherlands 3, 24, 73, 101 anti-immigrant extremism 100 ethnic penalty 98 irregular migration 118 multiculturalism 24 networks: contacts abroad 50 migration 28, 36–7, 113 transnational 27 New York 106, 107–8 New Zealand: economic impact of immigrants 95 highly-skilled immigrants 114 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 38, 48–9, 63, 73 NICs (newly industrialized countries) 110–11 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) 44, 115 North Africa 7–8 North America 5, 7, see also Canada; United States North Korea 40, 76 Northern Ireland 98 Norway 101 P Pakistan 43, 49, 66, 75, 107, 110 earthquake in 2005 120 migrant smugglers in 68 protracted refugees in 79 voluntary repatriation from 82 Palestine 4, 75, 107 Paris 107, 121 passports 36, 55, 85 pensions 102, 103, 104 persecution 71, 72, 76 personal security 69 Peru 43 Philippines 6, 43, 44, 51, 110, 111 plantations 32 Poland 22 politics, and migrants 17, 99–104, see also refugees population 103 displacement 77 growth 30, 111 Portes, Alejandro 27 Portugal 43, 92, 101 poverty 1, 29–30, 31, 39, 113 privatization 90 professional associations 48 professionals 114 prostitution 7, 12, 64 protest movements 100 protracted refugee situations 79 public finances 95 public opinion 97 public security 11 International Migration O OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Asian migrants 110 Current Trends in International Migration in Europe report foreign students 115 irregular migration estimates 59 Okri, Ben 104 organized crime 61 origin countries 7–8 positive effects of migration on 92 remittance disparities 45–6 skill shortages 12 temporary migration advantages for 117 voluntary repatriation 80–2, see also individual countries Ottoman Empire 25 136 Rushdie, Salman 99, 104 Russia 6, 23, 74 irregular migrants 32, 59 return migration 22 women migrants Rwanda 74 public services 19 Puerto Ricans 101 R RCA 10 refugees 4, 12, 17, 18, 30, 70–1, 111, 119, 120 camps for 78–80, 107 causes of movement by 76–7 durable solutions 80–3 global geography of 73–5 UN convention 37, 70, 71, 72–3, 74, 76, 82, 87 women 79–80 regularization programmes 57, 58, 116 remittances 41–8, 50, 108 internal migration 113 irregular migration 118 pressured 47 temporary migration 115, 117 repatriation: rejected asylum-seekers 88 voluntary 80–2 resettlement 83 retirement 51, 95, 104 return migration 21–2, 50–1, 115–16, 117–18 ‘virtual return’ 49 rights and entitlements 37–8, 39 riots 121 risk insurance 45 Romanian migrants Rubenstein, Helena 10 rule of law 30 rural-urban migration 32, 39, 112 S 137 Index Salt, John sanitation 30 satellite television 33 Saudi Arabia 44, 51 second-generation immigrants 97–9 self-employment 56, 93 self-settlement refugees 78–9 sex trade 7, 12, 64, 68 sexual abuse 79 Sheffer, Gabriel 25–6 Singapore 111 skills: acquisition of 90, 96 high-level 17, 18, 110, 111, 113–15 low-level 96, 106–7, 122 shortages 12, 51–3, 116 slavery 2–3, 12, 25, 63, 64 Smith, Zadie 104 smuggling 38, 56, 61, 65–9, 88, 118 social behaviour 24 social migrants 17 social mobility 96 social remittances 47 sojourning Somalia 42, 44, 75 asylum-seekers from 85 International Migration terrorism 11, 44, 60, 61 Thailand 111 third-country resettlement 83 third-generation immigrants 97–9 ‘3D jobs’ 32 timber 32 Tonga 44 trade liberalization 90, 118 trade unions 93 transit countries 7–8 transnationalism 23, 25, 27, 108 transportation 9, 35–6, 39, 112, 113 triple nationality 23 Tunisia Turkey 43 cuisine 93 migrant workers in Germany 3, 23, 101 return migration 22 diaspora organizations 49 refugees from 79 South Africa 6, 97, 107 South Asia 30 South-East Asia 9, 59, 74, 110–11 sovereignty 60, 120 Spain 3, 101 regularization programme 116 self-employed foreign workers 93 sport 104 Sri Lanka 85, 110, 120 stateless persons 75 strikes 100 students 18, 60, 111, 114 bogus 56 competition for 115 sub-Saharan Africa 8, 111 asylum-seekers from 75 brain drain 52 low HDIs 29 remittances 44 Sudan 75 Sun Microsoft 10 Sweden 24, 73, 101 Switzerland 44 U Ukraine UN High Commissioner for Refugees 73 UN (United Nations) 34–5 Convention on refugee status 37, 70, 71, 72–3, 74, 76, 82, 87 definition and survey of migrants 4–5, 16, 17 Development Project 28, 31 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 120 T Taliban 71 Tanzania 82, 83 taxation 32, 95, 102 teachers 52 technology 114 temporary migration 8, 53, 110, 111, 115–17 138 V van Gogh, Theo 121 Venezuela 43 Vertovec, Steve 108 Vietnam war 74 Vietnamese ‘boat people’ 83 Vikings violence 12, 79, 122 visas 36, 37, 38, 56, 57, 85 United States 114, 115 voluntary repatriation 80–2 W wages 31, 93, 94 ‘war on terror’ 99 139 Index highly-skilled immigrants 114 human trafficking estimates 65 immigrant wage levels 94–5 irregular migration 32, 33, 58–9, 118 ius solis principle 23 Latino voting bloc in 101–2 migrant labour 3, migrant statistics 5–6 multiculturalism 24 natural disasters 120 overseas voters 49 population 103 refugees 83 remittances sent from 43, 44 security restrictions 38 temporary migration 116 UNHCR funding 73 universities 50, see also students Protocol on human trafficking 64 Refugee Agency (UNHCR) 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 82, 120, 121 unemployment 31, 39, 46, 51, 77, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 104, 113 ethnic penalty 98 Germany 114 irregular migration 118 United Kingdom asylum-seekers 75, 87 economic value of migrants to 10 emigration to Australia 57 ethnic diversity 105 irregular migration 32, 59–60, 118 ius solis principle 23 migrant statistics 19–21 multiculturalism 24, 98 pensions crisis 102 refugee resettlement 83 self-employed foreign workers 93 UNHCR funding 73 voting rights 101 United States: Asian immigrants in 110 asylum applications 75 Cornyn-Kyl bill 116 Cuban migrants 92 economic growth and migrants 10 foreign students 115 government integration policy 99 International Migration X warfare 76–7, 120 water supply 29 weaponry 77 welfare benefits 86, 92, 102–3, 104 women 6–7, 17, 110, 122 Asian 111 incentives to have children 104 internal migration 112 irregular migrants 63 persecution 71 refugees 79–80 trafficking of 64, 67 work permits 19, 20, 55, 56, 57, 88, 116 World Bank 19, 42, 115 xenophobia 61, 123 Y Yahoo 10 Yemen 79 Z Zambia 52 Zhou empire Zidane, Zinedine 104 Zolberg, Aristide 76 140 ... Ward ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul... there are far more internal migrants than international migrants and the distinction between internal and international migration can be unclear Internal migration deserves far more academic attention... Inter-Corporate Transferee IDP Internally Displaced Person ILO International Labour Office IOM International Organization for Migration IPS International Passenger Survey NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement