Growing democracy in africa elections, accountable governance, and political economy

Growing Democracy in Africa The Cornell Institute for African Development/ Cambridge Scholars Publishing Editorial Board Muna Ndulo Series Editor Professor of Law; Elizabeth and Arthur Reich Director, Leo and Arvilla Berger International Legal Studies Program; Director, Institute for African Development, Cornell University Christopher Barrett Stephen B and Janice G Ashley Professor of Applied Economics and Management, International Professor of Agriculture, Charles H Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University Sandra E Greene Professor of History, Cornell University Margaret Grieco Professor of Transport and Society, Napier University David R Lee International Professor, Charles H Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University Alice Pell Professor of Animal Science, Cornell University Rebecca Stoltzfus Professor of Nutritional Science, Cornell University Erik Thorbecke H.E Babcock Professor of Economics and Food Economics, Emeritus; Graduate School Professor, Cornell University Nicolas van de Walle Maxwell M Upson Professor of Government, Cornell University Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo This book first published 2016 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by Muna Ndulo, Mamoudou Gazibo and contributors All rights for this book reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN (10): 1-4438-8547-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8547-8 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Contributors x Acronyms xv Introduction Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Part 1: Institutions and Concepts of Governance Chapter One 10 Revisiting the Study of Governance Göran Hyden Chapter Two 28 Democratisation in Africa: Achievements and Agenda Mamoudou Gazibo Chapter Three 47 The Expansion of Judicial Power in Africa and Democratic Consolidation: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Prospects Charles M Fombad Part 2: Constitution-Making, Elections, and Conflict Settlement Chapter Four 86 Constitution-Making in Anglophone Africa: We the People? Coel Kirkby and Christina Murray Chapter Five 114 Measuring the Persuasive Effects of Electoral Campaigns in Africa Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz vi Table of Contents Chapter Six 132 Subnational Elections and Accountability: A Study of Political Decentralization and Democratic Governance Rachel Beatty Riedl and J Tyler Dickovick Part 3: Local Governance and Citizenship Chapter Seven 162 Slippery Citizenship: Nationalism, Democracy and the State in Africa Jennifer Riggan Chapter Eight 184 Federal Developments and Accountable Government Structures in East Africa Jan Amilcar Schmidt Chapter Nine 199 Hereditary Rule in Democratic Africa: Reconciling Citizens and Chiefs Kate Baldwin Chapter Ten 219 Critical Reflections on Social Accountability and Local Government in Ghana Cyril K Daddieh Part 4: Political Economy and Corruption Chapter Eleven 246 “Emerging” Africa: Long-term Perspectives on Growth and Democracy Antoinette Handley Chapter Twelve 271 A Legal Framework for Combating Corruption: Case Study from Zambia Muna Ndulo Concluding Thoughts Chapter Thirteen 304 Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Democracy in Africa Nicolas van de Walle Growing Democracy in Africa vii Bibliography 313 Index 356 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1.1 Shifts in the use of the governance concept 15 Table 1.2 Operationalizing the democratic governance agenda 26 Table 5.1: Aggregated Stated Presidential Preferences 124 Table 5.2: Percentage of Prior Period Supporters Retained 129 Table 6.1: Subnational Elections, Party Systems, and Accountability 142 Table 6.2: Decentralization and Histories of Political Instability 151 Table 9.1 Complaints Against Chiefs by Embeddedness 217 Figure 1.1 The theoretical origins of the governance concept 13 Figure 1.2 Anchoring-points for select key actors in the governance field 14 Figure 1.3 A framework for analysing democratic governance 25 Figure 2.1: Different Models of EMB 32 Figure 9.1 Map of Chiefdoms in Zambia 205 Figure 9.2 “Representativeness” of Chief by Selection Method 211 Figure 9.3 “Representativeness” of Chiefs by “Embeddedness” 215 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is the result of a symposium titled Elections, Accountability, and Democratic Governance in Africa held at Cornell University April 20–21, 2012 We are indebted to the organizers and sponsors of the symposium for bringing together the scholars who have contributed to this volume Organizers include the Institute for African Development at Cornell University, with collaboration from the Department of Political Science, University of Montreal; additional sponsorship came from Cornell University units including the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, the Berger International Legal Studies Program, the Department of Government, the Institute for Social Sciences, the Polson Institute for Global Development, and the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies The symposium and this book would not have been possible without the help of several people In particular, we would like to thank the staff from the Institute for African Development: Jackie Sayegh, Program Manager, who did an excellent job in organizing the conference, and Evangeline Ray, Publications Manager, who worked on the compilation of the book Without them this book would not have been possible Evangeline Ray deserves special thanks as she has been instrumental in bringing the book project to fruition She worked tirelessly to liaise with the authors and to painstakingly and diligently edit the manuscript for publication She remained unfailingly committed to the project throughout its preparation for publication In addition, we wish to thank student assistants Mihret Tamrat and Alyssa Findley for their extensive help with technical aspects of editing Thanks also to Cambridge Scholars Publishing/Cornell Institute for African Development Book Series for their assistance and for publishing the work 346 Bibliography Poteete, Amy R., and Bashi Mothusi 2010 Botswana Desk Study Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Prempeh, K 2008 “The Challenge of Constitutionalism.” In Ghana: Governance in the Fourth Republic, ed Baffour Agyeman-Duah Accra: Center for Democratic Development, 97–125 Provine, Doris 1996 “Courts in the Political Process in France.” In Co urts, Law, and Politics in Comparative Perspective, eds Herbert Jacob, Erhard Blankenburg, Herbert M Kritzer, and Doris Marie Pro vine New Haven: Yale University Press, 177–248 Przeworski, Adam 2000 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 Cambridge University Press Przeworski, Adam, Michael E Alvarez, Joe Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi 2000 Democracy and Development New York: Cambridge University Press Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A Shepsle 1972 Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Columbus: Merrill Reilly, Benjamin 2002 “Post-conflict Elections: Constraints and Dangers.” International Peacekeeping 9: 2, 118–139 Radelet, S 2010 Emerging Africa: How 17 Countries Are Leading the Way Baltimore, Maryland: Brookings Institution Press Rae, B 2005 “Foreword: The Resurgence of the Federal Idea.” In Handbook of Federal Countries, ed A.L Griffiths Forum of Federations, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press Raftopoulos, Brian 2007 “Educating the Nation: Race and Nationalism in Tanzanian Schools.” In Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa, ed S Dorman, D Hammett, and P Nugent Leiden: Brill Rakner, Lise and Nicolas van de Walle 2009 “Opposition Weakness in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 20: 3, 108–121 Randall, Vicky and Lars Svasand 2002 “Party Institutionalization in New Democracies.” Party Politics 8: 1, 5–29 Ranger, Terence 1983 “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, eds Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Rathbone, Richard 2000 Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 Athens, OH: Ohio University Press Ravallion, Martin 2009 “The Developing World’s Bulging (but Vul nerable) Middle Class.” (Development Research Group, Trans.) 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280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297 apartheid, 64, 82, 111, 139, 149, 186 Asian Development Bank, 48, 315 authoritarian regimes, 6, 28, 30, 31, 36, 146, 148, 307 autochthony, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182 Balai Citoyen, 39 Benin, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51, 52, 61, 62, 67, 74, 79, 117, 142, 201, 324, 348, 354 Berlin Conference, 172 Besigye, 57, 58, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 Botswana Movement for Democracy, 137 Botswana National Front, 137 Burkina Faso, 39, 56, 133, 142, 146, 154, 156, 172, 201, 325 Burundi, 34, 45, 118 Cameroon, 32, 34, 45, 51, 56, 58, 73, 162, 173, 174, 175, 182, 341 Cape Verde, 33, 51, 56 CDD-Ghana Ghana Center for Democratic Development, 220, 320 Central African Republic, 46, 53 China, 7, 18, 249, 266 CHRAJ Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, 227 citizen oversight committees, 223 Civil law, 50 civil servants, 140, 155, 229, 271, 289 clientelism, 17, 23, 43, 114, 177, 178, 260, 310, 311 Code of conduct, 289 Cold War, 11, 28, 334, 337 colonialism, 78, 82, 172, 176, 268 common law, 80, 81, 284 Community Water and Sanitation Agency CWSA, 240 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC, 93, 104 Corrupt Practices Act, 278, 297 Côte d’Ivoire, 5, 37, 38, 315 DACF District Assemblies Common Fund, 230, 233 Darfur, 194, 333 Democratic Alliance, 66 Growing Democracy in Africa Democratic Party, 120, 124, 129, 137 Democratic Republic of Congo DRC, 172 demographic dividend, 253, 254, 255 demographic shift, 249, 251, 254, 255, 256, 262 devolution, 6, 34, 37, 147, 153, 188, 195 Director of Public Prosecutions, 66, 272, 279, 283, 284, 300 District Assemblies Common Fund DACF, 230, 233, 242 District Chief Executives DCE, 229, 233, 239, 241, 242 District Election Committee DEC, 232 downward accountability, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 156, 200, 204, 232, 242, 243 DRC, 34, 35, 173, 199 ECA (Economic Commission for Africa), 34, 68, 72, 87, 325 economic rights, 8, 43, 54, 68, 78, 82 economic transformation, 267 Egypt, 45, 51 EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, 189, 190, 191, 197 Equatorial Guinea, 35, 51, 53, 56 Eritrea, 34, 45, 51, 56, 114, 162, 165, 167, 168, 316 Ethiopia, 18, 34, 52, 132, 133, 138, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 307, 313, 326, 329, 333, 338, 350, 353 Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF, 189 ethnic citizenship, 170, 173, 174, 357 175 fertility rates, 251, 252, 254 focus group discussions FGDs, 221, 237 Forum for Democratic Change, 120, 124, 129 Francophone, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 104, 156, 251, 315, 324, 326, 334 FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front, 201 Gabon, 34, 51, 53 Garang John, 192, 193, 194 Gbagbo, 70, 174 Ghana, 32, 33, 35, 38, 45, 52, 55, 86, 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, 116, 118, 132, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 147, 157, 173, 199, 213, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 242, 243, 263, 269, 314, 315, 318, 320, 322, 323, 328, 329, 335, 338, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 349 Ghana Bar Association, 224 Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, 224 Ghana Gas Project, 237 Ghana Health Service, 135 government accountability, hereditary chiefs, 199, 206, 217 High Council of the Republic, 36 Hispanophone, 51, 52, 80 Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption, 282, 290 Horn of Africa, 38, 332, 339, 350 Ibrahim Index, 1, 34, 332 ICAC Independent Commission against Coruption in Australia, 282, 290, 292, 331 ICT, 225 358 IDEA Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 30, 31, 333 India, 14, 76, 249, 261, 266 Industrial Revolution, 256, 265, 269, 270 infant mortality, 222, 252 information and communications technology ICT, 225 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IDEA, 328, 333 institutional infrastructure, institutional mono-cropping, 18 Interim National Constitution of 2005 INC, 184 Ivory Coast, 5, 174 Julius Nyerere, 16 Kenya, 5, 14, 17, 22, 48, 55, 57, 70, 72, 79, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 142, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 196, 262, 314, 316, 319, 322, 328, 336, 341, 350, 351 Kerekou, 63 Khartoum, 191, 194, 195 legal citizenship, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174 Lesotho, 33, 43, 51, 55, 73, 79, 171 Liberia, 38, 116, 118, 173, 202, 313, 316, 330, 338 Libya, 5, 45 Lindberg-Morrison, 117 Lusaka, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 321, 338, 355 Lusophone, 50, 51, 52, 73, 79, 80, 153, 156 Mali, 37, 38, 45, 46, 51, 56, 132, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 322, 324 Mbeki, 64 Members of Parliament Index MPs, 230 Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MLGRD, 135, 239 MLGRD, 239 Mozambique, 33, 43, 51, 79, 80, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 199, 201, 290, 340, 352 MPs, 94, 106, 230, 233, 234 multi-party elections, 33, 62, 114, 141, 176, 205, 263, 304, 305, 306 Municipal Chief Executives MCEs, 229 Museveni, 58, 71, 93, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 150, 322, 333, 343, 348 Namibia, 33, 34, 43, 51, 71, 73, 79, 86, 91, 95, 100, 101, 107, 109, 304, 322, 354 National Congress Party, 192, 195 National Constitutional Conference, 92, 93, 95, 100, 105 National Democratic Congress NDC, 117, 226 National Media Commission NMC, 227 National Resistance Movement NRM, 103, 119, 124, 129 National Union of Ghanaian Students NUGS, 224 neo-liberal, 19 neopatrimonialism, New Patriotic Party, 226 New Public Management School, 11 Niger, 22, 32, 37, 39, 45, 327 Nigeria, 35, 38, 51, 56, 73, 89, 90, 107, 117, 118, 142, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 237, 259, 295, 321, 335, 340, 343, 344, 352, 355 Nigerian Constitution, 89, 295 Nigerian Supreme Court, 58, 59 OECD, 17, 277, 343 Orange Democratic Movement Growing Democracy in Africa ODM, 57 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 17, 277 Ouattara, 70, 172 Overseas Development Institute ODI, 18, 307, 335 People’s Development Party PDP, 121, 124, 129 People’s Progressive Party PPP, 121, 124, 129 PETS, 138 post-conflict, 5, 103, 147 PPP, 121 presumption of innocence, 291, 292, 293, 294 Prevention of Corruption, 278, 296, 297 Public Expenditure Tracking Systems PETS, 138 Raila Odinga, 57 recovery of assets, 281 results-based, 13, 15 right to silence, 292, 295 rights-based, 13, 15 Robert Mugabe, 17, 59 rule of law, 3, 5, 7, 13, 29, 34, 35, 47, 48, 54, 59, 62, 64, 66, 75, 110, 185, 227, 271, 272, 283, 300 SADC Southern African Development Community, 79, 273, 274, 276, 299, 332 Selassie, 185, 189, 349 Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee SLCAC, 296, 349 Senegal, 28, 32, 33, 39, 51, 117, 142, 152, 154, 317 Serious Fraud Office, 227 Sierra Leone, 38, 89, 107, 117, 118, 173, 334 single-member district plurality SMDP, 226 SNG 359 Subnational Governments, 143, 154, 157 SNGs subnational governments, 132, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157 Social Accountability, 138, 220, 221, 223, 238, 320, 338 South Africa, 33, 34, 38, 44, 45, 52, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 73, 76, 79, 82, 86, 91, 93, 95, 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 154, 156, 186, 202, 203, 249, 269, 272, 294, 322, 323, 325, 326, 337, 338, 340, 341, 344,345, 347, 350, 351, 354 South Sudan, 45, 48, 86, 184, 186, 194, 195, 196, 197, 333 SPLM/A, 192, 193, 194, 196 subnational government, 144, 145 subnational governments, 132, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154 Swaziland, 33, 45, 71, 73, 79, 86, 114 Tanzania, 16, 33, 48, 52, 70, 79, 86, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 107, 110, 132, 133, 137, 138, 142, 144, 148, 156, 171, 173, 201, 204, 297, 329, 332, 335, 339, 351, 353 TCSS, 195 Togo, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 45, 117, 349 Trade Union Congress, 224 traditional leaders, 204, 213, 218, 316, 355 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan TCSS, 195 Tunisia, 48, 52 Uganda Federal Alliance, 121, 124, 129 Uganda People’s Congress UPC, 121, 124, 129 ujamaa, 16 UN Convention against Corruption UNCAC, 274, 275, 276, 281, 360 284, 289, 291, 299 UNCAC, 275 UNDP, 14, 68, 271, 352 Unexplained Wealth, 291 United Nations, 37, 121, 252, 253, 255, 257, 258, 273, 274, 275, 276, 296, 347, 352, 353 Upward accountability, 134, 141 West Africa, 38, 154, 202, 315, 317, 323, 331, 334, 353 World Bank, 2, 3, 13, 14, 18, 26, 39, 43, 220, 222, 223, 261, 266, 267, 305, 327, 335, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 354, 355 World Governance Index, World Governance Indicators Index WGI, 26 Zambia, 33, 39, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79, 86, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 117, 118, 162, 172, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 217, 271, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 329, 341, 345, 347, 350, 353 Zimbabwe, 17, 34, 35, 51, 55, 71, 79, 86, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 173, 218, 330, 349, 350, 355 ... Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited... teaching and research interests are in contemporary African politics, democratisation and elections in Africa, and international relations and foreign policies of African states He was the winner... countries and the political economies of Africa (especially Southern and South Africa) and Latin America Recently, she has focused on business as a political actor, examining business interactions