PALGRAVE STUDIES IN ASIA-PACIFIC POLITICAL ECONOMY China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise Edited by Jean-Marc F Blanchard Palgrave Studies in Asia-Pacific Political Economy Series Editor Jean-Marc F. Blanchard School of Advanced International and Area Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Mr & Mrs S.H Wong Center for the Study of Multinational Corporations, Los Gatos, California, USA Aim of the series The series aims to publish works, which will be meaningful to academics, businesspeople, and policymakers and broaden or deepen their knowledge about contemporary events or significant trends, or enable them to think in new ways about the interaction of politics and economics in the APR. Possible candidates for the series include topics relating to foreign direct investment, bilateral investment treaties, multinational corporations, regional economic institutions, technology policy, economic globalization, corporate social responsibility, economic development strategies, and labor movements More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15638 Jean-Marc F Blanchard Editor China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise Editor Jean-Marc F Blanchard School of Advanced International and Area Studies East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Mr & Mrs S.H Wong Center for the Study of Multinational Corporations, Los Gatos California, USA Palgrave Studies in Asia-Pacific Political Economy ISBN 978-981-10-5238-5 ISBN 978-981-10-5239-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5239-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952342 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © hakule / Getty Images Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore This book is dedicated to my mother for her unending support for my education and learning through all the years Preface and Acknowledgements In November 2015, the Mr & Mrs S.H. Wong Center for the Study of Multinational Corporations (Wong MNC Center), a US-based think tank focusing on the political economy of multinational corporations in/from East Asia, and East China Normal University (ECNU)’s School of Advanced International and Area Studies (SAIAS) orchestrated a very successful international academic conference in Shanghai entitled “The Political Economy of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia” which gathered academics, consultants, and researchers from Australia, China, India, and the United States of America to present their latest research findings about and discuss topics such as the goals, implementation, and implications of the MSRI. Seeking to go beyond past treatments of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI), which have often been subsumed within overly general discussions of China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative, workshop participants focused only on the MSRI, examined specific country pairs like China’s MSRI and Pakistan, China’s MSRI and India, and China’s MSRI and Sri Lanka, and undertook deeper political economic analysis than most other analysts The results of that conference are embodied in this book, which represents one of the most in-depth contemporary treatments of the MSRI There are many who merit acknowledgement for their contribution to the aforementioned conference as well as this book At the institutional level, I would like to thank ECNU and, above all, ECNU SAIAS where I currently serve as Distinguished Professor, for their financial and administrative support for the November 2015 event and this multi-year project on China’s MSRI. Beyond this, I would like to thank the Wong MNC vii viii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Center for its vital managerial, financial, and administrative support for this project, a topic which the Wong MNC Center Board of Directors immediately recognized has great importance to multinational corporations in and from East Asia and is pervaded by political economic dynamics In terms of individuals, Professor Liu Jun, ECNU SAIAS Dean, was a vital backer of the aforementioned conference and from the get-go expressed ECNU SAIAS’s willingness to host it and contribute resources I also would like to thank my colleagues Professor Zang Shumei and Ms Chen Jing who ably dealt with a slew of conference matters All the participants in the November 2015 event, many of whom are contributors to this book, deserve appreciation for their intellectual contribution and enthusiastic participation I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Yang Jiemian, former President of the Shanghai Institute of International Studies, Ambassador Liu Youfa, former Consul General of the People’s Republic of China in Mumbai, Professor Feng Shaolei, former Dean of the ECNU SAIAS, Professor Zhang Cuiping, Deputy Director, Research Institute for Indian Ocean Economies, Professor Shi Yinhong, and Professor Zheng Yu for taking time out of their busy schedules to participate in the November conference Special thanks are due to Professor Yang and Ambassador Liu for giving very informative keynote speeches Professors Colin Flint and Gregory Moore also deserve special acknowledgement for their yeoman’s discussant work providing content on numerous papers delivered in Shanghai Professor Flint also warrants special mention for his guidance on and involvement, as advisor, editor, and contributor, in a special section of Geopolitics (entitled “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative”) in which a few of the conference papers appeared I look forward to opportunities to work with Colin in the future Finally, Dr Bas Hooijmaaijers, my new colleague at ECNU SAIAS and the new Assistant Director of the Wong MNC Center, merits kudos for his excellent work in assisting with the production process for this book I look forward to many years of collaboration in the future Ms Chen Yifan’s efforts in support of the production of the book are also much appreciated Contents 1 China’s Twenty-First Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia: Political and Economic Contours, Challenges, and Conundrums 1 Jean-Marc F Blanchard China’s Rise and the Eurasian Transportation Revolution 33 John W Garver 3 The MSRI and the Evolving Naval Balance in the Indian Ocean 55 David Brewster 4 China’s Strategy Towards South Asia in the Context of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative 81 Xinmin Sui 5 The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor and the China–India–Pakistan Triangle 105 Jabin T Jacob ix x Contents 6 Sri Lanka, the Maritime Silk Road, and Sino-Indian Relations 137 David J Karl 7 The Maritime Silk Road and China–Maldives Relations 173 Srikanth Kondapalli 8 The MSRI, China, and India: Economic Perspectives and Political Impressions 203 Amitendu Palit Index 229 226 A PALIT References Association of Southeast Asian Nations, “Agreement on Trade in Goods under the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between The Association Of South East Asian Nations and the Republic of India,” Rule 8, “Direct Consignment,” http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/ archive/22677.pdf Basu Ray Chaudhary, Anasua, Pratnashree Basu, and Mihir Bhonsale Driving across the South Asian Borders: The Motor Vehicle Agreement between Bhutan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal Delhi: Observer Research Foundation, 2015 Blanchard, Jean-Marc F “Probing China’s Twenty-First-Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI): An Examination of MSRI Narratives.” Geopolitics 22, no (2017): 246–68 Brunner, Hans-Peter “What Is Economic Corridor Development and What Can It Achieve in Asia’s Subregions?” In ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2013 http://www adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/100110/reiwp-117-economiccorridor-development.pdf “China-India fast-track BCIM Corridor Project.” The Hindu, June 26, 2015 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-india-fasttrack-bcimeconomic-corridor-project/article7355496.ece “China has a lot to offer to Indian Railways: Suresh Prabhu, Railway Minister.” Indian Express, May 17, 2015 http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ china-has-a-lot-to-offer-to-indian-railways-suresh-prabhu-railway-minister “China should detail Maritime Silk Road projects to get India’s support: Chinese think tank.” The Economic Times, July 17, 2015 http://economictimes indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-should-detail-maritime-silk-roadprojects-to-get-indias-support-chinese-think-tank/articleshow/48110690.cms “Chinese Smartphone makers fall in love with PM Modi’s ‘Make in India.’” Sify News, October 12, 2015 http://www.sify.com/news/chinese-smartphonemakers-fall-in-love-with-pm-modis-make-in-india news-business-pkmqnMiigdehd.html “Colombo breaks through as South Asia’s next big trans-shipment port.” Joc.com, October 20, 2015 http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/portcolombo/colombo-breaks-through-south-asia’s-next-big-transshipmentport_20151020.html De, Prabir “ASEAN-India Connectivity: An Indian Perspective.” In ASEANIndia Connectivity: The Comprehensive Asia Development Plan, Phase II, ERIA Research Project Report 2010-7, edited by Fukunari Kimura and So Umezaki, 95–150 Jakarta: ERIA, 2011 http://www.eria.org/CHAPTER%20 3%20%20ASEAN%20-%20India%20Connectivity%20An%20Indian%20 Perspective.pdf THE MSRI, CHINA, AND INDIA: ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLITICAL 227 “Full Text of BBIN Agreement on Motor Vehicles.” Nepal Foreign Affairs http:// nepalforeignaffairs.com/bbin-agreement-on-motor-vehicles-agreement/ “Government relaxes cabotage law for special vessels like Ro-Ro.” The Times of India, September 15, 2015 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-relaxescabotage-law-for-special-vessels-like-Ro-Ro/articleshow/48964834.cms Herrero, Alicia Garcia “China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment.” Bruegel, Blog Post, 28 June, 2015 http://bruegel.org/2015/06/chinas-outwardforeign-direct-investment “India for Greater Transport Connectivity with ASEAN.” The New Indian Express, August 25, 2014 http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-forGreater-Transport-Connectivity-with-ASEAN-Sushma/2014/08/25/ article2397830.ece “India Using Strategic Projects as Bargaining Chip.” NDTV, April 10, 2015 http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-using-strategic-projects-as-bargainingchip-says-chinese-think-tank-753953 “India needs to be part of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.” The Economic Times, October 10, 2015 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/ politics-and-nation/india-needs-to-be-part-of-china-pakistan-economiccorridor/articleshow/49298727.cms “India private ports grab market share from government-owned rivals.” Joc.com, January 05, 2015 http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/port-nhavasheva/india-private-por ts-grab-market-share-gover nment-ownedrivals_20150105.html “Investment the Way to Reduce the India-China Trust Deficit.” The Wire, May 16, 2015 http://thewire.in/2015/05/16/investment-the-way-forward-to-reduceindia-china-trust-deficit-1871/ International Transport Forum (ITF) “The Impact of Mega-Ships.” International Transport Forum (ITF)–OECD, 2015 https://www.itf-oecd.org/impactmega-ships “Kolkata Port Adjudged Major Port of the Year.” The Times of India, August 26, 2015 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-Port-adjudgedMajor-Port-of-the-Year/articleshow/48687327.cms Manoj, P “Mundra-Guangzhou pact may pave way for Chinese investments in Indian ports.” Live Mint, May 22, 2015 http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/ lNKkA24l1SfRNMjaKPpSYP/MundraGuangzhou-pact-may-pave-way-forChinese-investments-i.html Nataraj, Geethanjali “Why India Should Join China’s New Maritime Silk Road.” The Diplomat, July 3, 2015 http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/why-indiashould-join-chinas-new-maritime-silk-road “New Silk Road Project.” Great Silk Road, October 5, 2015 http://greatsilkroad com/new-silk-road/new-silk-road-project/ OECD “The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation.” Policy Brief, OECD Observer, 2005 http://www.oecd.org/trade/facilitation/35459690.pdf 228 A PALIT “One Belt, One Road not international venture: India.” Deccan Herald, July 21, 2015 http://www.deccanherald.com/content/490656/one-belt-one-roadnot.html Palit, Amitendu The Trans-Pacific Partnership, China and India Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2014 Palit, Amitendu “India’s Economic and Strategic Perceptions of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative.” Geopolitics 22, no (2017): 292–309 People’s Republic of China, National Development Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road.” March 28, 2015 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_ 669367.html Pillalamarri, Akilesh, “Project Mausam: India’s Answer to China’s ‘Maritime Silk Road.’” The Diplomat, September 18, 2014 http://thediplomat.com/ 2014/09/project-mausam-indias-answer-to-chinas-maritime-silk-road Republic of India, Department of Commerce, Export Import Data Bank, http:// commerce.nic.in/eidb/iecnttopn.asp Republic of India, Press Information Bureau “Sagarmala: Concept and Implementation Towards Blue Revolution.” March 25, 2015 http://pib.nic in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117691 Sen, Kunal “Global Production Networks and Economic Corridors: Can They Be Drivers for South Asia’s Growth and Regional Integration?” In ADB South Asia Working Paper Series Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2014 http://www adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/152708/south-asia-wp-033.pdf “South China Sea tensions torpedo Asia Defense chiefs statement.” Channel News Asia (CNA), November 4, 2015 http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/ asiapacific/south-china-sea-tensions/2237348.html “Will China and Thailand’s Kra Isthmus Canal Agreement Sink Singapore?” The Establishment Post, May 21, 2015 http://www.establishmentpost.com/ will-china-thailands-kra-isthmus-canal-agreement-sink-singapore/ World Bank, “Doing Business” rankings, http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/ exploreeconomies/india World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016, India, http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/ economies/#economy=IND World Shipping Council, “Trade Routes,” http://www.worldshipping.org/ about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes World Trade Organization, “Technical Information on Rules of Origin,” https:// www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/roi_e/roi_info_e.htm “WTO pact or not; India has to catch up fast on trade facilitation; costs are prohibitive: ASSOCHAM.” Assocham.org, August 26, 2014 http://assocham org/newsdetail.php?id=4657 Index1 NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS 1+4 Sino-Pak cooperation structure, 110 1000 Housing Units Project, 180 1962 Sino-Indian Border War, 59, 83 1997 Asian financial crisis, 175 2007 global financial crisis, 175 A ADB See Asian Development Bank (ADB) Abbas, Bandar, 57 Adeeb, Ahmed, 181 Afghanistan, 11, 15, 35, 39, 50, 57, 83, 88, 91, 96, 106, 110, 117, 128n78, 225n38 AfPak region, 117, 119, 128n79 African countries, Ahmed, Mohamed Jameel, 180 AIIB See Asia Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB) Albuquerque, Afonso de, 57 Alibaba, “all-weather” friendship, 106 Amritsar, 149 Amu Darya Basin, 96 Arabian Sea, 68, 70, 109, 210, 211 Arunachal Pradesh, 46, 216, 223n24 Asia-Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), 209 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), 209 Asia Infrastructure and Investment Bank (AIIB), 7, 16, 92, 147, 151, 158n61, 174, 182, 184, 218 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 11, 100n39, 142, 151, 159n68, 205, 221n3, 221n5, 222n6 Asian maritime trade, 42 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), 174, 209 Associated Chambers of Commerce in India (ASSOCHAM), 217, 225n39 Note: Page numbers followed by “n” refers to notes © The Author(s) 2018 J.-M.F Blanchard (ed.), China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia, Palgrave Studies in Asia-Pacific Political Economy, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5239-2 229 230 INDEX Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN), 93, 208–11, 219, 223n19, 223n23 Atlantic Ocean, 41 Australia, 210, 211, 223n20 Awami National Party, 114 Aynak Cooper Mine, 96 Azhar, Masood, 107, 128n80 B Baghdad Railway, 57 Bahawalpur, 111 Bahrain, 58 Balochistan, 35, 108, 112–14 Baluchistan See Balochistan Bandar Shahpur port, 57 Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN), 212, 216, 217, 223n22 Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM), 76n40 economic corridor, 68, 93, 109, 159n62 transportation corridor, 147 Bay of Bengal, 48, 67, 93, 101n48, 161n84, 206, 209–11, 215, 216, 224n33 Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), 93, 101n48, 209 Beijing, 1, 5–7, 9–11, 13–16, 34, 46, 50, 56, 61–3, 65–8, 70–2, 83, 84, 91, 96, 107, 118–20, 137–51, 153n19, 156n40, 157n44, 157n50, 158n57, 160n77, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 187 Beijing Urban Construction Group Company Limited, 91, 181, 182 Bengal, 147, 216, 223n24 Berlin, 36 Berlin, Donald, 58, 73n3 Bhamo, 67 Bhutan, 101n48, 212, 214, 216, 225n38 Bihar, 216 bilateral investment treaties, Blanchard, Jean-Marc F., 19n2, 19n3, 19n4, 21n23, 22n28, 34, 51n1, 65, 102n51, 123n23, 124n29, 125n47, 152n5, 222n15 Blue Revolution, 149, 161n84, 222n11 Bo, Kong, 70, 75n39 Boao Forum for Asia, 102n54, 174 Brewster, David, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19n7, 23n39, 73n5, 74n24, 75n30, 100n32, 100n35, 102n56, 152n3, 152n9, 153n19, 155n32, 162n89 Britain, 36, 48, 57, 62, 64 Brunei, 211, 223n20 C Cambodia, 204, 220, 221n4, 222n16 Cao, Tianshu, 176, 189n15 CCP Central Committee’s Political and Legal Affairs Commission, 107 Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC), 204, 209 Central Treaty Organization, 83 Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, 145 CGGC International Ltd, 92 Chang, Wanquan, 108 Chattisgarh, 216 Chennai, 93, 214, 215 Chiang, Kai-shek, 37 Chi, Haotian, 177, 191n31 China-Afghanistan joint venture, 96 China-Arab States Cooperation Program, 209 China-Central and West Asia, 174 INDEX China-centric institutions, 11 China Communications Construction Company, 93 China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, 185 China Development Bank (CDB), 5, 7, 175 China-Eurasia Expo, 178 China Exim Bank, 5, 181 China Harbor Engineering Company, 93 China-India economic relations, 16, 117, 208, 213 relationships, 2, 82 China-India-Pakistan Triangle, 105, 117 China Machinery and Engineering, 179, 181 China Major Bridge Engineering Company, 93 China-Maldives relations, 101n43, 173–87 China Merchants Holding International (CMHI), 216 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), 96 China North Industries Group Corporation, 92 China-Pakistan border agreement, 83 Economic Corridor, 6, 61, 92, 105–21, 125n40, 125n45, 125n46, 126n52, 126n57, 126n58, 148, 217 Year of Friendly Exchanges, 105 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, 127n66, 127n71 China-Pakistan Year of Friendly Exchanges, 121n1 China Railway Engineering Corporation, 92 China’s connectivity plan, 17 231 China’s National People’s Congress (NPC), 178 China’s political-economic model, 18 China-South Asia Business Forum, 180 Expo, 180, 193n52 interactions, 84–6, 88, 91 China’s Silk Road Fund, 92, 110 China’s State Administrative of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), China Three Gorges SA Investment Ltd, 92 Chinese armies, 40, 44, 177 commercial operations, 150 connectivity initiatives, 148 economic engagement, 141, 151 foreign policy, 17, 118 investments, 49, 72, 76n45, 109, 111, 113, 115, 116, 139, 144, 146, 147, 150, 158n57, 187, 208, 213, 218, 219, 222n13 Chinese business, 7, 9, 114, 209 Chinese companies, 3, 7–9, 13, 15, 60, 61, 63, 65, 94, 114, 139, 159n65, 181, 183 See also Chinese business see also Chinese firms) Chinese Eastern Railway, 36, 51n4 Chinese firms, 7, 10, 13, 96 Chinese-funded infrastructure Projects, 144 Chinese government, 2, 13, 81, 87, 114, 139, 177, 179 Chinese investment, 145 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), 177 Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 8, 9, 13, 92, 116, 117, 119 Chittagong, 93, 94, 147 Chittagong harbor projects, 93 Chongqing, 174 Cold War, 44, 84, 85, 109 232 INDEX Colombo international container terminal (CICT), 90, 216 International Financial City (CIFC), 90, 96 Port City (CPC), 6, 95, 156n41, 157n47, 157n48 Community of Common Destiny, 95, 109, 124n31, 124n37 Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA), 209 confidence building measures (CBM), 96 counter-terrorism, 107, 112 cross-border connectivity initiatives, 212 economic corridors, 91 trade infrastructure, 206 transport transit, 212 CRRC Corporation Limited, D Dacca, 94 Delhi-Hanoi Railway Link, 212 Deng, Xiaoping, 38 Dhaka, 147, 178, 223n24 Dhivehi Qaumee Party, 182, 183 Diego Garcia, 58 Djibouti, 4, 63, 64, 150, 162n89 Dongfang Electric Corporation, 181 Dubai, 142, 156n41, 217 E East Asia, 3, 33–44, 49, 51, 51n2, 58, 72, 73, 87, 88, 90, 204, 206, 207, 210, 214, 215, 222n7 East China Normal University, e-commerce platform, economic annexation, 11, 68 atmosphere, 13 capabilities, 11 development, 61, 69, 88, 97, 109, 110, 116, 149, 181, 183, 207 engagement, 117, 147 environment, 96 growth, 6, 50, 111, 128n78, 149, 194n75 integration, 66, 205, 206 objectives, 3, 85, 99n20, 203 Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), 95 Egypt, 6, 215, 220 Eisenhower, Dwight, 38 Eurasian civilizations, 39 Eurasian hinterland, 56–9, 72 Europe, 4, 38, 40, 49, 52n8, 58, 66, 72, 86, 108, 117, 173, 174, 180, 203, 205–7, 214, 221, 222n7 European Union (EU), 37, 221n4 F Faisal, 178, 182, 193n58 financial crisis, 185 Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, 174 Five Year Plan, 37 “Flying Geese” strategy, 66 foreign currency reserves, 7, 139 foreign direct investment (FDI) inward (IFDI), 213 outward (OFDI), 7, 8, 87, 93, 213, 224n27 free trade agreement (FTA), 101n48, 109, 115, 145, 157n48, 185, 209–11 Fu, Quanyou, 177 Fu, Xiaoqiang, 183 Fudan University, 113 Future-Oriented All-round Friendly and Cooperative Partnership, 184 INDEX G Gansu, 40 Garver, John, 14, 51n3, 51n5, 52n15, 53n18, 58 Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul, 176, 178, 191n27 Germany, 14, 35–8, 57, 58, 215, 221 global economy, 42, 50, 95, 139 globalization, 94 global value chains (GVCs), 205–7, 210, 211, 213, 217–19 Greater Mekong Sub-Regional Economic Cooperation program, 93 Great Mekong Sub-Region (GMS), 93, 204, 221n4 Guangzhou, 40, 48, 208, 215 Gujarat, 94, 139, 140, 208, 224n29 Gulf of Aden, 50, 140, 143 Guo Shengkun, 107 Gwadar airport, 92, 111 harbor international, 47 Gwadar Port Economic Zone (GPEZ), 92 H Haldia port, 216 Hambantota, 6, 63, 72, 142–5, 150, 154n30 Hambantota international airport, 6, 142, 154n30 hard infrastructure initiatives land, sea, highway technology, 34, 39 Himalaya, 39, 45, 46 historic transportation corridors between East Asia and SA-IOR, 14 Hong Kong, 38, 43, 177, 185, 213–15, 220 233 Hong Lei, 184 Horn of Africa, 143, 150 Hu Jintao, 106 Hu, Shisheng, 183 Huang Hua, 176 human trafficking, 12 Hussain, Iftikhar, 114 Hussain, Mamnoon, 108 Hutchinson Whampoa Limited, 60 I Ibrahim Nasir International Airport, 179, 181 Ihavandhippolhu Integrated Development Project, 180 India, 73n8 air forces, 45 business, 17, 160n73, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 217, 219 firms, 207, 209, 213, 215 foreign secretary, 66, 118, 138, 149, 150 Jammu-Kashmir dispute, 83 Navy, 64, 143, 144, 155n35, 156n36 India-ASEAN FTA, 210 India-Myanmar Thailand Trilateral Highway, 212 Indian Ocean littoral, 14, 55–7, 66, 68, 71, 91, 146, 150, 180 Region (IOR), 12, 89, 175 Rim, 144, 176, 190n16 Indian-Pakistani conflicts, 90, 101n41 Indian subcontinent square, 64, 137 India’s Arunachal Pradesh, 46, 216, 223n24 India’s Ministry of External Affairs, 128n83, 182 Indo-China Peninsula, 174 Indo-China trade, 214 234 INDEX Indonesian Senate, 173 Indo-Pakistan ties, 84 war, 83 Indo-Pakistani Simla Agreement, 84 Indo-Sri Lanka dynamics, 16 Indo-US ties, 117 Indus River, 47 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 92 industrialization, 37, 45, 89, 90, 92, 94, 97, 100n40 industrial parks, 5, 7, 90, 91, 94, 97, 144 infrastructure connectivity, 5, 89, 146 construction, 13, 65, 184 initiatives, 4, 96, 150 intellectual property (IP), 86 international cooperation in economics, 82 intraregional trade, 90, 204–6, 208 IOR See Indian Ocean, Region (IOR) Iqbal, Ahsan, 114 Iran, 35, 37, 158n53 Iran-China friendship association, Irrawaddy River, 48, 67 Islamabad, 6, 70, 109, 111, 118, 120, 142 IZP Technologies, J Jacob, Jabin, 4, 6, 8–12, 15, 61, 68, 101n46, 160n74 Jammu-Kashmir dispute, 83 Jameel, Fathulla, 176 Japan, 9, 36–8, 40, 43, 44, 47, 50, 51, 51n4, 58, 63, 66, 118, 175, 209–11, 215, 220, 223n20 Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), 214 Jharkhand, 216 Jhelum River, 92 Jhimpir, 111 Jiangsu Provincial Transportation Engineering Group Co Ltd, 179 Jiangxi Copper Corporation, 96 Joint Committee on Trade and Economic Cooperation, 179 joint ventures, 7, 96, 145, 216 Jumhooree Party, 182 K Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project, 212 Kanapuli River, 93 Kandla, 214 Karachi, 48, 111, 114, 144, 189n13 Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar rail line, 111 Karakoram highway, 47, 69, 71, 109, 111 Kargil war, 89 Karl, David J., 6, 8, 9, 16, 23n39, 23n41, 63, 100n32, 128n84 Karot dam project, 115 hydropower project, 110, 114 hydropower station, 92 Kashgar, 44, 47, 48, 69, 70, 92, 148 Kazakhstan, 37, 97n1, 173 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 94, 110, 113, 114 Kochi, 214 Kolkata, 147, 214–17, 223n24, 224n35 Kolkata-Kunming road connectivity, 215 Kondapalli, Srikanth, 6, 9–11, 16, 23n41, 101n43, 102n56, 128n84, 153n23 Kra Isthmus canal, 214, 219, 224n33 INDEX Kunming–Yangon road, 67 Kuwait, 57 Kyaukpyu, 35, 67, 68, 70, 72, 90, 93 Kyoto Protocol, 177, 190n24, 191n34 Kyrgyzstan, 49, 220 L Laamu Atoll, 183 Laamu Atoll Link-Road, 179 labor-intensive industry, 94 Lahore, 149 Lakhvi, Zakiur Rehman, 107 Lanzhou, 37 Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 206 Lattimore, Owen, 39, 51n7 legal mechanisms, Letpadaung copper project, 95 Lhasa, 44, 45 Lhasa railway Lhasa-Kunming railway, 46 Lhasa-Nyingchi railway, 46 Li Keqiang, 107–9, 123n16, 174 Li Ruihuan, 177 Li Tieying, 178 Li Zhaoxing, 178, 191n37 Liang, Guanglie, 178, 189n12 Lianyugang, 69 Liu, Haiquan, 175, 189n10 Liu, Jinxen, 69, 76n46 Logistics Performance Index (LPI), 206, 214, 220, 221 Lomé, 60 Luo, Yuze, 175, 189n9 M Ma Xingyuan, 177 Madhya Pradesh, 216 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 62 Maharashtra, 94, 224n29 “Make in India” program, 139 235 Malacca Strait, 4, 67, 70, 89, 210, 211, 214, 219, 224n33 Maldives Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 180 Maldives National Security Service, 177 Maldivian Democratic Party, 182 Malé Harbor, 181 Malé–Hulhulé Bridge Project, 179 Manchukuo, 36 Manchuria, 36 Mandalay, 47, 48, 147, 223n24 Manipur, 216 Mao Zedong, 37 maritime economy, 52n12, 91, 179 security, 56, 62, 91, 175, 179 Maritime Silk Road Initiatives (MSRI) MSRI host countries, 10 MSRI participants, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10–13, 18 MSRI-related interactions, Marshall Plan, 11 Mauritius, 118, 149, 161n84, 193n60 Mausam, 9, 97, 218 Mediterranean Sea, 4, 41, 138, 203 Meghalaya, 216 Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC), 209, 222n16 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 6, 92, 179 Meng Jianzhu, 107, 112 Mesopotamia, 57 Metallurgical Corporation of China (MCC), 96 Middle East, 49, 180, 189n8, 204, 205 military interdependence, 15 Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW), 65 Ming dynasty, 138 Mississippi River, 36 Mizoram, 216, 223n25 236 INDEX MNCs See multinational corporations (MNCs) Modi, Narendra, 97, 118, 139–41, 144, 147–50, 153n15, 156n40, 159n65, 161n84, 193n60, 207 Moscow, 36, 37 MOU See Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) multinational corporations (MNCs), 1, multi-role fighter aircraft, 107 Mumbai, 214 Myanmar, 10, 13, 35, 47, 48, 58, 67–71, 84, 90, 93, 95, 101n48, 102n55, 143, 145, 147, 176, 204, 206, 209, 212, 214, 216, 220, 221n4, 222n16, 223n24 Myanmar corridor, 47–9 Myitsone Dam, 71 Myitsone hydropower plant, 95 Mysore, 93 N Nagaland, 216 National Executive Committee of the Republican Party, 179 National Interstate and Defense Highway Act, 38 Nawabshah, 111 Nazim, 178 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 83, 215 Nepal, 46, 47, 52n16, 83, 101n40, 101n48, 214, 216, 225n38 Netherlands, 57, 215, 221 New Delhi, 46, 58, 102n50, 118, 137–51, 155n33, 158n53, 161n83, 182 New Development Bank (NDB), 147, 151, 174 New Eurasian Land Bridge, 174 New Zealand, 209–11, 223n20 nonstate actors, 2, 3, 17, 70 North America, 40, 222n7 Northeast Asia, 36, 88 North Pacific, 44 O OBOR See One Belt, One Road (OBOR) ocean economy, 149, 150 Oman, 74n17, 215, 220 One Belt, One Road (OBOR), 1, 2, 5, 15, 17, 34, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 81, 82, 87, 93, 97, 108, 148, 173–5, 188n8, 204, 210–13, 215, 217, 218 Oriental Express, 36 Orion Holdings, 94 P Padma Bridge, 93 Pakistan-China Economic Corridor Council (PCECC), 113 Pakistani ports, 69 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, 107, 118, 119 Pakistan-origin terrorism, 106 Palit, Amitendu, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 17, 65, 160n73, 223n21, 225n42 Palk Strait, 137 Panama Canal, 42 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 44–6, 89, 108, 177 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 1, 2, 34, 36, 44 See China; Chinese government) People’s University, 176 INDEX Pershing, John, 38 Persia, 57, 58 Persian Gulf, 36, 57, 58, 203 Piraeus, 60 PLA See People’s Liberation Army (PLA) PLA Navy (PLAN), 62–4, 89, 100n35, 177 Politburo Standing Committee, 107, 174 political challenges, 12, 13 consensus, 85 disputes, 82 dynamics, 13, 111, 120 goals, 3, 10–13 implications, 3, 111 instability, 82, 95, 113, 116 issues, 12, 17, 71 order, 10, 13, 18, 111 political-economy of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative, of OBOR, of South Asia, port efficiencies, 207 PRC See People’s Republic of China (PRC) PRC-US military clash, 50 Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB), 92 profit margins, Progressive Party of Maldives, 182, 183 Prussian forces, 36 public-private partnership, 175 Punjab, 94, 110, 111, 113, 115, 149 Q Qasim Port, 111 Qian Qichen, 176 Qinghai, 40, 44 237 R Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 63, 118, 142–4, 149, 156n40 Rakhine State, 70, 71 Ramree Island, 48 Rangoon port, 68 Rawalpindi, 110, 118 regional economic partnership, 146 peace, 88 security, 82, 88, 112, 150, 176 stability, 82, 88, 112 Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 91, 93, 209–11, 213, 219 regional trade agreements (RTAs), 210, 211 religious conflicts, 88 renminbi (RMB), 3, 7, 174 resource exploitation activities, 12 Rhodes, Cecil, 36 Rizhao, 69 RMB See renminbi (RMB) Rohingyas, 71 ROOs See rules of origin (ROOs) Royal Navy, 63 rules of origin (ROOs), 17, 209–11, 213, 222n17, 223n18 Russia, 9, 35–7, 49, 66, 99n27, 118 Russo-Japan struggle, 118 S SA See South Asia (SA) SAFE See China’s State Administrative of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) SA-IOR See South Asia and Indian Ocean Region (SA-IOR) sea lines of communication (SLOCs), 10, 58, 62, 64–6, 86, 87, 89, 90, 97, 100n34, 143 Seattle, 60 238 INDEX Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR), 138 Seychelles, 118, 143, 149, 193n60 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 109, 119, 208 Sharif, Nawaz, 110, 113, 120 Sharif, Raheel, 107 Shenzhen, 156n41, 214, 215 Shigatze, 46 Shi Yinhong, 112 Shu Yuan, 176 Shwe gas pipeline, 67 Shwe, Than, 67 Sichuan, 48 Sikkim, 216 Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), 1, 2, 5, 6, 17, 19n8, 81, 82, 87, 88, 92, 97, 108, 203, 213 Silk Road Fund (SRF), 5, 7, 92, 110, 174 Singapore, 38, 47, 48, 118, 142, 156n41, 181, 182, 206, 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 220, 223n18, 223n20, 225n39 Singapore Ports Authority, 47 Sino-Indian border war, 59, 83 commercial interaction, 147 economic relationship, 12, 120 naval rivalry, 143, 155n33 tensions, 119 trade, 216 Sino-Maldivian trade, 185 Sino-Pak economic relations, 93 Sino-Pakistani military relationship, 107 Sino-US conflict, 50 cooperation, 50 Sirisena, Maithripala, 95, 144–6 Sittwe port, 212 Sonadia port, 60 SLOCs See sea lines of communication (SLOCs) South Asia (SA), 1–18, 33, 34, 39, 69, 81–97, 108, 109, 117, 141, 145, 151, 173, 178, 203–6, 208, 210–12, 214, 217 South Asia and Indian Ocean Region (SA-IOR), 14 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 15, 91, 101n41, 178, 193n60, 209, 217 South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), 91, 101n41, 210 South China Sea, 4, 41, 86, 89, 100n34, 118, 173, 183, 189n8, 203, 211, 219, 224n33 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 83 Southern Manchurian Railway, 36 South Korea, 38, 175, 210, 215 South Pacific, 4, 41, 86 Soviet Central Asian rail network, 37 Soviet Republics, 37 Soviet Union, 36, 37, 57 special economic zones (SEZs), 5, 7, 38, 144, 146, 180, 181 Spice Program, 97 SREB See Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) SRF See Silk Road Fund (SRF) Sri Lanka, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 63, 65, 66, 83, 90, 91, 95, 96, 101n40, 101n48, 118, 137–51, 209, 220, 225n38 Srinagar, 83 Stalinist economic model, 38 Star Rafts, 176 Strait of Hormuz, 70 Strait of Malacca, 89 See also Malacca Strait) string of pearls, 9, 61–5, 89, 96, 143, 147, 150, 187 Suez Canal, 70 Sui, Xinmin, 6, 15, 123n28 Summer Youth Olympic Games, 179 Supreme Allied Commander, 38 INDEX T Taiwan, 38, 43, 50, 185, 190n20, 215 Tamil minority, 137 Tamil Nadu, 142 tariff barriers, territorial disputes, 88, 189n8, 223n24 integrity, 83, 88 terrorist attack, 88, 106, 107 Thar, 111 Tibetan plateau, 14, 39, 47 Tibetan Rebellion, 83 Tibet-Indian border, 45 Tibet-Qinghai plateau, 39 tit-for-tat strategy, 85 tourism infrastructure development project, 179 trade deficits, 12, 109, 120, 185, 213 facilitation, 92, 206, 207 integration, 9, 17 interdependence, 94 trade facilitation agreement (TFA), 207 transaction costs, 7, 96 trans-Myanmar route, 69 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 211, 223n20 transport corridor, 47, 204, 221n4 Trans-Siberian railway, 36 Trincomalee, 149 Tripura, 216 Turkey, 37, 221 Turkmenistan, 220 U Union forces, 36 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 74n17 United Nations Charter, 174 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 85, 107, 122n11, 175 239 United States (US), 7, 9, 14, 16, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 47, 49–51, 58, 62–4, 68, 70, 83, 84, 97n1, 99n27, 106, 110, 114, 118, 129n93, 148, 162n88, 173, 175, 176, 180, 185, 187, 188n4, 213 United States Army, 38 United States Institute for National Strategic Studies, 64 United States Treasury bonds, Urumqi, 37 US See United States (US) US-China-Pakistan axis, 84 Uttar Pradesh, 216 Uyghur, 106, 120 Uzbekistan, 220 V Vietnam, 204, 211, 215, 220, 221n4, 222n16, 223n20 Visakhapatnam, 214 W Wagah-Attari border, 149 Wang Dehua, 112 Wang Fukang, 179, 181 Wang Jisi, 50, 53n19 Wang Yi, 96, 105, 120, 175, 177 Wang Zheng, 85 Watan Group, 96 West-East transport links, 45, 180 Western military technologies, 108 Western Pacific, 43, 50 win-win interaction World Bank, 86 World Trade Organization (WTO), 207 World War II, 57, 150 WTO See World Trade Organization (WTO) Wu Bangguo, 178 Wu Yi, 177 240 INDEX X Xi Jinping, 1, 4, 81, 91, 97n1, 106, 108, 144, 173, 178 Xiamen, 214, 215 Xi’an, 37, 44 Xie Bo, 175 Xining, 40, 44–6 Xinjiang, 2, 44, 67–70, 92, 106, 107, 119, 148 Xinjiang affair, 107 Xu Qiliang, 108 Y Yalta, 36 Yameen, Abdulla, 91, 179 Yang Jiechi, 75n35, 174, 178, 188n7 Yellow River, 40 Yu Zhengsheng, 107 Yue Rong, 175, 189n14 Yun Sun, 68, 76n41, 76n47 Yunnan, 48, 67, 69, 147, 215, 223n24 Yunnan Provincial Committee School of the Communist Party, 176 Yunnan-Shan plateau, 39 Z Zahir, Mohamed, 177 zero-sum game, 95, 117 Zhang Gaoli, 174, 175 Zheng He, 42, 43, 52n8, 66, 176 Zheng Yu, 113 Zhou Enlai, 83 Zhu Rongji, 177 ZTE Corporation, 92 ... Initiative and South Asia A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise Editor Jean-Marc F Blanchard School of Advanced International and Area Studies East China Normal University,... of Multinational Corporations, Los Gatos, California, USA © The Author(s) 2018 J.-M.F Blanchard (ed.), China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia, Palgrave Studies in Asia- Pacific Political. .. to the ancient maritime Silk Road that began in Fujian (a province in China) and connected to Southeast Asia through the South China Sea and then, via the Malacca Strait, Indian Ocean, and the