Handbook of research on policies and practices for sustainable economic growth and regional development

Handbook of Research on Policies and Practices for Sustainable Economic Growth and Regional Development George M Korres University of Aegean, Greece Elias Kourliouros University of Aegean, Greece Maria P Michailidis University of Nicosia, Cyprus A volume in the Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2017 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP Data Pending ISBN: 978-1-5225-2458-8 eISBN: 978-1-5225-2459-5 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE) (ISSN: 2327-5677; eISSN: 2327-5685) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE) Book Series Ahmed Driouchi Al Akhawayn University, Morocco ISSN:2327-5677 EISSN:2327-5685 Mission In our changing economic and business environment, it is important to consider the financial changes occurring internationally as well as within individual organizations and business environments Understanding these changes as well as the factors that influence them is crucial in preparing for our financial future and ensuring economic sustainability and growth The Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE) book series aims to publish comprehensive and informative titles in all areas of economics and economic theory, finance, and accounting to assist in advancing the available knowledge and providing for further research development in these dynamic fields Coverage • Economics of Agriculture and Biotechnology • Field Research • Economic Indices and Quantitative Economic Methods • Finance and Accounting in SMEs • Finance • Economic Theory • Economics of Innovation and Knowledge • Risk Analysis and Management • Fiscal Policy • Interest Rates and Annuities IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts for publication within this series To submit a proposal for a volume in this series, please contact our Acquisition Editors at Acquisitions@igi-global.com or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/ The Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics (AFAE) Book Series (ISSN 2327-5677) is published by IGI Global, 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually; each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series For pricing and ordering information please visit http://www igi-global.com/book-series/advances-finance-accounting-economics/73685 Postmaster: Send all address changes to above address Copyright © 2017 IGI Global All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher No part of this series may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com/book-series Method of Systems Potential (MSP) Applications in Economics Emerging Research and Opportunities Grigorii Pushnoi (Independent Researcher, Russia) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 162pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522521709) • US $135.00 Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Emerging Market Economies Tomasz Dorożyński (University of Lodz, Poland) and Anetta Kuna-Marszałek (University of Lodz, Poland) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 414pp ã H/C (ISBN: 9781522523451) • US $210.00 Handbook of Research on Unemployment and Labor Market Sustainability in the Era of Globalization Füsun Yenilmez (Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Turkey) and Esin Klỗ (Eskiehir Osmangazi University, Turkey) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 474pp ã H/C (ISBN: 9781522520085) • US $245.00 Business Infrastructure for Sustainability in Developing Economies Nilanjan Ray (Netaji Mahavidyalaya, India) Business Science Reference • ©2017 • 343pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522520412) • US $190.00 Applied Behavioral Economics Research and Trends Rodica Ianole (University of Bucharest, Romania) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 255pp ã H/C (ISBN: 9781522518266) • US $160.00 Value Relevance of Accounting Information in Capital Markets Marianne Ojo (George Mason University, USA) and Jeanette Van Akkeren (QUT School of Accountancy, Australia) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 323pp ã H/C (ISBN: 9781522519003) • US $205.00 Handbook of Research on the EU’s Role and Representation in the G20 Political and Economic Climate Abdulkadir Isik (Namik Kemal University, Turkey) Business Science Reference ã â2017 • 429pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522508564) • US $310.00 Examining the Role of National Promotional Banks in the European Economy Emerging Research and Opportunities Iustina Alina Boitan (Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania) Business Science Reference ã â2017 ã 184pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781522518457) • US $120.00 701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661 E-Mail: cust@igi-global.com • www.igi-global.com Editorial Advisory Board Aikaterini Kokkinou, Higher Military Academy, Greece Charalambos Louca, American College – Nicosia, Cyprus George Tsobanoglou, University of the Aegean, Greece  List of Contributors Alexiadis, Stilianos / Ministry of Reconstruction of Production, Environment, and Energy, Greece 240,368,380 Anagnostou, Spyros / University Hill, Greece 85 Artavani, Maria-Athina / Hellenic Military Academy, Greece 373 Belyaeva, Ksenya / NLMK Group, Russia 187 Boccella, Nicola / University La Sapienza, Italy 61 Burmykina, Irina / Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Russia 187 Chatziantoniou, Maria / University of the Aegean, Greece 297 Delitheou, Vasiliki / Panteion University, Greece 130 Demosthenous, Aliki / University of Aegean, Greece 51 Efthymia, Sarantakou / Hellenic Open University, Greece & Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece 330 Evangelinos, Konstantinos / University of the Aegean, Greece 297 Gantzias, George / Hellenic Open University, Greece 15 Ganztias, George K / Hellenic Open University, Greece 72 Giannopoulou, Ioanna / NHS Community Mental Health of Peristeri, Greece 157 Gioti-Papadaki, Olga / Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece 240 Jones, Nikoleta / Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK 297 Kalantzi, Olga-Ioanna / University of the Aegean, Greece 297 Katis, Panagiotis / University of the Aegean, Greece 190 Kokkidis, Stilianos / Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Greece 380 Kokkinou, Aikaterini / Hellenic Military Academy, Greece 259,357,373 Kontochristou, Maria / Hellenic Open University, Greece 25 Korres, George M / University of the Aegean, Greece 259 Kyriakidis, Dimitris / University of the Aegean, Greece 216 Ladias, Christos / Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece 240 Louca, Charalambos / American College, USA 318 Markou, Maria / Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Greece 380 Marmaras, Emmanuel V / University of Crete, Greece 92 Matos, Ana Raquel / Centre for Social Studies, Portugal 100 Michailidis, Evie / University of Surrey, UK 72 Michailidis, Maria P / University of Nicosia, Cyprus 72 Nagopoulos, Nikos / University of the Aegean, Greece 297 Papadopoulou, Olga / University of the Aegean, Greece 40 Papanis, Efstratios / University of the Aegean, Greece 166    Pavlogeorgatos, Gerasimos / University of the Aegean, Greece 259 Petracou, Electra / University of the Aegean, Greece 350 Prasad, Kiran / Sri Padmavati Mahila University, India 177 Proikaki, Marina / University of the Aegean, Greece 297 Roumeliotu, Myrsine / University of the Aegean, Greece 166 Saccà, Flaminia / Tuscia University, Italy 142 Salerno, Irene / University of Basilicata, Italy 61 Savidou, Art / University of Neapolis, Cyprus 344 Serapioni, Mauro / Centre for Social Studies, Portugal 100 Sidiropoulos, George / University of the Aegean, Greece 115 Skouloudis, Antonis / University of Reading, UK 297 Tsobanoglou, George O / University of the Aegean, Greece 1,157,246,306 Vlachopoulou, Eirini Ioanna / University of the Aegean, Greece 246,306 Xirouchakis, Fragkiskos / University of the Aegean, Greece 205 Yannacopoulos, Athanasios N / Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece 350 Zawieja-Żurowska, Karina / State University of Applied Sciences in Konin, Poland 230 Zimny, Artur / State University of Applied Sciences in Konin, Poland 230 Table of Contents Preface xxv Section Socio-Economic Sustainable Growth and Regional Development Chapter Approaches to the Post-WWII Labour-Based Social Economy of Greece George O Tsobanoglou, University of the Aegean, Greece Chapter Cultural Management and Cultural Activities: The Model “Dynamic Perception of Cultural Activities” 15 George Gantzias, Hellenic Open University, Greece Chapter Looking Beyond the Greek Crisis: Media Discourse and Political Rhetoric on “European Solidarity” 25 Maria Kontochristou, Hellenic Open University, Greece Chapter Education and Human Capital: Driver or Challenge for Development? 40 Olga Papadopoulou, University of the Aegean, Greece Chapter Education and Economic Growth: Measuring Efficiency in Education Through DEA Method 51 Aliki Demosthenous, University of Aegean, Greece Chapter Sustainable Urban Development: From Theory to Concrete Practice 61 Nicola Boccella, University La Sapienza, Italy Irene Salerno, University of Basilicata, Italy    Chapter Unemployed: Training and Development, Employability, and Social Support 72 Maria P Michailidis, University of Nicosia, Cyprus Evie Michailidis, University of Surrey, UK George K Ganztias, Hellenic Open University, Greece Chapter Functional Urban Regions and Larger Urban Zones in Europe and Greece: The Deficient and Fuzzy Definition of an Essential Spatial Unit 85 Spyros Anagnostou, University Hill, Greece Chapter A Scenario for the Future Athens Planning: Seeking Its New International Role in the Globalized Era 92 Emmanuel V Marmaras, University of Crete, Greece Section Policies and Practices for Sustainable Growth Chapter 10 Health Systems and Citizenship: Public Participation in Southern Europe 100 Ana Raquel Matos, Centre for Social Studies, Portugal Mauro Serapioni, Centre for Social Studies, Portugal Chapter 11 Urban and Population Growth: A Comparative Approach to the Greek Cities of 3,000-10,000 Inhabitants, After 1950 115 George Sidiropoulos, University of the Aegean, Greece Chapter 12 Legal Definition of the Concept of Private Productive Investment: An Inter-Comparison Study 130 Vasiliki Delitheou, Panteion University, Greece Chapter 13 Changes in the Political Culture of Italian Younger Politicians 142 Flaminia Saccà, Tuscia University, Italy Chapter 14 Social Impact of the Fiscal Crisis Upon the Livelihood Conditions of the Children of Greece 157 George O Tsobanoglou, University of the Aegean, Greece Ioanna Giannopoulou, NHS Community Mental Health of Peristeri, Greece Chapter 15 Social Stigmatization Among Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Male and Female Patients 166 Efstratios Papanis, University of the Aegean, Greece Myrsine Roumeliotu, University of the Aegean, Greece Compilation of References Gantzias, G (2007) Culture in Info-Communication Globalization: Cultural Activities, Public Interest and New Technologies 13th Informatics Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece Gantzias, G K (2012) Info-Communication Globalization and the Global Info-Cash (GIG): A 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Leeds during 2006-2007 Over the last 10 years, during both his academic and professional career, he has gained an in depth experience in the fields of economics, business and politics in the area of European Economics and Innovation Systems His main areas of interest and specialisation include: European Integration, Social Policy and Social Inclusion, Economic and Innovation Policies, EU enlargement and the Euro-Mediterranean partnership He has collaborated with many European universities, Institutions, NGOs as well as academia George Korres has also been involved in various trans-European and international projects and he has published widely in this area in many International Journals, such as Applied Econometrics, Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Southwestern Economic Review, Pensions, Sage, Management Sciences and Regional Development etc, also he has published a number of books with international publishers, such as MacMillan-Palgrave Press, Springer, Edward and Elgar, Ashgate Publishers and Nova (New York) Publishers Elias A Kourliouros has studied Architecture at the National Technical University of Athens (MA Arch.), Urban and Regional Planning at the same University (PhD) and Geography at the LSE (PhD) From 1996 to 2015 he served as a Professor of Economic Geography and Spatial Planning at the University of the Aegean, School of Social Sciences, Department of Geography, and as director of the research lab “Economic Geography, Regional Development and Spatial Planning” In 2016 he moved to the University of Patras, Department of Economics He also teaches European Geography at the Hellenic Open University Before his appointment as a professor, he worked for many years as a major researcher at the National Technical University of Athens (School of Architecture, research lab of Regional Planning and Urban Development), as well as at the planning team of the Lavrion Technology Park He is the author or co-author of more than 150 publications such as books and monographs, chapters in edited books, and articles in scientific journals and conference proceedings His main research interests focus upon economic geography, spatial planning, development and planning of production and technological innovations networks and spaces (industrial parks, science & tecnology parks, technopolises, etc), regional and local development and policy  About the Editors Maria P Michailidis is a Professor and the Dean of the School of Business at the University of Nicosia, Cyprus She is a Community-Social Psychologist, a Psychotherapist and a Vocational Counselor She is the author of several book chapters, journal articles and editor of several books Dr Michailidis has a long industrial experience as she worked in the United States and Cyprus, as well as teaching experience from teaching in tertiary education both in the United States and Cyprus She is a researcher and a regular speaker and presenter at International conferences Her research interests include occupational health, illness and wellness, gender and intercultural studies, unemployment issues, working women and stress, occupational stress, women entrepreneurs Most of her research work has been supported by grants; she has also been a research partner in European Union projects such as Leonardo da Vinci; Socrates/Erasmus Thematic Networks, Grundtvig Multilateral Projects and COST actions 436 437 Index A agrarian countries 177 agricultural production 380 air pollution, 319, 327 artificialized patches 117-120 Athens 6, 27, 31, 89, 92-97, 123, 126, 160-162, 254, 334, 345 B Berlin Wall 142-144 Bradley Dunbar Associates Ltd 247 bribe scandal 142-145, 148-149 build mutual understanding 177-178, 180 C capita income 127, 196-197, 219, 240-241, 381 Capital movement 132 carbon dioxide emissions 319, 323, 327 case study 40, 61, 249, 297-298, 300, 302, 309 chain management 357-360, 363-364, 373-375, 377 child 2, 9, 158-163, 178, 218 citizen participation 100-104, 106-109 civil society 3-5, 10-11, 14, 48, 65, 100-101, 177, 182, 298 climate change 177-178, 180, 183, 265, 327, 351-353 community consultation practices 62, 66, 68-69 community led approaches 62 CONSENSUS MODEL 352 corruption 27, 33, 153, 344-348 cultural activities 15-21 cultural interpretations 187 D Data Envelopment Analysis 51, 54 debt 12, 25-27, 29-33, 179, 252, 280-281, 292 decision making 26, 51, 54, 56-57, 143, 154, 178, 187, 301, 310, 351-352, 354 decision-making contexts 100 decision-making processes 69, 101-102, 107-108, 298, 301-302, 306-307, 312 demographic developments 216-218, 225 Digital technologies 15 digitized cultural activities 15, 17-18, 20-21 Doing Business 190-195, 197-202 driving force 17-18, 48, 376 E Eastern Mediterranean region 92-94, 96 economic crisis 14-15, 17, 20-21, 26-27, 33, 72-74, 78-79, 135, 144, 157-160, 162-163, 267, 281, 289, 331, 340 education 3, 8-9, 12-14, 40-48, 51-55, 57-59, 66, 7273, 75-76, 78-79, 135, 158, 160-161, 178, 181, 209-210, 220, 251, 255-256, 285, 289-290, 293, 360, 364, 377-378 efficiency 51, 53-59, 102, 106, 152, 187, 196, 263, 278, 280, 284, 292-294, 307, 318-319, 321-322, 357-360, 363-365, 368-371, 373-377 EFFICIENCY EFFECTS 357, 359 Employment Service 6, 8, 157 endogenous development 377 environment 7, 26, 41, 48, 52-53, 55, 61, 65-68, 80, 87, 116-118, 135, 143, 158, 171, 177-178, 180184, 187-188, 190, 192-193, 195-196, 203, 247, 251-252, 259, 264, 267, 278, 280-281, 284-285, 289-290, 292-293, 295, 307, 310-311, 318, 320322, 324, 327, 331, 351, 359-360, 364, 376-378 Environmental Fiscal Reform (EFR) 318, 320 environmental sustainability 177-178, 184, 259, 262-263 environmental taxes 318-319, 323, 326-327 equity 10, 48, 307, 320, 324, 368-371 Esping-Andersen (1990) 101-102   Index essential elements 284, 360, 364 EU 1-2, 10-13, 25-33, 43-46, 51-52, 57-58, 73, 77, 7980, 117, 157-158, 178, 180, 182, 184, 190-191, 193, 198-199, 201, 206, 230-237, 240-243, 246248, 250, 252, 254, 264, 281, 284, 288-289, 293, 295, 312, 318-321, 327, 337, 364-365, 375, 382 EUROPEAN HEALTH 101-102 European Union 11, 25, 28, 40, 42-46, 51-52, 58, 73, 85-88, 102, 107, 117, 120, 131, 135, 163, 178, 191, 205-206, 213, 230, 240, 246-248, 265, 278, 280-281, 293, 318-320, 346-348, 364 Eurostat 40, 44-47, 57, 74, 85, 88-89, 231, 233-236, 241 Eurozone 25-33, 281 health system 6, 8-9, 13, 100, 102, 104-108 Hellenic Statistical Authority 157, 159-160 housing markets 217, 220-221 housing problems 230-238 housing stock 118, 216, 221-222, 225 HPV 166-169, 172-173 HPV infection 166-168 HPV types 166-169 human capital 40-43, 47-48, 51, 53, 219, 280, 360, 362, 365, 375-376 human systems 309 F ICT investments 359, 363, 365 India 177-184 info-communication globalization 15-18 Info-communication Landscape 16-17 innovation activities 208, 210, 293, 377 integrated methodology 61-62, 66, 69 international negotiations 350-351 international organizations 93, 95, 101, 109, 120, 131, 136, 184, 347 internationalisation 191-192 it attempts to modelling through a statistical analysis the housing market in member states of the European Union 230 Italian politicians 152-153 Italy 4, 27, 65, 67, 100-102, 104, 107, 142-146, 182, 190, 192-193, 196, 235, 242, 255-256, 281, 331 fish stocks 250, 306, 308-310, 312-313 fisheries 249-251, 306-313 fishing communities 252, 256, 310, 312 flushing toilet 232-233, 237 foreign direct investment FDI 191 free market 15-16 Functional Urban Regions 85-88 G genital warts 167-169 global city 92 global economic crisis 33, 72-73, 157 global financial crisis 28, 190, 281 global free market 16 globalization 15-18, 28, 92-94, 143-144, 150, 293, 346, 377 Greece 1-6, 8-9, 11-14, 25-33, 40-41, 43-48, 72, 85, 88, 92, 96-97, 100-102, 106-109, 115, 117-119, 122, 124, 130, 132, 137, 157-158, 160-163, 167, 169, 190-202, 205-207, 210-213, 235, 237, 242243, 248, 252-255, 265-267, 278-283, 288-291, 297-298, 300, 306, 312-313, 330-332, 334, 337, 340, 380, 382-383, 388, 390 Greek cynic philosopher 344 Greek destinations 330-334, 338, 340 Green Economy 183, 318, 320, 322 growth rate 122-123, 206, 284, 354, 369 H health care 2, 8-9, 101, 103, 105-107, 144, 168, 184 438 I K Kentriki Makedonia 206-207, 210, 213 key role 3, 13, 280, 292 Kyoto Protocol 351-353 L labor market 73-76, 360 labour market 1, 6-9, 13, 40, 42-43, 46-48, 285, 364 large numbers 72 Larger Urban Zones 85, 88-89 lasting effect 48 legislation 4, 7, 95, 105, 109, 130-131, 135-137, 252, 278-279, 309-310, 312, 320, 332 life cycle 331-332 local development 205, 212-213, 306 Index M public system 5, 8, 12, 162 major conurbations 123, 126 major factor 72 Mediterranean region 92-94, 96 mental health 74, 157-163, 171 mental health services 157, 161-163 modern state 344-345 mutual interdependence 100 mutual understanding 29, 177-178, 180 R real estate 73, 131, 135, 217-221, 223, 289, 340 real estate market 217-219, 221, 223 regional development 131-133, 205, 259, 261-263, 265, 267, 381 regulation 2-4, 11, 16, 106, 132, 134-135, 188, 250251, 307, 312, 320, 382 N S national output 368, 370 natural gas 321-323 natural resources 177, 179-181, 183-184, 284, 289, 319-320, 326, 360, 364, 376 networking sites 72-73, 75-78 New Paradigm 182, 187 semi-regional node 92 serious problem 73, 79 sexually active 166-168, 173 Shift-Share analysis 380-382, 387-388 simple modification 368, 371 social citizenship 1-2, 11, 13 Social Committee 88 social interaction 187 social media 15-17, 21, 75, 77, 79 social movements 104, 107-109 social protection 1-2, 11-13, 102, 231 social security 1-4, 6-10, 12-13, 163, 206, 212, 253, 318, 321-322 social security contributions 7-9, 318, 321-322 social sustainability 69, 299, 301-302 Southern Europe 100-102, 108-109 Southern European 72, 101-102, 109, 205-206 spatial distribution 86, 388 spatial planning 85, 259-265, 278, 337 state 2-13, 26, 28, 41, 47-48, 52, 61, 74, 97, 100-102, 108-109, 124, 130-131, 137-138, 144, 149, 163164, 172, 178, 181, 201, 203, 213, 217, 221-222, 234, 252-256, 266, 294, 300-302, 312-313, 337, 344-347 Statistical Authority 115, 157, 159-160 supply chain 357-360, 363-364, 373-377 supply chain management 357-360, 363-364, 373375, 377 sustainable urban 61-62, 66, 68 sustainable urban development 61-62, 66, 68 O optimal balance 187-188 P participation 4-5, 10, 17, 48, 61-63, 65-66, 69, 77, 100-109, 143, 146, 181-183, 196, 246, 248, 251252, 254-256, 299-302, 306-307, 312, 332, 334 per capita 42, 58, 127, 192, 196-197, 219, 236, 240241, 284-285, 289, 381 planning with communities 61, 66 policy makers 106, 177, 179, 183-184, 293, 299-300, 321 political parties 3, 7, 15, 74, 142-146, 148-149, 346 politicians 66, 142, 145-146, 148, 150-154, 184 positive behavior 170, 172 post war 2, 8, 12, 14 private investment 130-131, 136 private sector 3, 6-9, 12, 61, 162, 164, 248 production frontiers 51 protest actions 107-109 protocols 350 Public Administration 1, 137-138, 278, 292, 346 Public Employment 2-3, 6, 8, 43, 157 public interest 5, 12, 15-17, 337 public problems 100 public sphere 2, 143 T Tax Reform 321-323 tax systems interact 15 439 Index twentieth century 115 V U Vandana Shiva 179, 181, 184 Voreio Aigaio 206, 209 UN Framework 180, 183 UN Framework Convention 180, 183 United States 26, 168-169 Urban Audit 85, 88-89, 117 urban blots 115-116 urban development 61-62, 66, 68-69, 97, 115-121, 123, 127, 264, 278 Urban Regions 85-88, 93 urban statistics 87-88 440 W world city 92 Y younger generations 142-145, 152 .. .Handbook of Research on Policies and Practices for Sustainable Economic Growth and Regional Development George M Korres University of Aegean, Greece Elias Kourliouros University of Aegean,... not only economic, but also social and environmental sustainable development, pursuing, on the one hand, the improvement of economic indicators, and on the other hand the improvement of social and. .. factor for cervical cancer Estimates of duration of HPV infection are months Median duration of infection for oncogenic types is estimated to be 13 months and less for nononcogenic HPV types (8 months)