PROFITS AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFITS AND SUSTAINABILITY A History of Green Entrepreneurship GEOFFREY JONES OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 22/2/2017, SPi Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Geoffrey Jones The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press Madison Avenue, New York, NY , United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN –––– Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work Preface This book is a global history of entrepreneurs who imagined that business could make the world more environmentally sustainable rather than less It is unconventional in every sense For a start, most people consider that such green businesses are a recent phenomenon, yet this book goes back to the nineteenth century It is focused on individuals rather than large firms Many of those people were unusual More attention is given to the philosophical and religious beliefs that drove them than to the workings of their businesses While most people associate green business with high-tech start-ups, this book looks instead at a set of people who worked in architecture, finance, organic food, natural beauty, tourism, waste management, and wind and solar energy Many of their businesses were small, unprofitable, and transient Most of their names are long forgotten, as are their contributions to sustainability The book contains much original research, including from many interviews, but it is not the kind of business history based on deep research in corporate archives In most cases, archives did not exist, and more unconventional sources needed to be used The novelty of the book lies in its scope and point of view, and the reinterpretation of people and events explored in other literatures, but not as examples of entrepreneurship It shows how individuals judged by their contemporaries as absurd or even crazy can, with enormous difficulty, help to change the world In researching this book, I have relied on the dedication of research associates Oona Ceder and Loubna Bouamane did foundational research and conducted interviews in several languages Their willingness to devote time and energy to this project, above and beyond the call of duty, was crucial Andrew Spadafora, an outstanding historian of intellectual thought and accomplished linguist, traveled far and wide, from Costa Rica to Denmark, conducting research and making interviews, as well as critiquing in detail every draft of the text v PREFACE The assistance of the Global Research Centers of the Harvard Business School was also crucial In Istanbul, the Executive Director Esel Cekin arranged with enormous efficiency a set of interviews in Turkey I am also grateful to Cigdem Celik and Zeynep Maggonul for their help with these interviews In São Paulo, I am very grateful for the assistance and hospitality of Ricardo Reisen de Pinho In Tokyo, the Executive Director Nobuo Sato was unfailingly helpful I benefited enormously from working with Mayuka Yamazaki, the Assistant Director, in the Tokyo office She introduced me over the years to dozens of green entrepreneurs throughout Japan, and accompanied me to interview them Our research visits in Nagasaki, Sapporo, and Tokyo were transformational My understanding of both green business and Japan were fundamentally shaped by our research and discussions The research for writing this book rested on dozens of interviews with entrepreneurs and managers based in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the United States A full list is given at the end of the book The willingness of so many practitioners to give their time and share their insights was crucial Many others, including academics, students, and librarians have contributed to the book I should especially like to thank Seema Amble, Hartmut Berghoff, Carlos Davila, Patrick Fridenson, Ben Gettinger, Per Hansen, Matt Hopkins, Bart van Hoof, Thilo Jungkind, Masato Kimura, Zhengyang Koh, Bill Lazonick, Laura Linard, Christina Lubinski, Chris Marquis, Ellen M lgaard, Simon Mowatt, Manuel Rodriguez-Becerra, Keetie Sluyterman, Erik Stam, and Kazuhiro Tanaka I very much appreciated feedback from participants in seminars in Auckland, Geneva, Ottawa, Tokyo, Umeå, Utrecht, and Washington, DC Special thanks are due to the Auckland University of Technology in Auckland, New Zealand and the Universidad de Los Andes, in Bogotá, Colombia for hosting my visits I would like to give a special note of thanks to Ann-Kristin Bergquist, a pioneering historian of green business, and David Merrett, a formidable economic and business historian who has patiently critiqued early versions of my last five books In they both read an early draft of this manuscript, and made extensive and lengthy suggestions how to restructure it, along with providing detailed chapter by chapter comments They bear no responsibility for this final version, which neither has seen, but their intervention rescued the whole project This manuscript has been rigorously and insightfully edited by Jeff Strabone, who has a remarkable ability to liberate text from obscurity I am vi PREFACE grateful for the patience and guidance of my editors at Oxford University Press, Clare Kennedy and David Musson The research for this book was generously funded by the Division of Research and Faculty Development at the Harvard Business School, to whom I am extremely grateful Finally, I owe a lot of thanks for their patience to Dylan Jones and Rattana Promrak Geoffrey Jones Harvard Business School vii Contents List of Figures and Table xi Introduction: The Business of Sustainability Part Green Intentions Pioneering in Food and Energy Poisoned Earth: Green Businesses, s–s Earthrise and the Rise of Green Business Accidental Sustainability: Waste and Tourism as Green Businesses Part Green Business Making Money by Saving the World Building Green Institutions Can Finance Change the World? The Green Team: Government and Business Corporate Environmentalism and the Boundaries of Sustainability Conclusion Bibliography Index ix INDEX Lim, Jimmy –, Limits to Growth, The Lindblad, Lars-Eric –, , , , Lindblad, Sven-Olaf , Lindblad Expeditions Lindblad Travel – Lindmeyer, Joseph , , , , Lindsey, Gail –, Lissone-Lindeman Lister, Jane Live Clean Living Soil, The (Balfour) London Convention on Dumping at Sea London, England , , , , , , , , L’Oréal , , , , Lovins, Amory –, , , Lowman, Bob Lush Lust, Benedict , –, , , , LUZ International – Lydenberg, Steven Lykkegaard Maadi, Egypt – Macao McCarrison, Robert , McCloskey, Pete McDonald’s , , , , McDonough, William Macfadden, Bernarr , , McHarg, Ian –, , , , , influence , McKay, Sam Mackey, John , –, , , , , McKinsey management consultancy , , , McMaster, Harold McNeill, John macrobiotic movement –, , , , “mad cow disease” Mailman, Josh , mail order , Malaysia , , Mander, Jerry Mann, Alfred , Mann, Carl , Man’s Impact on Climate conference () Marine Stewardship Council market creation – Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massie, Bob , Matsushita Max Factor Maxman, Susan , Mazria, Edward medicine , , – mega cities Mehta, Hitesh Melvita Merck family Mercury Provident Merkur Andelskasse (Merkur Cooperative Bank) , Merkur Bank , Merlin Ecology Fund Merlin Fund Management Merrill Lynch INDEX metallurgy methane emissions from cattle limited understanding of impact natural gas waste industry , , , Methodist Church , , Mexican Forestry Society Mexico , , , , Micon microfinance , Migros , Miranda, Sergio Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsumoto, Mamoru Mobil , , Molt, Emil Mondelez , Monitor, The Montreal Protocol , Moran, Thomas Mo’s Herb Tea Motorola Mouchot, Augustin , , muesli , , Muir, John Müller, Christoffer Müller, George Müller, Hans –, , , , Müllverwertung AG multi-divisional organizational structure multinational firms Munich Re Nader, Ralph , Naked Juice , NASA , , National Audubon Society , National Fabricated Products National Solid Waste Management Association (US) , NaTrue standard – Natura –, , Natural Capital Institute Natural Capitalism (Hawken et al.) natural gas Natural Grocers Natural Products Association (NPA) , Nature Conservancy, The , , – Nature et Progrès (N & P) , , , , , , Nature’s Heart Nature’s Path nature tourism see tourism industry naturist movements Naturopathic Society of America naturopathy , , , , NEG Micon Nelson, Gaylord Nepal Nestlé , , – Netherlands , , , –, Nettleton, A B , Newmark, Tammy –, , New Resource Bank New York City , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , New York City pension fund , New York Sanitary Utilization Company New York Zoological Society New Zealand , –, , Nike INDEX Nikko Eco Fund – Nikko Securities Group Nordtank , Northeast Organic Farming Association Northern Pacific Railroad – Norway , , Novo Group NPI NSF International , nuclear energy –, , , , , , , accidents Chernobyl , Fukushima , Three Mile Island government , , , , , , national comparison opposition , , , , , , promise of –, , second wave of environmentalism , nuclear testing , nudism , Obama, Barack O Boticário Odwalla , Ohl, Russell Ohsawa, George Ohsawa, Lima oil Alaska electricity generation prices , , , first oil crisis () –, , , , , , , renewable energy second oil crisis (–) , , waste industry , refining solar energy –, – spills , , , – supplies , wells Oisix , Økær Vind Energi , Olgyay, Aldar Olgyay, Victor Olivetti Olympia & York Only One Earth (Ward and Dubos) , Ono, Yoko Ontario Hydro Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Fuller) organic agriculture see organic food and agriculture Organic Consumers Association , , – Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) Organic Farming and Gardening organic food and agriculture , , –, –, –, , –, , –, , anthroposophy , baby foods , –, branding – Carson’s Silent Spring , certification schemes –, – financial system , government , , –, –, , INDEX green consumers greening of corporations –, market creation , , , motivations , scaling yogurts , , , Organic Food Producers Association Organic Food Society Organic Food Symposium () Organic Gardening Organic Gardening and Farming , – Organic Trade Association (OTA) Organization for Renewable Energy (OVE) , , Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) O’Shea, Allen Our Home Granula Company Our Poisoned Earth and Sky (Rodale) , , , , Outotec ozone layer , , , Paepcke, Walter , Pan American World Airways paper and pulp industry parks, natural , , , –, , , –, , , , , passive solar energy , , , Passive Solar Energy Book, The Passivhaus Trust Passos, Pedro Patagonia , , , patent medicines , paternalism Pax World Fund , peaceful cities concept Pearl Street Market Peccei, Aurelio Pedley, David Pehrson, Lars Pepsico , Perkins + Will pesticides anthroposophy beauty industry Carson’s Silent Spring , , , coffee industry DDT , golf courses government policy levies organic food and agriculture , –, –, , – standards and certification schemes , Petersen, Kai –, , Petersen, Mogens Amdi Petrini, Carlo Petro-Canada petroleum , , , , , , , Pfeiffer, Ehrenfried –, , , Pfister, Christian Philips , Phillips Petroleum photographic safaris , , photovoltaic cells see solar energy Physical Culture Poland pollution , , , , air , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , body and financial system , INDEX pollution (cont.) government policy , , greening of corporations , Kyoto Protocol protests and activism , , , , , soil , and solar energy , technological control and tourism , , , UN Stockholm conference () , waste industry , , , , , , incineration of waste landfills water , , , , , , , , , , , Polman, Paul , population growth , Porter, Michael poverty – Poverty of Power, The (Commoner) private equity investing see venture capital productivity increases – public health , , Public Technology, Inc Putnam, Palmer , , Q-Cells , Quakers , Quevedo, Miguel Angel de Quimby, Roxanne QVC Rainforest Action Network Rainforest Alliance , Rama, Swami Rape of the Earth, The (Jacks and Whyte) Rapunzel , –, RCA Reagan, Ronald , , , Rechelbacher, Horst –, , –, , , , recycling , –, –, , government policy , , –, –, market creation motivations national comparison symbol , reforestation Reform Houses , , , , organic food , , , , , refrigeration Rehn, Götz , , , , Reich, Charles , Reich Nature Protection Law reinsurance industry , , religion and green entrepreneurship –, , , , , , –, , , –, , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , Remondis REPA Registret AB Republic Services , restaurants , , , , , , Rethmann Rethmann, Norbert – Retzloff, Mark Reynolds, Michael – Richardson, Diane INDEX Riisager, Christian – Ringger, Reto –, Road to Survival (Vogt) , Robeco Roberts, Bary Rocher, Yves , Rockefeller, J D Rockefeller family Rockefeller Foundation – Rocky Mountain Institute Rodale, Bob Rodale, Jerome I –, , audience beauty industry , , on Carson’s Silent Spring importance , , , , , , Our Poisoned Earth and Sky , , , , standards and certification scheme –, Rodale, Joe , Rodale, Robert Rodale Diet Rodale Institute Rodale Manufacturing Rodale Press , , Roddick, Anita –, , , , , Balz on – The Green Consumer Guide (Elkington and Hailes) importance , , , market creation Rogers, Richard Rohe, Fred Romanticism –, , Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Royal Dutch Shell see Shell Royal Institute of British Architects Rural Electrification Association (REA) Rusch, Hans Peter –, Russia RWE , Ryel, Richard Rysavy, Jirka – Sabancı business group safaris –, , , safety issues, beauty products Safeway Sainsbury Sams, Craig , , , –, , Sanoflore , , Sanyo Sarasin, Paul , satellites , , , Sawhill, John scavengers , , , Schmidheiny, Stephan , , , Schmiedel, Oskar , , Schumacher, Ernest F –, , , , , , Schurig, Arthur , Scientific American , Seabra, Antônio Luiz , – Seed Sekem , –, , , Selengut, Stanley –, , Selous, Frederick , , , Seventh-Day Adventists sex tourism Shahryar, Ishaq –, Shanghai Jahwa INDEX shareholder capitalism , Sharp , , , Sheil, David St Maur Shell , , , , , Shiloh Farms Shiseido Shi Zhengrong – Shuman, Frank –, , , Siegel, Mo , , , Siemens , , , Siemens Solar Industries Sierra Club , , , , Sigmund, Elisabeth Silby, D Wayne – Silent Spring (Carson) , –, , , , Silk Simon, Irwin Singer, Christine Eibs , , , sin stocks , Siri, William Six-Day War Skanska skiing – skyscrapers Sleep and Rheumatism (Rodale) Slow Food Movement Small is Beautiful (Schumacher) –, , Smith, Gus Smith & Hawken – SMP Architects soap social banks –, Social Investment Forum (SIF) socially responsible investing (SRI) , –, CERES , –, , , , greenwashing Social Venture Network , Society of Wind Electricians SOHO China , soil enrichment from recycled waste , erosion – pollution , fertility testing quality, and organic food Soil Association , , , , , Soil Association of South Africa solar energy –, –, –, –, , , adverse environmental impacts architecture , , falling cost of PV cells financial system government policy , –, – China – Europe – US –, , –, greening of corporations market creation –, , motivations national comparison passive , , , scaling Solar Energy Research Institute Solarex –, , Solar Millennium Solar Motor Company Solar Power Corporation , , Solar Technology International (STI) INDEX Solar Water Heater Company SolarWorld Solec International – Soleri, Paolo , , Solidus Partners Solon –, Solsain Sound Environmental Resources South Africa , , Southern California Edison Company , South Korea , Soviet Union , , space race , US space program , , , , Spaceship Earth (Ward) , Spain , , , , – Spam spas , Spectrolab , , Spencer, Herbert Sri Lanka stakeholder model of capitalism – Standard Oil standards and certification schemes –, –, , architecture and construction – beauty industry , – ecological architecture , eco-tourism – government support greening of corporations , market creation motivations organic products , , , , , – renewable energy , Stanhope Properties Starbucks , , , –, Stegemann, Ernst , Stein, Howard , , Steiner, Rudolf –, , – architecture , beauty industry financial system , , , , influence –, , , , on Abouleish on Chadwick on Harrtung organic food and agriculture –, , , , , community-supported agriculture Stiesdal, Henrik Stoermer, Eugene F Stonyfield Farm , , , , , Strong, Maurice , , , sulphur dioxide emissions Sümerli, Ayhan Sumitomo Sun Power Company (Eastern Hemisphere) Suntech – Super Brugsen Survival of Spaceship Earth SustainAbility Sustainable Asset Management (SAM) –, sustainable banking , – Sustainable Building Technical Manual Sweden biodynamic agriculture DDT ban Ecocycle Law () INDEX Sweden (cont.) electricity generation , greening of corporations –, national parks nuclear energy – organic food and agriculture , –, social banks UN Stockholm conference () waste industry , , wind energy , , , Swedish Biodynamic Association Swiss Farmers’ Movement for a Native Rural Culture Swiss Re , Switzerland biodynamic agriculture community-supported agriculture financial system , – Green Party organic food and agriculture –, , , , tourism , , water protection law symbolic corporate environmentalism synthetic detergents industry Tacke Taiwan , Takashima, Kohei , Takeei Corporation Taliesin Taylor, David – tea Technicolor Tegut , Tellus Institute Tennant, Tessa –, , , Tepper Marlin, Alice Terrafertil Texas Instruments Textron , Thailand Thatcher, Margaret Theosophy This Time It Is Different (Klein) Thomas, Charlie Thomas, Percy H Thomas Cook & Son Thoreau, Henry David Threefold Farm, New York , Threefold Group threefolding , , Three Mile Island nuclear meltdown Time to Choose, A Timotei Tokyo Electric Power Company Tokyo Green Building Programme Tom’s of Maine –, Töpfer, Klaus , tourism industry , –, – eco-tourism , –, , , standards and certification schemes –, , nature tourism –, –, , Toyota , “Tragedy of the Commons” (Hardin) – traitor brands – Transcendentalism Travel and Leisure Magazine Trienekens INDEX Trillium Asset Management , Trina Triodos Bank , , –, , Global Reporting Initiative venture capital Triodos Green Fund Triodos Meerwaarde Fonds triple bottom line , , , , True North Partners, LLC Trump, Donald Tsukushi, Mizue , , , Tuin, Jan Vander Turhan, Can Turkey , , , –, , Turner, Frank Newman Turrent, David Tvind Tyco , , Tyrrell, Julie Tyson, Luther UK Green Investment Bank – underground architecture , Underground Designs (Wells) Unilever , , , , , , , Union Bank of Switzerland Union Carbide – United Fruit Company United Kingdom see Great Britain United Nations (UN) Brundtland Commission , , climate change , greening of corporations Habitat conference Habitat conference Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Year of Ecotourism Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Stockholm conference () –, , –, – World Tourism Organization , , United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) eco-tourism Engaging Stakeholders Programme establishment of – financial system , Financial Initiative Global Reporting Initiative pension fund United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations Foundation United States of America activist hubs Agency for International Development (USAID) , , Air Pollution Control Act () Air Quality Act () architecture , –, – ecological –, beauty industry –, –, , , , , carbon dioxide emissions civil rights movement Clean Air Act () , Clean Water Act () coal , , Coast Guard Commerce Department INDEX United States of America (cont.) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (, “Superfund” law) –, conservation movement , , , construction industry –, consumer safety and environmental regulations DDT ban Democratic Party Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP) National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) , standards and certification schemes –, , , Department of Energy economic restructuring, arguments for electricity generation –, , , , energy policies – Energy Policy and Conservation Act () Energy Tax Act () environmental agencies, establishment of environmental movement , Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , –, best practices guidelines Clinton administration ecological architecture Energy Star program “Superfund” law environmental regulations Federal Trade Commission Federal Water Pollution Control Act () fertilizer use financial system , CERES –, Global Reporting Initiative integrated reporting social banks , socially responsible investing –, , , Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act () Food and Drug Act () Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) , food industry –, Forest Service General Services Administration genetically modified organisms Green Building Council (USGBC) , – greening of corporations –, –, , Green Party health food industry – health reform movement , , hydro-electricity – Kyoto Protocol , macrobiotic movement –, mega cities National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards National Environmental Policy Act () national parks , –, , , INDEX National Park Service nuclear energy , –, Office of Solid Waste organic food and agriculture –, –, , –, , , brands –, from farm to market , –, –, standards and certification schemes –, – Organic Foods Production Act () population growth Public Utilities Holding Company Act () Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (, PURPA) –, , Reagan administration Republican Party –, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act () Romantic nationalism scientific community Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) skyscrapers smoke pollution , Social Security solar energy (see also California) , –, , –, financial system government policy –, –, , –, , , , innovation Solar Energy Research Institute Solid Waste Disposal Act () space program , , , , tourism industry –, , , , urbanization venture capital waste industry –, –, food waste government , –, , , landfills water pollution wind energy (see also California) –, , , –, , –, , , government policy , –, –, , United Technologies Corporation , Universal Exposition (Paris, ) University of California at Berkeley , , –, University of California at Santa Cruz , Urantia Book , urbanization building –, food see also cities US Soil Association US Virgin Islands –, US Windpower , , , Van der Ryn, Sim –, , , , , , Van En, Robyn Vanishing Lands (Jacks and Whyte) Varadi, Peter –, , , , Vattenfall vegetarianism , , , , , organic food , INDEX venture capital –, , –, Veolia Verband des privaten Städtereinigungsgewerbes (VPS, Association of Private City Sanitation Trades) Vermeulen, Jennifer vernacular architecture Vestas , , –, , , , VEW Vidal, William , Vie Claire, La Vietnam Vietnam War Virginia Eastern Shore Sustainable Development Corporation , “visionary champions” Vogel, David Vogt, William , , Volans Ventures Ltd Volkswagen Volvo , – von der Linde, Carl –, , VPS Wacker WALA laboratory (Germany) Waldorf-Astoria Cigarette Company Waldorf schools , , , , – Walker, Jim Walking the Talk (Watts and Schmidheiny) Walley, Liz – Wall Street Crash Walmart , , Walnut Acres , , , Walton family Wang Wenqi Warburg Ward, Barbara , , , Only One Earth (with Dubos) , Ward Hunt Ice Shelf Waring, Colonel George , Waring, Pam waste industry , –, –, government , , , –, , , –, –, – market creation McDonald’s motivations , Waste Management Inc –, , , , , water pollution see pollution: water Waters, Alice , water shortages , , , Watkins, Tony Watts, Philipp Weber, Olaf Weekes, Tony Wegman, Ita , , , , , Weleda , , , , , standards and certification schemes , welfare state Wells, Malcolm –, , , Werner, Götz Western, David , Westerveld, Jay West Germany –, , – Westinghouse Wheelabrator White, Allen , WhiteWave , Whole Earth INDEX Wholefood Whole Food Mark Whole Foods Market , –, –, , , , – brands socially responsible investing standards and certification schemes , suppliers Wholefood Society Whyte, Robert Wicks, Judy , Wildland Adventures Wild Oats , , Wilhelm, Joseph , , , Wille, Chris Wilson, Donald wind energy –, –, –, –, , , , adverse environmental impacts BP government policy , –, – China – Europe – US –, –, greening of corporations market creation –, – motivations , national comparison scaling social banks , Van der Ryn Winergy , Wobben, Aloys –, , Wolfe, Russell , , women’s groups Wordsworth, William World Bank WorldBuild Technologies World Business Council for Sustainable Development , World Energy Congress World Green Building Council World’s Fair : : World Tourism Organization , , World Travel and Tourism Council , World War I Bartsch beauty business German antismoke campaign plane parts Reform Houses solar power Steiner , waste industry Wegman wind power World War II , beauty business innovation organic food and agriculture , solar energy Steiner waste industry Weleda wind energy Worldwatch – World Wildlife Fund (WWF) , , , , Wright, Frank Lloyd , , , Wu Gang INDEX Wuseltronik Wüstenhagen, Rolf –, Xinjiang Goldwind – Yeang, Ken Yerkes, Bill –, , – Yibo, Yen Yingli Green Energy yoga , Yogananda, Paramahansa yogurts, organic , , , Yoshikawa, Hirokazu – Yue, Zhang “Zeronauts” Zond Systems , , ... mineral mining.5 Meanwhile, the inhabitants of large cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, including Casablanca and Johannesburg in Africa, Beijing and Shanghai in China, New Delhi and Karachi... duty, was crucial Andrew Spadafora, an outstanding historian of intellectual thought and accomplished linguist, traveled far and wide, from Costa Rica to Denmark, conducting research and making... South Asia, and Rio de Janeiro and Santiago in Latin America, live under a haze of smog and pollution, for some or all of each year Some scientists believe that a sixth mass extinction of life