Freedom of transit and access to gas pipeline networks under WTO law

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information FREEDOM OF TRANSIT AND ACCESS TO GAS PIPELINE NETWORKS UNDER WTO LAW Gas transit is network-dependent and it cannot be established without the existence of pipeline infrastructure in the territory of a transit state or the ability to access this infrastructure Nevertheless, at an inter-regional level, there are no sufficient pipeline networks allowing gas to travel freely from a supplier to the most lucrative markets The existing networks are often operated by either private or state-controlled vertically integrated monopolies who are often reluctant to release unused pipeline capacity to their potential competitors These obstacles to gas transit can diminish the gains from trade for states endowed with natural gas resources, including developing land-locked countries, as well as undermine WTO Members’ energy security and their attempts at sustainable development This book explains how the WTO could play a more prominent role in the international regulation of gas transit and promote the development of an international gas market Vitaliy Pogoretskyy works as Counsel at the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL), where he assists developing-country Members of the ACWL and the least-developed countries in the WTO dispute settlement proceedings, and provides to these countries legal advice and training on WTO law He has also worked at the Rules Division of the WTO Secretariat, FratiniVergano – European Lawyers, and as a civil servant of the Government of Ukraine © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information cambridge international trade and economic law Series Editors Dr Lorand Bartels, University of Cambridge Professor Thomas Cottier, University of Berne Professor William Davey, University of Illinois As the processes of regionalisation and globalisation have intensified, there have been accompanying increases in the regulations of international trade and economic law at the levels of international, regional and national laws The subject matter of this series is international economic law Its core is the regulation of international trade, investment and cognate areas such as intellectual property and competition policy The series publishes books on related regulatory areas, in particular human rights, labour, environment and culture, as well as sustainable development These areas are vertically linked at the international, regional and national levels, and the series extends to the implementation of these rules at these different levels The series also includes works on governance, dealing with the structure and operation of related international organisations in the field of international economic law, and the way they interact with other subjects of international and national law Books in the series Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Reclaiming Development in the World Trading System Yong-Shik Lee Developing Countries and Preferential Services Trade Charlotte Sieber-Gasser WTO Dispute Settlement and the TRIPS Agreement: Applying Intellectual Property Standards in a Trade Law Framework Matthew Kennedy Establishing Judicial Authority in International Economic Law Edited by Joanna Jemielniak, Laura Nielsen and Henrik Palmer Olsen Trade, Investment, Innovation and Their Impact on Access to Medicines: An Asian Perspective Locknie Hsu The Law, Economics and Politics of International Standardisation Panagiotis Delimatsis The WTO and International Investment Law: Converging Systems Jürgen Kurtz © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information Export Restrictions on Critical Minerals and Metals: Testing the Adequacy of WTO Disciplines Ilaria Espa Optimal Regulation and the Law of International Trade: The Interface between Societal Values and WTO Law Boris Rigod The Social Foundations of World Trade: Norms, Community and Constitution Sungjoon Cho Public Participation and Legitimacy in the WTO Yves Bonzon The Challenge of Safeguards in the WTO Fernando Piérola General Interests of Host States in International Investment Law Edited by Giorgio Sacerdoti, Pia Acconci, Mara Valenti and Anna De Luca The Law of Development Cooperation: A Comparative Analysis of the World Bank, the EU and Germany Philipp Dann WTO Disciplines on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Balancing Policy Space and Legal Constraints Dominic Coppens Domestic Judicial Review of Trade Remedies: Experiences of the Most Active WTO Members Müslüm Yilmaz International Organizations in WTO Dispute Settlement: How Much Institutional Sensitivity? Marina Foltea Public Services and International Trade Liberalization: Human Rights and Gender Implications Barnali Choudhury The Law and Politics of WTO Waivers: Stability and Flexibility in Public International Law Isabel Feichtner African Regional Trade Agreements as Legal Regimes James Thuo Gathii Liberalizing International Trade after Doha David Gantz Processes and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law: Interfacing Trade and Social Goals Christiane R Conrad © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information Non-discrimination in International Trade in Services: ‘Likeness’ in WTO/ GATS Nicolas Diebold The Law, Economics and Politics of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement Edited by Chad P Bown and Joost Pauwelyn The Multilateralization of International Investment Law Stephan W Schill Trade Policy Flexibility and Enforcement in the WTO: A Law and Economics Analysis Simon A B Schropp © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information FREEDOM OF TRANSIT AND ACCESS TO GAS PIPELINE NETWORKS UNDER WTO LAW VITALIY POGORETSKYY Advisory Centre on WTO Law © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107163645 10.1017/9781316681497 © Vitaliy Pogoretskyy 2017 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2017 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pogoretskiĭ, V N (Vitaliĭ Nikolaevich) author Title: Freedom of transit and access to gas pipeline networks under WTO law / Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Description: Cambridge [UK] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2017 | Series: Cambridge international trade and economic law ; 35 Identifiers: LCCN 2017000017 | ISBN 9781107163645 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Petroleum law and legislation | Energy industries – Law and legislation | Petroleum industry and trade | World Trade Organization | Foreign trade regulation | Natural gas pipelines – Security measures Classification: LCC K3915 P64 2017 | DDC 343.09/396–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000017 ISBN 978-1-107-16364-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information To my wife and best friend, Charlene, my parents and my grandfather, Victor © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables page xi Foreword xiii Preface, Acknowledgements and Disclaimer xv Table of Cases xvii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiv I: The Topic and Its Importance, the Scope and Structure of This Study, Overview of Relevant Theoretical Issues I Setting the Context II The Scope and Structure of This Study III Overview of Relevant Theoretical Issues 15 IV Summary and Concluding Remarks 34 II: Freedom of Transit and Pipeline Gas: Overview of Relevant Legal, Political and Economic Aspects 35 I II III IV Introduction 35 Freedom of Transit and Territorial Sovereignty Freedom of Transit and Pipeline Gas 42 Summary and Concluding Remarks 62 36 III: General Overview of the International Regulation of Transit 63 I Introduction 63 II Transit and Its Historical Contexts – General Overview 65 III Freedom of Transit in Different Areas of International Law 68 IV Is the Principle of Freedom of Transit a Principle of General International Law? 101 V Summary and Concluding Remarks 117 ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information x contents IV: Pipeline Gas Transit under WTO Law: Assessment of Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment Rights 119 I Introduction 119 II Applicability of WTO Law to Gas Transit: GATT or GATS? 120 III Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment under the GATT 124 IV Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment under the GATS 166 V WTO Rules Regulating Conditions of Transit, Exceptions and Institutional Arrangements 177 VI Summary and Concluding Remarks 188 V: Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment Rights in Light of General Principles of International Law 189 I Introduction 189 II Relevant Principles of General International Law 191 III Practical Questions Arising in the Context of Effective Freedom of Gas Transit 230 IV Summary and Concluding Remarks 240 VI: Freedom of Gas Transit in the WTO: Dispute Settlement or Legislative Reform? 243 I Introduction 243 II Enforcing Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment Rights in the WTO Dispute Settlement: A Viable Option? 243 III How Can the Regulation of Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment Rights in the WTO Be Improved? 256 IV Summary and Concluding Remarks 296 VII: General Summary and Conclusions 299 Appendix 1: Selected Legal Materials 308 Appendix 2: Regulation of Transit in Selected Multilateral Treaties 323 Appendix 3: Examples of Transit Gas Pipelines and Flows, 2014 328 Bibliography 331 Index 357 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Example of Pertinent Problems Arising in Cross-border Gas Transit Figure 2: Transit Scenarios Regulated by WTO Law 38 Figure 3: Third-Party Access and Capacity Establishment 55 Figure 4: The Scope of a Non-discrimination Obligation under GATT Article V:2 150 Figure 5: Distinction between Measures Regulated by Articles XVI and XVIII 173 Table 1: Schedule of Specific Commitments of Ukraine 168 Table 2: Relationship between Primary and Inherent Ancillary Rights in Selected Cases 200 xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 358 ind ex Azerbaijan (cont.) as non-Member of WTO, 14 South Caucasus Pipeline System, Inter-Governmental Agreements, 96–100, 128, 238 Bali Ministerial Conference, 36, 50, 152–153, 184, 307 Bali Ministerial Declaration, 152–153, 314 Barcelona Conference, 75–76 Barcelona Conference Enquiry Commission, 75–76, 109, 133–135 Barcelona Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit generally, 76, 100–101 conclusion of, 76 definition of freedom of transit under, 131–132 GATT compared, 128, 133–135 non-discrimination obligations and, 151–152 preparatory work, 38, 76, 135–136, 177–178 principles of general international law relevant to transit and, 75–76, 103, 108, 109, 115–116, 210 reasonableness of regulations, 178–179 regulation of transit under, 76, 80–81, 134, 177–178, 323–327 route most convenient defined, 133–136 text of selected provisions, 309–310 Barcelona Convention on Navigable Waterways, 69, 76, 107 Bedjaoui, Mohammed, 104 Broom, Herbert, 193 Broude, Tomer, 32–33 Brownlie, Ian, 40, 194 Byers, Michael, 217–218 Caflisch, Lucius C., 107 Cameron, Peter D, 42 Canals, freedom of transit and, 71–73 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Capacity establishment rights overview, 3–4, 54–55, 301 defined, 54–55 Dispute Settlement Understanding, enforcement under, 249 ECT and, 88, 263–267, 274–280 freedom of transit generally, 3–4, 54–55, 230–233 defined, 129–133 in dubio mitius and, 145–146 evolutionary interpretation perspective, 139–145 freedoms, liberties, and privileges and, 130–131 relevant context of, 136–139, 177–179 “route most convenient” defined, 133–136 scholarly debate regarding, 124–129 gas-exporting states, interests of, 56 gas-importing states, interests of, 42–44, 55–56 GATS, regulation under overview, 166, 176–177, 288–290 classification problems, 169–174 GATT versus, 120–124 integrated service, 142–144, 195–196 pipeline gas transit and, 174–176, 288–290 technological neutrality, 142 Telecom Reference Paper and, 293–294 GATT, regulation under generally, 8–9, 301–302 overview, 80–82, 146–147 existence of rights under, 120, 146–147, 153–157, 165, 188, 189, 301–302 non-discrimination obligations overview, 147–148 distinctions, prohibition of, 148–149 meaning of non-discrimination standard, 149–153 MFN obligations, 157–158 pipeline gas transit and, 153–157 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d ex non-violation complaint overview, 158–159 benefit requirement, 161 measure requirement, 159–160 nullification or impairment of benefit requirement, 161–162 reasonable expectations, 162–165 GATT versus GATS, 120–124 investments, making of, 85, 230–233, 276 Law of the Sea and, 284–287 negative nature of obligation, 130–131, 275, 279 opening of particular routes, compelling, 230–233 real practical contexts, 58–61 scope of, 230–233 third-party access rights and, 146–147, 240–242, 304–305 transit states, interests of, 37, 56–58 WTO regulation generally, 8–11, 119–120, 188 (See also specific agreements) Caspian Sea, 45 Chagla, M.C., 114 Chapman, Simon, 213 Cheng, Bin, 217–218, 219 China—Electronic Payment Services case (WTO 2012), 142–144, 170, 195–196 China—Publications and Audiovisual Products case (WTO 2010), 141, 144, 146, 156 Chua, A., 163–164, Churchill, 283 Clark, Bryan, 125, 126 CLOS See Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) Codification of international law overview, 9–10, 297–298, 306 advantages of, 257–258 defined, 9–10, 257–258 disadvantages of, 257–258 ECT model overview, 262–263, 278–280, 297–298 capacity establishment rights and, 274–278 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 359 third-party access and, 267–274 ILC and, 9–10 institutional mechanisms for, 261–262 Law of the Sea model overview, 280–282, 287–288, 297–298 adequate transit facilities, lack of, 284–287 capacity establishment rights and, 284–287 third-party access to existing transit facilities, 284–287 of principles of general international law, 9–10, 256, 306 principles versus rules, 15–16, 258–261 WTO and, 9–10 Colombia—Ports of Entry case (WTO 2009), 129–130, 132, 135, 136–137, 138, 153–154, 198–200, 203 Commission v France case (1997), 90 Committee on Trade Facilitation, 81–82, 186–187, 303 See also Agreement on Trade Facilitation Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), 93 Commonwealth of Independent States, 92–93 Comparative advantage theory, 5–6 Congress of Vienna, 69, 70, 73, 107 Constantinople Convention, 72–73 See also Suez Canal Convention of Saint-Germaine, 194–195 Convention on Electric Power, 76, 82 Convention on Maritime Ports, 76 Convention on Navigable Waterways, 69–70, 73, 76 Convention on the High Seas, 39 Convention on the International Regime of Railways, 76 Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) generally, 10, 18, 77–78, 261, 300–301, 304, 306 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 360 in d e x Convention on the Law of sea (cont.) overview, 280–282 abus de droit and, 78, 218, 283, 284, 287–288 applicability of rules and, 28–29 capacity establishment rights and, 284–287 codification of international law, model for (See Codification of international law) dedication concept and, 110 economic cooperation principle and, 210 ECT compared, 283–284, 287–288 fees and charges under, 79, 284 freedom of transit and, 78, 100–101, 115–117, 280–284 GATT compared, 280, 283–285, 286 general international law and, 18 good faith negotiation and, 79, 283, 284, 287–288 land-locked countries, freedom of transit and, 77–79, 280–281 “means of transport” defined, 83, 282 MFN obligations and, 285, 287 network-bound energy and, 83 non-discrimination obligations, 79, 284, 285, 287–288 preamble, 280 preparatory work, 77–78, 83 regulation of transit under, 77–79, 280–288, 323–327 straits and canals and, 72 text of selected provisions, 316–319 third-party access and, 284–287 traffic in transit defined, 282 Treaty of Versailles compared, 79 Conventions, principles of general international law and, 18–19, 28–29 Corfu Channel case (ICJ 1949), 111–112, 226, 227, 232–233 Cossy, Mireille, 123–124, 125, 126, 149–150, 155, 172–173 Cuba, US trade embargo against, 153 Customary international law © in this web service Cambridge University Press evidence of, 16–19 international organizations, practice of, 17 treaties, role of, 17, 18–19 opinio juris, 16–18, 105–106, 115–117 as principles of general international law, 18–19 as reflected in treaties, 18 state practice, 16–18, 105–106, 115–117 systemic integration and, 20 D’Amato, Anthony A., 17 Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States, 40–41, 205 Dedication concept, 72, 110–111 Degan, Vladimir D., 33 de Vattel, Emer, 65, 101–102 de Visscher, Charles, 39, 41 Discrimination See Nondiscrimination obligations Dispute Settlement, WTO compliance rate, 11 Dispute Settlement Body, 35, 249–252, 307 enforcement of transit obligations overview, 243, 249–252 hypothetical scenario, 243–246 possible claims, 243–246 practical implications, 252–256 requirements for bringing claim, 246–249 retaliation, 252–256 technical experts, 250 Doha Ministerial Declaration, 43 Dominican Republic—Cigarettes case (WTO 2005), 223–224 Doré, Julia, 85 Dow, Siddiky, 56 Draft Convention on Energy Security, 13–14, 296 DSU See Dispute Settlement, WTO www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d e x Dupuy, René-Jean, 281, 286 Durling, James P., 161 Easements, 67, 108–109, 117, 192–193 See also Servitudes East African Community (EAC) Treaty, 93 EC—Bananas III case (WTO 1997), 123 EC—Biotech Products case (WTO 2006), 24, 26 EC—Hormones case (WTO 1998), 145–146 EC—IT Products case (WTO 2010), 141–142, 144 ECJ (European Court of Justice) See specific case EC—Large Civil Aircraft case (WTO 2011), 23, 25, 26–27, 31–32 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 88 Economic cooperation principle overview, 303 Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 205, 207 Barcelona Convention and, 210 Dispute Settlement Understanding and, 205 GATT and, 203–204, 205–206, 207, 209–210, 211–212, 303 good faith negotiation and, 208–209, 212–216 Law of the Sea and, 210 as principle of general international law, 203–212 Treaty of Versailles and, 210 UN Charter and, 204–205 UN resolutions and declarations, 205 ECT See Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) EC—Tariff Preferences case (WTO 2004), 156 EEC—Oilseeds case (GATT 1990), 159, 165 Effective or integrated rights overview, 191–192, 203, 303 access to fixed facilities and, 198, 199 actual versus potential freedom of transit, 198–199 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 361 capacity establishment rights and, 191–203 Dispute Settlement Understanding and, 202–203 ECT and, 199–201, 203 freedom of navigation and, 194–195 functional interpretation of treaties and, 196–202 integrated service, 195–196 meaning, 191–192, 203, 303 origin of, 192–194, 202–203 pacta sunt servanda, 191–192 primary and auxiliary rights, 191–192, 198–199, 200, 203 principle of effective treaty interpretation and, 201–203 as principle of general international law, 191–192, 199, 203 regional economic agreements and, 203 servitudes and, 192–194, 202–203 third-party access and, 191–203 Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter, 22 Ehring, Lothar, 120, 125, 126, 135, 150, 155, 234, 270–271, 275 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination case (ICJ 2011), 213 Enclaves, 104, 112–113, 226–227 Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) generally, 10, 50, 131, 301, 306 overview, 83–88, 262–267 Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 264 “area” defined, 266 area versus territory, 266 capacity establishment rights and, 88, 263–267, 274–280 codification of international law, as model for (See Codification of international law) effective or integrated rights principle and, 199–201 “energy transport facilities” defined, 266–267 existing gas flows, regulation and, 13, 262–263 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 362 in d e x Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) (cont.) freedom of transit principle and, 83–84, 100–101, 115–117, 300–301 GATT compared, 131, 263–265, 267, 268–269, 271, 273–274 Hague II Ministerial Conference, 88, 206 International Energy Charter, 83–84, 206 investments, 85, 260, 276 Law of the Sea compared, 283–284, 287–288 non-discrimination obligations and, 87, 149, 268–274, 278–279 origins of, 84–87 preparatory work, 84, 232, 265, 275, 276 principles of general international law relevant to transit and, 100–101, 115, 261, 300–301, 303 regulation of transit under, 87–88, 263–267, 323–327 relevance for interpretation of WTO law, 28–29 Russia and, 13–14, 59, 84, 270, 296 text of selected provisions, 319–322 third-party access and, 267–274 overview, 263–267, 278–280 compulsory access, 88, 240, 267–268, 278 “trade in goods” under, 121 “transit” defined, 265–266 Transit Protocol, 13–14, 87, 263, 270 underlying interests of negotiators, 84 Energy Community Treaty, 91, 260 Energy security See also Gas diversification, 46 freedom of transit and, 42–44 lack of sufficient pipeline infrastructure and, 36, 44–46, 299 security of demand and, 57 sustainable development and, 42–44 transit restrictions, impact of, Essential facilities doctrine, 53, 126, 127, 289–290, 291–292 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Eurasian Economic Union, 92–93, 121, 185, 273 EUROGAS, 268 European Court of Justice (ECJ) See specific case European Union energy services, proposals regarding, 294–296 freedom of transit in, 90–91 “gas as a good” in, 90–91, 121 gas market in, 46, 90–91, 238–239, 294–296 long-term gas contracts and, 48 third-party access in, 52, 128, 234, 238–239 Evolutionary treaty interpretation, 139–145 Faber case (1903), 113 Farran, d’Olivier C., 104 Fastenrath, Ulrich, 29 Fernandes, Manuel, 226–227 Framework Agreement on Energy (proposed), 262 Freedom of navigation, 194–195 Freedom of transit overview, 35–36, 62, 100–101, 117–118 Africa and, 93 Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 81–82 ASEAN and, 93 Barcelona Convention, 75–76, 103, 108, 115–116, 131–132, 210 in bilateral and regional trade agreements, 73–74, 90–95 capacity establishment rights generally, 3–4, 54–55, 230–233 defined, 129–133 in dubio mitius and, 145–146 evolutionary interpretation perspective, 139–145 freedoms, liberties, and privileges and, 130–131 relevant context of, 136–139, 177–179 “route most convenient” defined, 133–136 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d ex scholarly debate regarding, 124–129 Commonwealth of Independent States, 92–93 in cross-border gas projects, 95–100 dedication concept and, 110–111 easements and, 67, 108–109, 117 ECT (See Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)) enclaves and, 87, 112–113 energy security and, 42–44 essential characteristics of, 36–39 Eurasian Economic Union, 92–93 European Union and, 90–91 in fluvial (river) law, 68–71, 107, 111 GATS, role of (See General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)) GATT and (See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)) Havana Charter and, 80–82 on high seas, 66 historical context of, 65–68 imperfect right, 64, 103, 115, 116, 118, 132, 147, 300–301 innocent passage and, 71–72, 112, 232–233 International Trade Organization (ITO) and, 80–82 land-locked countries (See Landlocked countries, freedom of transit and) Latin America and, 95 Law of the Sea and (See Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC)) League of Nations and, 74–77 localized rights, 111 military action and, 65–66 NAFTA and, 93–94 natural law and, 66–67, 101–102 network dependence and, 44–46 “pipeline-to-pipeline competition,” 46 as principle of general international law overview, 63, 101, 114–117 doctrine rejecting status, 106–108 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 363 doctrine supporting status, 101–106 judicial opinions rejecting status, 113–114 judicial opinions supporting status, 108–113 legal instruments supporting status, 108–113 opinio juris and, 105–106, 115–117 state practice and, 105–106, 115–117 rights versus freedoms, liberties, and privileges, 130–131 servitudes and, 67, 104, 108–109, 117 South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP) System, 96–100 sovereignty and, 39–41, 300 state property, Grotian theory of, 66–67 straits and canals and, 71–73 sustainable development and, 42–44 territorial disputes and, 67 third-party access and, 51–54 (See also Third-party access rights) Treaty of Versailles, 74–75, 115–116 Treaty of Westphalia, 74 UN Charter and, 79–80 Friedrich, H.M., 125 García-Castrillón, Carmen O., 239 Gardiner, Richard, 23, 196 Gas defined, gas services, 122–123, 166 as a good, 120–122 international gas market, development, 5, 12, 34, 36, 44–51 network-dependence, 44–46 particular physical qualities of, GATS See General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) GATT See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Gazprom, 46, 58–60, 95–96, 164, 296 G8 Summit on Global Energy Security, 46 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 364 in d e x General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) generally, 3, 8–9, 79–80, 300–301 abus de droit and, 182, 199, 218–219, 224–226, 229 Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 137–139, 184–186 applicability to pipeline gas transit, 120–124 Barcelona Convention compared, 128, 133–135 capacity establishment rights, regulation under (See Capacity establishment rights) Dispute Settlement Understanding (See Dispute Settlement, WTO) economic cooperation principle and, 203–204, 205–206, 207, 209–210, 211–212, 303 ECT compared, 263–265, 267, 268–269, 271, 273–274 effective or integrated rights (See Effective or integrated rights) exceptions to relevant obligations, 179–182 freedom of transit, regulation under generally, 8–9, 36–37 in dubio mitius and, 145–146 evolutionary interpretation perspective, 139–145 “freedom of transit” defined, 129–133 freedoms, liberties, and privileges and, 130–131 GATS versus, 120–124 “necessity” of delays or restrictions, 138–139, 177–179 pactum de contrahendo, 8, 204, 207–208, 209, 212, 241, 302–303 as principle of general international law, 115, 131–132, 147, 188, 300–302 “reasonableness” of regulations, 138–139, 178–179 © in this web service Cambridge University Press relevant context of, 136–139, 177–179 “route most convenient” defined, 133–136 scholarly debate regarding, 124–129 text of selected provisions, 310–312 “traffic in transit” defined, 36–37, 136–137 institutional mechanisms for codification in, 261–262 ITO and, 80–81 Law of the Sea compared, 280, 284–285, 286 network-bound energy and, 82–83, 120–124 non-discrimination obligations overview, 147–148 “distinctions”, prohibition of, 148–149 meaning of non-discrimination standard, 149–153 MFN obligations, 157–158 pipeline gas transit and, 153–157 non-violation complaint overview, 158–159 benefit requirement, 161 measure requirement, 159–160 nullification or impairment of benefit requirement, 161–162 reasonable expectations, 162–165 preparatory work, 80–81, 131–132, 133–135, 151–152, 160, 237 third-party access, regulation of (See Third-party access rights) “trade in goods” and, 120–122 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) generally, 9, 10–11, 166 capacity establishment rights overview, 166, 176–177, 288–290 classification problems, 169–174 integrated service, 142–144, 195–196 pipeline gas transit and, 174–176, 288–290 technological neutrality, 142 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d ex Central Product Classification (CPC), 166 effects approach, 166–167 GATT versus, 120–124 applicability to pipeline gas transit, 120–124 positive list approach, 122–123, 167 progressive development of transit obligations, 10–11, 288–290 Reference Paper on Energy Services (proposed), 10–11, 262, 291–295 relevant obligations, 166–169 Schedule of Specific Commitments, Ukraine, 168–169, 290–291 Telecom Reference Paper (See Telecom Reference Paper) third-party access rights overview, 166, 176–177, 288–290 classification problems, 169–174 integrated service, 142–144, 195–196 pipeline gas transit and, 174–176, 288–290 technological neutrality, 142 General international law relevant to transit, principles of See also Customary international law overview, 15–16 codification of (See Codification of international law) conventions and, 17, 18–19, 24 defined, 15 freedom of transit as (See Freedom of transit) general principles of law recognized by civilized nations, 15, 19–20 principles versus rules, 15–16, 258–261 systemic integration with WTO rules (See Systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law) treaties and, 17, 18–19, 24 in treaty interpretation (See Systemic integration of WTO rules © in this web service Cambridge University Press 365 with principles of general international law) General principles of law recognized by civilized nations, 15, 19–20 Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 77 Gentili, Alberico, 65–66 Germany freedom of transit and, 113 Treaty of Versailles and, 75 Germany—Sardines case (GATT 1952), 162 Gómez-Palacio, Ignacio, 173 Good faith negotiation generally, 191–192, 212–216, 302–303 economic cooperation principle and, 208–209, 212–216 Law of the Sea and, 79, 283, 284, 287–288 League of Nations and, 213 pactum de contrahendo and, 208–209, 212–216 Grewlich, Klaus W., 126, 127 Grotius, Hugo, 65–67, 101–102 Guillaume, Gilbert, 114 Hague II Ministerial Conference, 88, 206 Hall, William E., 107 Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, 121 Havana Charter See International Trade Organization (ITO) Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty See Panama Canal Higgins, Rosalyn, 23, 25 Hohfeld, Wesley N., 130–131 Hudec, Robert E., 38–39 Hyde, Charles C., 106–107, 233 Hypothetical regarding transit restrictions, 2–5, 243–246 ICJ (International Court of Justice) See specific case ICJ Statute See International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 366 in d e x ILC See International Law Commission (ILC) Imperfect rights, 64 See also Freedom of transit In dubio mitius, 145–146 See also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Innocent passage, 71–72, 112, 232–233 Integrated service, 142–144, 195–196 See also General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) International Court of Justice (ICJ) See specific case International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute principles of general international law and, 15, 16–17 rules of international law, 24 International Law Commission (ILC) See also Codification of international law; Progressive development of international law generally, 9–10 Articles on State Responsibility, 236 Study Group on Fragmentation, 26 International Trade Organization (ITO) Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 187 ITO (Havana) Charter, 80–82, 187, 285 freedom of transit and, 80–82 network-bound energy and, 82–83 Investments, making of, 85, 230–233, 276 Iron Rhine Railway case (PCA 2012), 113–114, 221–222, 228 ITO See International Trade Organization (ITO) Jackson, John H., 40, 80–81 Japan—Film case (WTO 1998), 159, 163 Jenkins, David, 85–86 Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube case (PCIJ 1927), 195, 198–200 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Konoplyanik, Andrei A., 125, 126 Koo, Wellington, 112–113 Koskenniemi, Martti, 16, 40, 140 Kunoy, Bjørn, 207 Kurmanov, Baurzhan, 126, 128 Lake Lanoux Arbitration case (1957), 214–215 Lamy, Pascal, 44 Land-locked countries, freedom of transit and Central Asia and, 45, 328–330 ITO (Havana Charter) and, 285 land-locked countries defined, 45, 111 UN Resolutions, 111 Lauterpacht, Elihu, 102–103, 194, 216–217, 233 Lauterpacht, Hersch, 22–23, 113, 218 Law of the Sea See Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) League of Nations freedom of transit and, 74–77 good faith negotiation and, 213 network-bound energy and, 82 sovereignty and, 39–40 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons case (ICJ 1996), 30, 212–213 Lester, Simon N., 161 Liesen, Rainer, 107 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), LOSC See Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) Lowe, 283 Lubbers, Ruud, 84 Makil, A., 107 Marceau, 12, 21, 82 Mare Liberum (Grotius), 66 Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions case (ICJ 2001), 71–72, 112 Marrakesh Agreement, 5, 144, 310–312 McLachlan, Campbell, 22 McNair, Arnold D., 103, 110 Melgar, Beatriz H., 64, 105, 259 MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market), 95 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d e x Mexico in GATT, 83 NAFTA and, 93–94 Mexico—Telecoms case (WTO 2004), 171, 228–229 MFN obligations See Nondiscrimination obligations Ministerial Decision on Trade and Environment, 43 Mitchell, Andrew D., 15 Monopolies natural monopolies, 52–53 transit restrictions and, 6–7 Montenegro, obligations under GATS, 176 Most-favored nation (MFN) obligations See Nondiscrimination obligations Mowat, R.B., 106 Muchlinski, Peter, 173 Musselli, Irene, 170, 174 NAFTA See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), freedom of transit and Naftogas Ukrayini, 95–96, 288 Nandan, Satya N., 283–284 Nartova, Olga, 294 National treatment See Nondiscrimination obligations Natural law, freedom of transit and, 66–67, 101–102 Natural monopolies, 52–53 See also Monopolies Navigational and Related Rights case (ICJ 2009), 114, 195, 220–221 Neighborhood rights and duties, 204 Network-bound energy, freedom of transit and See Energy security; Freedom of transit; Pipeline gas transit New York Convention on Transit Trade of Land-Locked States, 77 Non-discrimination obligations Agreement on Trade Facilitation and, 152–153 Barcelona Convention and, 151–152 ECT and, 87, 268–274, 278–279 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 367 Enabling Clause, 156 GATS and, 156, 166–169 GATT overview, 147–148 “distinctions”, prohibition of, 148–149 meaning of non-discrimination standard, 149–153 MFN obligations, 157–158 pipeline gas transit and, 153–157 Law of the Sea, 79, 284, 285, 287–288 MFN obligations, 149–153, 157–158 national treatment and, 149–153, 166–169 TBT Agreement and, 156 Non-violation complaint See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Nord Stream Pipeline, 47 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), freedom of transit and, 93–94 North Atlantic Coast Fisheries case (PCA 1910), 193, 219–220 North Sea Continental Shelf case (ICJ 1969), 213–214 Nychay, Nadiya, 149, 271–272 Oil Platforms case (ICJ 2003), 23, 25, 197–200 Opinio juris See Customary international law Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 120–121 Oscar Chinn case (PCIJ 1934), 194–195, 198–200 Owada, Hishashi, 207–208, 216 Pacific Alliance, 95 Pacta sunt servanda, 40, 191–192 Pactum de contrahendo defined, 207, 212 GATT and, 8, 204, 207–208, 209, 212, 241, 302–303 good faith negotiation and, 208–209, 212–216 Law of the Sea and, 210 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 368 in d e x Pactum de contrahendo (cont.) obligation of result, 207–208, 212, 216 pactum de negotiando versus, 207–208, 212 Treaty of Versailles and, 210 Panama Canal, 38, 67, 72–73 Panizzon, Marion, 218 Pareto principle, 104–105 Pauwelyn, Joost, 23, 201, 250–251 Peace Pipeline, 61 Permanent Court of Arbitration See specific case Permanent Court of International Justice See specific case Peru—Agricultural Products case (WTO 2015), 25, 58–61 Pipeline gas transit See also Energy security; Freedom of transit cooperation-based approach under WTO law, 304–305 cross-border gas transit projects, 95–100 current state of the development, 46–48 economic growth and, 56, 299 foreign direct investment and, 46–48, 299 gas-exporting states, interests of, 56 gas-importing states, interests of, 42–44, 55–56 maps, 328–330 network dependence and, 44–46 pipelines (See Pipelines) political problems regarding, 56–61, 300 short-term challenges, 46–48 sustainable development, freedom of transit and, 42–44 transit states, interests of, 37, 56–58 Pipelines See also specific pipeline defined, investments required, 46–48 means of gas transportation, 46 “Pipeline-to-pipeline competition,” 46 Poretti, Pietro, 294 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Principles of general international law See General international law relevant to transit, principles of Progressive development of international law overview, 9–10, 298, 306–307 challenges in, 295–296 defined, 9–10 GATS, role in regulation of pipeline gas transit, 10–11, 177, 288–290 Schedule of Specific Commitments of Ukraine model, 290–291 Telecom Reference Paper model, 291–295 Pufendorf, Samuel, 101–102 Pulp Mills case (ICJ 2010), 191–192, 208–209, 215–216 The Quest (Yergin), 43–44 Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland case (PCIJ 1931), 213, 230–231 Rakhmanin, Vladimir, 125, 126 Reference Paper on Energy Services (proposed), 10–11, 262, 291–295 Regional trade agreements freedom of transit in, 90–95 WTO versus, 11–12 Reid, Helen D., 103 Rheinstein, Max, 104, 108 Ricardo, David, 5–6 Right of Passage over Indian Territory case (ICJ 1960), 108, 109, 112–113, 114, 226–227 Riley, Alan, 47 Rios-Herran, Roberto, 294 River Oder case (PCIJ 1929), 69–70, 111 Roessler, Frieder, 165, 239 Roggenkamp, Martha M., 128, 134, 267 Root, Elihu, 193 Rosenne, Shabtai, 283–284 Russia compulsory third-party access in, 234 ECT and, 13–14, 59, 84, 270, 296 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d e x energy services, proposals regarding, 296 in Eurasian Economic Union, 59, 185 gas contracts and, 95–96, 174–175, 288 GATT or GATS and, 123 in GATT/WTO, 83 good faith negotiation and, 214 third-party access and capacity establishment rights and, 58–60 Ukraine, gas dispute with, 42, 48, 50, 95–96, 296 WTO, accession to, 48, 164 Sands, Philippe, 31 Saudi Arabia in GATT/WTO, 83 oil concessions and exports, 175, 196–197 pipelines in, 42, 61 Schachter, Oscar, 19–20 Schwarzenberger, Georg, 107 SCP See South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP) System Sebastian, Thomas, 254 Selivanova, Yulia, 120, 125, 126, 135, 150, 155, 234, 270–271, 275 Servitudes, 67, 104, 108–109, 117, 192–194, 202–203 Shale gas, 45 Shaw, Malcolm N., 19 Shelton, Dinah, 101–102 Shemelin, Dmitry, 149, 271–272 Simma, Bruno, 23, 197, 198 Soft law, role in treaty interpretation, 29–30 See also Customary international law; specific Declaration or Resolution South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP) System, 79, 96–100, 128, 238 Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), 95 Southern Gas Corridor, 60–61 Sovereignty, freedom of transit and, 39–41, 300 State practice See Customary international law © in this web service Cambridge University Press 369 State property, Grotian theory of, 66–67 Stevens, Paul, 42 Straits, freedom of transit and, 71–73 Suez Canal, 38, 67, 72–73 Sustainable development, freedom of transit and, 42–44 Systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law overview, 8–9, 20–24 Appellate Body and, 20, 23 applicability of “rules”, 26–29 beyond treaty interpretation, 32–33 Dispute Settlement Understanding and, 20 fragmentation versus unity of international law and, 22–24 functional interpretation, 196 indeterminacy of treaty terms and, 21 as principle of customary international law, 20 relevance of rules, 25–26 relevant rules, 25–26 rules of international law, 24 soft law and, 29–30 systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law in, 20–24 “taken into account,” 30–32 treaties and, 26–29 treaty interpretation and, 20–24 VCLT and, 20–24 Talus, Kim, 52 Tapline Pipeline, 42 TBT Agreement See Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) Telecom Reference Paper capacity establishment rights and, 293–294 competition rules and, 53, 127, 291–292 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 370 in d e x Telecom Reference Paper (cont.) essential facilities doctrine and, 53, 127, 289–290, 291–292 interconnection requirements, 170, 172, 228–229 Mexico—Telecoms case, interpretation in (See Mexico—Telecoms case (WTO 2004)) progressive development of GATS commitment, model for, 10–11, 291–295, 298, 306–307 relevant definitions, 291–292 rights of way, 173 text of selected provisions, 312–314 third-party access and, 170, 292–294 Third-party access rights overview, 3–4, 51–54, 301 capacity establishment rights and, 146–147, 240–242, 304–305 compulsory third-party access, GATT and, 7, 126–127, 235, 237, 238–239, 305–306 defined, 51–54 Dispute Settlement Understanding, enforcement under, 235, 249 ECT and, 267–274 overview, 263–267, 278–280 compulsory access, 88, 238–239, 267–268, 278 essential facilities doctrine and, 53, 126, 127, 289–290, 291–292 gas-exporting states, interests of, 56 gas-importing states, interests of, 42–44, 55–56 GATS, regulation under overview, 166, 176–177, 288–290 classification problems, 169–174 integrated service, 142–144, 195–196 pipeline gas transit and, 174–176, 288–290 technological neutrality, 142 Telecom Reference Paper and, 292–294 GATT, regulation under generally, 8–9, 301–302 overview, 80–82, 146–147 © in this web service Cambridge University Press compulsory third-party access, 7, 126–127, 235, 237, 238–239, 305–306 evolutionary interpretation perspective, 139–145 existence of rights under, 120, 146–147, 153–157, 165, 188, 189, 301–302 freedom of transit and generally, 3–4, 51–54 defined, 129–133 in dubio mitius and, 145–146 freedoms, liberties, and privileges and, 130–131 relevant context of, 136–139, 177–179 “route most convenient” defined, 133–136 scholarly debate regarding, 124–129 non-discrimination obligations overview, 147–148 ECT and, 148–149, 268–274, 278–279 meaning of non-discrimination standard, 149–153 MFN obligations, 157–158 pipeline gas transit and, 153–157 non-violation complaint overview, 158–159 benefit requirement, 161 measure requirement, 159–160 nullification or impairment of benefit, 161–162 reasonable expectations, 162–165 GATT versus GATS, 120–124 Law of the Sea and, 284–287 negative nature of obligation, 130–131 private restrictions, effect of, real practical contexts, 58–61 technical connection and, 52 transit states, interests of, 37, 56–58 WTO regulation generally, 8–11, 119–120, 188 (See also specific agreements) Toulmin, G.E., 106 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information in d e x “Trade in goods and gas,” 120–122 See also Gas Transit restrictions See Capacity establishment rights; Dispute Settlement, WTO; Energy security; Freedom of transit; Hypothetical regarding transit restrictions; Monopolies; Pipeline gas transit; Third-party access rights Treaties, principles of general international law and, 18–19, 28–29 Treaty interpretation See Systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law Treaty of Limits between Costa Rica and Nicaragua (1858), 195, 220 Treaty of Paris (1856), 195 Treaty of Separation between Belgium and the Netherlands (1839), 221–222 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 69–70, 74–75, 79, 100–101, 109, 110, 115–116, 210, 230–231, 304 Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 39, 74, 110 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 212 Turkey South Caucasus Pipeline System, Inter-Governmental Agreements, 96–100 Southern Gas Corridor and, 60–61 Turkmenistan ECT and, 264 third-party access and capacity establishment rights and, 58–60 Ukraine Energy Community Treaty and, 91 gas contracts and, 59, 95–96, 288 GATS, obligations under, 167–169, 170, 172, 176, 290–291 Russia, gas dispute with, 42, 50, 95–96, 296 WTO, accession to, 48, 164 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 371 UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I and III), 77 UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 106 United Nations Charter codification of principles of general international law and, 9–10 customary international law and, 18 economic cooperation principle and, 204–205 freedom of transit and, 79–80 international community and, progressive development of international law, 9–10 sovereignty and, 41 systemic integration and, 32, 257 United States Cuba, trade embargo against, 153 energy services, proposals regarding, 291, 294–296 fluvial (river) law and, 69 NAFTA and, 93–94 Uprety, Kishor, 35 US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties case (WTO 2011), 31 US—Gasoline case (WTO 1996), 122 US—Shirts and Blouses case (WTO 1997), 24 US—Shrimp cases (WTO 1998, 2001), 27–28, 140–141, 144, 209, 211, 214, 217, 224, 228 Valles, 136, 138 Van den Bossche, Peter, 181 Vasciannie, Stephen C., 107, 286 VCLT See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) Venezuela freedom of transit and, 113 in GATT, 83 pipeline gas transit in, 95 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) See also Systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law in dubio mitius and, 145, 146 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Index More Information 372 i nd e x Vienna Convention on Law (cont.) ECT and, 265, 272 effective or integrated rights and, 201 principles of general international law and, 18, 20, 40, 191–192 text of selected provisions, 308 treaty interpretation and, 20–24, 119, 121, 132, 265, 272 Vienna Declaration, 89–90, 111, 115, 206 See also Almaty Conference Vienna Program of Action, 89–90 See also Almaty Conference Vignes, Daniel, 281, 286 Villiger, Mark E., 10 Vinogradov, Sergei, 56 Voisenage principle, 204 Wälde, Thomas W., 21, 276 Weeramantry, Romesh J., 272 Westlake, John, 103, 193–194 World Bank, 232 World Trade Organization (WTO) See also Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement); Agreement on Trade Facilitation; Capacity establishment rights; Codification of international © in this web service Cambridge University Press law; Dispute Settlement, WTO; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS); International Trade Organization (ITO); Progressive development of international law; Telecom Reference Paper; Third-party access rights; specific case bilateral or regional trade agreements versus, 11–12 ECT compared, 263–265 non-Members, 14 pipeline gas transit, role in, 5–7, 48–51, 243, 301, 305–306, 307 systemic integration with principles of general international law (See Systemic integration of WTO rules with principles of general international law) Yergin, Daniel, 1, 43–44, 46 Zarrilli, Simonetta, 170, 174 Zdouc, Werner, 181 Zedalis, Rex J., 237 www.ebook3000.com www.cambridge.org ... Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information FREEDOM OF TRANSIT AND ACCESS TO GAS PIPELINE NETWORKS UNDER WTO LAW VITALIY... 978-1-107-16364-5 — Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information x contents IV: Pipeline Gas Transit under WTO Law: Assessment of Third-Party... Freedom of Transit and Access to Gas Pipeline Networks under WTO Law Vitaliy Pogoretskyy Frontmatter More Information To my wife and best friend, Charlene, my parents and my grandfather, Victor