Growing Democracy in Africa The Cornell Institute for African Development/ Cambridge Scholars Publishing Editorial Board Muna Ndulo Series Editor Professor of Law; Elizabeth and Arthur Reich Director, Leo and Arvilla Berger International Legal Studies Program; Director, Institute for African Development, Cornell University Christopher Barrett Stephen B and Janice G Ashley Professor of Applied Economics and Management, International Professor of Agriculture, Charles H Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University Sandra E Greene Professor of History, Cornell University Margaret Grieco Professor of Transport and Society, Napier University David R Lee International Professor, Charles H Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University Alice Pell Professor of Animal Science, Cornell University Rebecca Stoltzfus Professor of Nutritional Science, Cornell University Erik Thorbecke H.E Babcock Professor of Economics and Food Economics, Emeritus; Graduate School Professor, Cornell University Nicolas van de Walle Maxwell M Upson Professor of Government, Cornell University Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo This book first published 2016 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2016 by Muna Ndulo, Mamoudou Gazibo and contributors All rights for this book reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN (10): 1-4438-8547-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8547-8 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Contributors x Acronyms xv Introduction Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Part 1: Institutions and Concepts of Governance Chapter One 10 Revisiting the Study of Governance Göran Hyden Chapter Two 28 Democratisation in Africa: Achievements and Agenda Mamoudou Gazibo Chapter Three 47 The Expansion of Judicial Power in Africa and Democratic Consolidation: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Prospects Charles M Fombad Part 2: Constitution-Making, Elections, and Conflict Settlement Chapter Four 86 Constitution-Making in Anglophone Africa: We the People? Coel Kirkby and Christina Murray Chapter Five 114 Measuring the Persuasive Effects of Electoral Campaigns in Africa Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz vi Table of Contents Chapter Six 132 Subnational Elections and Accountability: A Study of Political Decentralization and Democratic Governance Rachel Beatty Riedl and J Tyler Dickovick Part 3: Local Governance and Citizenship Chapter Seven 162 Slippery Citizenship: Nationalism, Democracy and the State in Africa Jennifer Riggan Chapter Eight 184 Federal Developments and Accountable Government Structures in East Africa Jan Amilcar Schmidt Chapter Nine 199 Hereditary Rule in Democratic Africa: Reconciling Citizens and Chiefs Kate Baldwin Chapter Ten 219 Critical Reflections on Social Accountability and Local Government in Ghana Cyril K Daddieh Part 4: Political Economy and Corruption Chapter Eleven 246 “Emerging” Africa: Long-term Perspectives on Growth and Democracy Antoinette Handley Chapter Twelve 271 A Legal Framework for Combating Corruption: Case Study from Zambia Muna Ndulo Concluding Thoughts Chapter Thirteen 304 Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Democracy in Africa Nicolas van de Walle Growing Democracy in Africa vii Bibliography 313 Index 356 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1.1 Shifts in the use of the governance concept 15 Table 1.2 Operationalizing the democratic governance agenda 26 Table 5.1: Aggregated Stated Presidential Preferences 124 Table 5.2: Percentage of Prior Period Supporters Retained 129 Table 6.1: Subnational Elections, Party Systems, and Accountability 142 Table 6.2: Decentralization and Histories of Political Instability 151 Table 9.1 Complaints Against Chiefs by Embeddedness 217 Figure 1.1 The theoretical origins of the governance concept 13 Figure 1.2 Anchoring-points for select key actors in the governance field 14 Figure 1.3 A framework for analysing democratic governance 25 Figure 2.1: Different Models of EMB 32 Figure 9.1 Map of Chiefdoms in Zambia 205 Figure 9.2 “Representativeness” of Chief by Selection Method 211 Figure 9.3 “Representativeness” of Chiefs by “Embeddedness” 215 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is the result of a symposium titled Elections, Accountability, and Democratic Governance in Africa held at Cornell University April 20–21, 2012 We are indebted to the organizers and sponsors of the symposium for bringing together the scholars who have contributed to this volume Organizers include the Institute for African Development at Cornell University, with collaboration from the Department of Political Science, University of Montreal; additional sponsorship came from Cornell University units including the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, the Berger International Legal Studies Program, the Department of Government, the Institute for Social Sciences, the Polson Institute for Global Development, and the Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies The symposium and this book would not have been possible without the help of several people In particular, we would like to thank the staff from the Institute for African Development: Jackie Sayegh, Program Manager, who did an excellent job in organizing the conference, and Evangeline Ray, Publications Manager, who worked on the compilation of the book Without them this book would not have been possible Evangeline Ray deserves special thanks as she has been instrumental in bringing the book project to fruition She worked tirelessly to liaise with the authors and to painstakingly and diligently edit the manuscript for publication She remained unfailingly committed to the project throughout its preparation for publication In addition, we wish to thank student assistants Mihret Tamrat and Alyssa Findley for their extensive help with technical aspects of editing Thanks also to Cambridge Scholars Publishing/Cornell Institute for African Development Book Series for their assistance and for publishing the work 346 Bibliography Poteete, Amy R., and Bashi Mothusi 2010 Botswana Desk Study Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Prempeh, K 2008 “The Challenge of Constitutionalism.” In Ghana: Governance in the Fourth Republic, ed Baffour Agyeman-Duah Accra: Center for Democratic Development, 97–125 Provine, Doris 1996 “Courts in the Political Process in France.” In Co urts, Law, and Politics in Comparative Perspective, eds Herbert Jacob, Erhard Blankenburg, Herbert M Kritzer, and Doris Marie Pro vine New Haven: Yale University Press, 177–248 Przeworski, Adam 2000 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 Cambridge University Press Przeworski, Adam, Michael E Alvarez, Joe Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi 2000 Democracy and Development New York: Cambridge University Press Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A Shepsle 1972 Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Columbus: Merrill Reilly, Benjamin 2002 “Post-conflict Elections: Constraints and Dangers.” International Peacekeeping 9: 2, 118–139 Radelet, S 2010 Emerging Africa: How 17 Countries Are Leading the Way Baltimore, Maryland: Brookings Institution Press Rae, B 2005 “Foreword: The Resurgence of the Federal Idea.” In Handbook of Federal Countries, ed A.L Griffiths Forum of Federations, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press Raftopoulos, Brian 2007 “Educating the Nation: Race and Nationalism in Tanzanian Schools.” In Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa, ed S Dorman, D Hammett, and P Nugent Leiden: Brill Rakner, Lise and Nicolas van de Walle 2009 “Opposition Weakness in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 20: 3, 108–121 Randall, Vicky and Lars Svasand 2002 “Party Institutionalization in New Democracies.” Party Politics 8: 1, 5–29 Ranger, Terence 1983 “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, eds Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Rathbone, Richard 2000 Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951–1960 Athens, OH: Ohio University Press Ravallion, Martin 2009 “The Developing World’s Bulging (but Vul nerable) Middle Class.” (Development Research Group, Trans.) World Bank Growing Democracy in Africa 347 Reddy, Thiven 2012 One-Party Dominance in South Africa: Racial Discourse in the Context of Lacking Performance Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publications Reilly, Benjamin 2008 “Post-war Elections: Uncertain Turning Points of Transition.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, eds Anna K Jarstad and Timothy Sisk Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Republic of Ghana 1992 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana Accra: Ghana Publishing Company Republic of Zambia 2012 Report of the Auditor General on the Accounts of the Republic for the Financial Year ended December 31, 2012 http://www.ago.gov.zm/reports/Main/AGs_REPORT%20FOR%20 2012.pdf Accessed April 2015 — nd Laws of the Republic of Zambia, various volumes and editions Resnick, D 2011 “In the Shadow of the City: Africa’s Urban Poor in Opposition Strongholds.” Journal of Modern African Studies, 49: 1, 141–166 Reynolds, Andrew, ed 1994 Election ’94 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results, and Future Prospects London: James Currey Reynolds, Andrew 1995 “The Case for Proportionality.” Journal of Democracy 6: 4, 117–124 Rheault, Magali, and Bob Tortora 2011 “Many Africans Lack Confidence in Honesty of Elections.” Gallup Poll November 21 http://www.gallup.com/poll/150842/africans-lack-confidence-honestyelections.aspx Accessed 13 January 2015 Ribot, Jesse C 2002 “African Decentralization: Local Actors, Powers and Accountability.” United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Programme on Democracy, Governance and Human Rights Paper No Geneva: UNRISD — 2003 “Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources: Institutional Choice and Discretionary Power Transfers in sub-Saharan Africa.” Public Administration and Development 23: 1, 53–65 Ribot, Jesse C., Arun Agrawal, and Anne M Larson 2006 “Recentralizing while Decentralizing: How National Governments Reappropriate Forest Resources.” World Development 34: 11, 1864–86 Riggan, Jennifer 2011 “In Between Nations: Ethiopian-Born Eritreans, Liminality and War.” Political and Legal Anthropology Review 34: 1, 131–154 Rondinelli, Dennis A., John R Nellis, and G Shabbir Cheema, eds 1983 Decentralization in Developing Countries: a Review of Recent Experience Washington, DC: World Bank 348 Bibliography Rosenau, James A 1992 “Governance, Order and Change in World Politics.” In Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, eds J.A Rosenau and E.O Czempiel New York: Cambridge University Press Rosenberg, Gerald N 1991 The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? Chicago: University of Chicago, 15 Rosenstone, Steven J 1983 Forecasting Presidential Elections New Haven: Yale University Press Rostow, W 1956 “The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth.” The Econo mic Journal 66: 261, 25–48 Rothchild, Donald 2002 “Settlement Terms and Postagreement Stability.” In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds Stephen J Stedman, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth M Cousens Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc Rothchild, Donald, and Michael W Foley 1988 “African States and the Politics of Inclusive Coalitions.” In The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, eds Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild Boulder: Westview Press Rotman, Anna 2004 “Benin’s Constitutional Court: An Institutional Mod el for Guaranteeing Human Rights?” Harvard Human Rights Journal 17 Roxburgh, C., N Dorr, A Leke, A Tazi-Riffi, A van Wamelen, S Lund, and T Zeino-Mahmalat 2010 “Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies.” McKinsey Global Institute Rubongoya, Joshua B 2007 Regime Hegemony in Museveni’s Uganda: Pax Musevenica New York: Palgrave MacMillan Rueschemeyer, D., E.H Stephens, and J.D Stephens 1992 Capitalist Development and Democracy Chicago: University of Chicago Press Salih, M 2003 African Political Parties: Evolution, Institutionalism and Governance London: Pluto Press Salih, M., and P Nordlund 2007 Political Parties in Africa; Challenges for Sustained Multiparty Democracy International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance Sanders, David, Harold Clarke, Marianne Stewart, and Paul Whiteley 2005 “The 2005 General Election in Great Britain: Report for the Ele ctoral Commission” (August) http://www.essex.ac.uk/bes/Papers/ec percent20report percent20final.pdf Accessed December 2014 Sarker, Abu Elias, and Mostafa Kamal Hassan 2010 “Civic Engagement and Public Accountability: an Analysis with Particular Reference to Developing Countries.” Public Administration and Management 15: 2, 381–402 Growing Democracy in Africa 349 Schatzberg, Michael 2001 Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Family, Father, Food Bloomington: Indiana University Press Schedler, Andreas, ed 2006 Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Schmidt, J.A 2008 Oxford University Press online edition “Somalia: Conflict.” In The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, ed R Wolfrum Retrieved 28 May 2012, from www.mpepil.com — 2011 “The Practice of Decentralization in Southern Sudan in the Interim Period: Opportunities, Challenges and Shortcomings.” Juba: Deu tsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit—GIZ Schomerus, Mareike, and Tim Allen 2010 Southern Sudan at Odds with Itself—Dynamics of Conflict and Predicaments of Peace London: London School of Economics Schumpeter, Joseph A 1942 Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy London: Harper & Brothers Schwelb, Egon 1960 “The Republican Constitution of Ghana.” American Journal of Comparative Law 9: 634–56 Scott, C., and P Alston 2000 “Adjudicating Constitutional Priorities in a Transitional Context: A Comment on Soobramoney’s Legacy and Gro otboom’s Promise.” South African Journal on Human Rights 16, 200 Seely, Jennifer C 2006 “The Unexpected Presidential Election in Togo, 2005.” Electoral Studies 25: 3, 611–6 Selassie, A.G 2003 “Ethnic Federalism: Its Promise and Pitfalls for Africa.” In Yale Journal of International Law 51, 51–107 Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee (SLCAC) 2009 “Report on the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious and Organized Crime),” Bill 2009 Canberra: SLCAC Severino, J.-M., and O Ray 2011 Africa’s Moment (D Fernbach, Trans.) Cambridge, UK: Polity Shaw, Daron R 1999b “The Effect of TV Ads and Candidate Appearances on Statewide Presidential Votes, 1988–96.” American Political Science Review 93: 2, 345–61 Shaw, Daron R., and Brian E Roberts 2000 “Campaign Events, the Media, and Prospects for Victory: The 1992 and 1996 Presidential Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 30: 2, 259–99 Sibanda, Tichaona 2010 “Attorney-General Admits Judicial Corruption Rife in Zimbabwe.” SW Radio Africa February http://www.swra dioafrica.com/News_archives/files/2010/February/Mon%2001%20 Feb/ts-tomana.html Accessed 13 January 2015 350 Bibliography Simons, A 1998 “Somalia—The Structure of Dissolution.” In The African State at a Critical Juncture—Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration, eds L.A Villalon and P.A Huxtable Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc Simutanyi, Neo 2011 “The Politics of Constitutional Reform in Zambia: From Executive Dominance to Public Participation?” In Accountable Government In Africa: Perspectives From Public Law And Political Studies, eds D.M Chirwa and L Nijzink, 26–42 Johannesburg: Juta Sisk, Timothy D., and Andrew Reynolds, eds 1998 Elections and Conflict Management in Africa Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press Skinner, Elliot 1968 “The ‘Paradox’ of Rural Leadership: A Comment.” Journal of Modern African Studies 6: 2, 199–201 Skjelten, Synnøve 2006 A People’s Constitution: Public Participation in the South African Constitution-making Process Midrand: Institute for Global Dialogue Sklar, R.L 1979 “The Nature of Class Domination in Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 17: Skocpol, T 1998 Democracy, Revolution, and History Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Snyder, Jack L 2000 From Voting to Violence: Democratisation and Nationalist Conflict New York: Norton Sokwanele August 2012 “Reflecting on Zimbabwe’s ConstitutionǦ making Process.” http://www.sokwanele.com Sorenson, John 1993 Imagining Ethiopia: Struggles for History and Identity in the Horn of Africa New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press South African Press Association 2012 “Government Review Will Now Include Supreme Court of Appeal.” March 27 http://www.metro newspaper.co.za/2012/03/27/government-review-will-now-includesupreme-court-of-appeal/ Accessed December 2014 Southall, Roger 2000 “The State of Democracy in South Africa.” Comm onwealth and Comparative Politics 38: 3, 147–170 — 2008 “The Politics of Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 34: 3, 699–713 Stacey, Richard 2011 “Constituent Power and Carl Schmitt’s Theory of Constitution in Kenya’s Constitution-Making Process.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 9: 587–614 Standard, The 2010 “Zimbabwe: Chiefs to Get Top-of-the-Range Cars, Salary Hike.” October 10 Growing Democracy in Africa 351 Stasavage, D 2005 “Democracy and Education Spending in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 49: 2, 343–358 Stedman, Stephen J 1997 “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes.” International Security 22: 2, 5–53 Steinmo, S., and Tolbert, C J 1998 Do Institutions Really Matter? Comparative Political Studies 31: 2, 165–187 Strauss, Annette 1993 “The 1992 Referendum in South Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 31: 339–60 Straus, Scott, and Charlie Taylor 2009 “Democratisation and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2007.” Paper presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 3–6 September Swart, Mia 2005 Left Out in the Cold? Crafting Constitutional Remedies for the Poorest of the Poor Lansdowne: Juta & Co Szeftel, M 1998 “Misunderstanding African Politics: Corruption and the Governance Agenda.” Review of African Political Economy 25: 76, 221–240 Taúan-Kok, Tuna 2010 Entrepreneurial Governance: Challenges of Property-Led Urban Regeneration Projects Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 2, 126–149 Tate, C Neal, and Torbjorn Vallinder, eds 1995 The Global Expansion of Judicial Power New York: New York University Press Tewfik, H 2010 “Transition to Federalism: The Ethiopian Experience.” Forum of Federations, Ottawa Throup, David W., and Charles Hornsby 1998 Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Elections Oxford: James Currey Tidemand, Per, and Nazar Sola 2010 Tanzania Desk Study Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Tiffen, M 2003 “Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Agriculture, Urbaniz ation and Income Growth.” World Development 31: 8, 1343–1366 Tomich, T.P., P Kilby, and B.F Johnston 1995 Transforming Agrarian Economies: Opportunities Seized, Opportunities Missed Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Tomz, Michael, Jason Wittenberg, and Gary King 2001 “Clarify: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results.” http://campus murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/mark.wattier/clarify.pdf Accessed December 2014 Tordoff, W 2002 Government and Politics in Africa, Fourth Edition Bloomington: Indiana University Press 352 Bibliography Tortora, Bob 2007 “Africans’ Confidence in Institutions—Which Country Stands Out?” Gallup Poll January 18 http://www.gallup.com/poll /26176/africans-confidence-institutions-which-country-stands-out aspx Accessed 13 January 2015 Transparency International Website Regional Overview: Africa http:// www.transparency.org/regional_pages/africa_middle_east/sub_s aharan_africa Consulted April 2012 Accessed December 2014 Tripp, Aili 2010 “The Politics of Constitution-Making in Uganda.” In Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making, ed Laurel E Miller Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press Turner, J Michael, Sue Nelson, and Kimberly Mahling-Clark 1998 “Mozambique’s Vote for Democratic Governance.” In Postconflict Elections, Democratisation, and International Assistance, ed Krishna Kumar Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc U.S Supreme Court 1803 Marbury v Madison, U.S (I Cranch) 137, 180 https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/case.html Accessed December 2014 Udombana 2005 “Interpreting Rights Globally: Courts and Constitutional Rights in Emerging Democracies.” African Human Rights Law Journal 61 Ugochukwu, Basil, and Chijioke Ononiwu 2000 The Judiciary and Democratic Transition in Nigeria Lagos: Mbeyi & Associates UN Office on Drugs and Crime 2000 United Nations Convention against Corruption http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/ Accessed 18 April 2015 Unattributed 2011a “Africa and Asia to Lead Urban Population Growth in the Next Four Decades.” In Press Release, 2011 Revision of the World Urbanization Prospects New York: United Nations Unattributed 2011b “Africa Rising.” The Economist 40: 15, 3–9 December Unattributed 2011c “The Sun Shines Bright.” The Economist 401, 82–84, 3–9 December UNDP 1997 Governance and Sustainable Human Development New York: UNDP — 2002 Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World, Human Development Report Oxford: Oxford University Press, 43 — 2008 Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives: Accelerating Human Development in Asia and the Pacific USAID 2009 Democratic Decentralization Programming Handbook Washington, DC: USAID Growing Democracy in Africa 353 USIP 1999 Accord de cessation des hostilités en République du Congo 1999 United States Institute of Peace, usip.org http://www.usip.org /files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/congobraz_fr_1999 pdf Accessed December 2014 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2011 “World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision.” Retrieved 18 April 2012, from http://esa/un/org/undp/wup Accessed December 2014 United Nations 2011 “World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Popul ation Division United Republic of Tanzania 1992 Presidential Commission on Single Party or Multiparty System in Tanzania: Report and Recommendations of the Commission on the Democratic System in Tanzania Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press Van de Vijver, Linda, ed 2006 The Judicial Institution in Southern Africa A Comparative Study of Common Law Jurisdictions Cape Town: Siber Ink van de Walle, Nicolas 2007 “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Co mpetition, eds H Kitschelt and S.I Wilkinson New York: Cambridge University Press — 2011 Democracy, the State and the African Middle Class Ithaca: Cornell University Press — 2012 “Between Authoritarianism and Democracy.” Journal of Demo cracy 23: 169–173 Vaughan, S 2003 “Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia.” PhD Study, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Vicente, Pedro C 2008 “Is Vote Buying Effective? Evidence From a Fie ld Experiment in West Africa.” Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development Working Paper (April) http://www.econo mics.ox.ac.uk/Research/wp/pdf/paper318.pdf Accessed December 2014 VonDoepp, Peter 2006 “Politics and Judicial Assertiveness in Emerging Democracies: High Court Behaviour in Malawi and Zambia.” September http://prq.sagepub.com/content/59/3/389.full.pdf Accessed December 2014 Walter, Barbara F 2002 Committing to Peaceࣟ: the Successful Settlement of Civil Wars Princeton: Princeton University Press 354 Bibliography Wantchekon, Leonard 2000 “Credible Power-Sharing Agreements: Theory with Evidence from South Africa and Lebanon.” Constitutional Political Economy 11: 4, 339–352 — 2003 “Clientelism and Voting Behavior: Evidence From a Field Experiment in Benin.” World Politics 55: 3, 399-422 Watson, Alan 1974 Legal Transplants An Approach to Comparative Law Athens: University of Georgia Press, 27 Watts, R.L 2008 “Comparing Federal Systems, 3rd edition.” Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press Weber, M 1958 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism New York: Charles Scribner Wedel, Janine R 2012 “Rethinking Corruption in an Age of Ambiguity.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8, 453–498 Wekwete, Kadmiel H., and Shekou M Sesay 2001 “Legislative Challen ges for Sustainable Urban Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.” UN Chronicle, 62–82 Whitaker, Beth Elise 2005 “Citizens and Foreigners: Democratisation and the Politics of Exclusion in Africa.” African Studies Review 48: 1, 109–126 Widner, Jennifer 2001 Building the Rule of Law New York: W.W Norton & Company Wiechers, Marius 2010 “Namibia’s Long Walk to Freedom: The Role of Constitution Making in the Creation of an Independent Namibia.” In Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making, eds Laurel E Miller and Louis Aucoin, 81–110 Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Wiley, David E., and James A Wiley 1970 “The Estimation of Measure ment Error in Panel Data.” American Sociological Review 35, 112–17 Williams, J Michael 2010 Chieftaincy, the State, and Democracy: Political Legitimacy in Post-Apartheid South Africa Bloomington: Indiana University Press Williamson, B 2007–2008 “Democratic Institutions in Sudan: More than just a Promise?” In Wisconsin International Law Journal 25, 313–323 Wlezien, Christopher, and Robert S Erikson 2001 “Campaign Effects in Theory and Practice.” American Politics Research 29: 5, 419–36 Woo-Cumings, Meredith 1999 The Developmental State Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press World Bank 1989 From Crisis to Sustainable Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Long-term Perspective Study Washington, DC: The World Bank Growing Democracy in Africa 355 — 1992 Governance and Development Washington DC: The World Bank — 2012 “International Finance Corporation: What we do.” Website http: //www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/CORP_EXT_Content/IFC_Ext ernal_Corporate_Site/What+We+Do/Investment+Services Accessed 11 November 2012 World Health Organization 2012 Retrieved November 2012 http:// www.who.int Accessed December 2014 Wunsch, James, and Bamidele Olowu 2010 Nigeria Desk Study Washin gton, DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Wunsch, James, and Dele Olowu, eds 1990 The Failure of the Centralized State Boulder, CO: Westview Press Xinhua News Agency 2007 “Malawi Increases Salaries for Traditional Leaders by Almost 10 Times.” July Young, Crawford 1994 The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective New Haven: Yale University Press — 2007 “Nation, Ethnicity and Citizenship.” In Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa, eds S Dorman, D Hammett, and P Nugent Leiden: Brill Young, Crawford, and Thomas Turner 1986 The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State Madison: University of Wisconsin Press Young, Daniel J 2009 “Support You Can Count on? Ethnicity, Partisanship, and Retrospective Voting in Africa.” Afrobarometer Working Paper No 115 (October) Zambian Constitution Review Commission 2005 Report of the Constitution Review Commission Lusaka, December 29 (“Mung’omba Commission Report 2005”) Zimbabwe Election Support Network 2013 Zimbabwe Constitution Referendum Report and Implications for the Next Elections 16 March www.kubatana.net/docs/elec/zesn_referendum_report_130425.pdf INDEX Abdou Diouf, 32 abolition of chiefs, 208, 209 Accra Metropolitan Authority AMA, 229 African Development Bank AfDB, 62, 266, 313, 341 African Peer Review Mechanism APRM, 37, 220, 234, 238, 341 African Progress Panel, African Union Convention, 44, 273, 275, 276, 281, 287, 291, 299 Afrobarometer, 20, 26, 40, 43, 118, 125, 204, 213, 218, 264, 308, 310, 336, 342, 355 Anglophone, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 61, 78, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 98, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 109, 156 Angola, 34, 48, 51, 79, 80, 344 Anti-Corruption Commission, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 291, 294, 297 apartheid, 64, 82, 111, 139, 149, 186 Asian Development Bank, 48, 315 authoritarian regimes, 6, 28, 30, 31, 36, 146, 148, 307 autochthony, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182 Balai Citoyen, 39 Benin, 32, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 51, 52, 61, 62, 67, 74, 79, 117, 142, 201, 324, 348, 354 Berlin Conference, 172 Besigye, 57, 58, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130 Botswana Movement for Democracy, 137 Botswana National Front, 137 Burkina Faso, 39, 56, 133, 142, 146, 154, 156, 172, 201, 325 Burundi, 34, 45, 118 Cameroon, 32, 34, 45, 51, 56, 58, 73, 162, 173, 174, 175, 182, 341 Cape Verde, 33, 51, 56 CDD-Ghana Ghana Center for Democratic Development, 220, 320 Central African Republic, 46, 53 China, 7, 18, 249, 266 CHRAJ Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice, 227 citizen oversight committees, 223 Civil law, 50 civil servants, 140, 155, 229, 271, 289 clientelism, 17, 23, 43, 114, 177, 178, 260, 310, 311 Code of conduct, 289 Cold War, 11, 28, 334, 337 colonialism, 78, 82, 172, 176, 268 common law, 80, 81, 284 Community Water and Sanitation Agency CWSA, 240 Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC, 93, 104 Corrupt Practices Act, 278, 297 Côte d’Ivoire, 5, 37, 38, 315 DACF District Assemblies Common Fund, 230, 233 Darfur, 194, 333 Democratic Alliance, 66 Growing Democracy in Africa Democratic Party, 120, 124, 129, 137 Democratic Republic of Congo DRC, 172 demographic dividend, 253, 254, 255 demographic shift, 249, 251, 254, 255, 256, 262 devolution, 6, 34, 37, 147, 153, 188, 195 Director of Public Prosecutions, 66, 272, 279, 283, 284, 300 District Assemblies Common Fund DACF, 230, 233, 242 District Chief Executives DCE, 229, 233, 239, 241, 242 District Election Committee DEC, 232 downward accountability, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 156, 200, 204, 232, 242, 243 DRC, 34, 35, 173, 199 ECA (Economic Commission for Africa), 34, 68, 72, 87, 325 economic rights, 8, 43, 54, 68, 78, 82 economic transformation, 267 Egypt, 45, 51 EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, 189, 190, 191, 197 Equatorial Guinea, 35, 51, 53, 56 Eritrea, 34, 45, 51, 56, 114, 162, 165, 167, 168, 316 Ethiopia, 18, 34, 52, 132, 133, 138, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197, 307, 313, 326, 329, 333, 338, 350, 353 Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF, 189 ethnic citizenship, 170, 173, 174, 357 175 fertility rates, 251, 252, 254 focus group discussions FGDs, 221, 237 Forum for Democratic Change, 120, 124, 129 Francophone, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80, 81, 104, 156, 251, 315, 324, 326, 334 FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front, 201 Gabon, 34, 51, 53 Garang John, 192, 193, 194 Gbagbo, 70, 174 Ghana, 32, 33, 35, 38, 45, 52, 55, 86, 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, 116, 118, 132, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 147, 157, 173, 199, 213, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 242, 243, 263, 269, 314, 315, 318, 320, 322, 323, 328, 329, 335, 338, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 349 Ghana Bar Association, 224 Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, 224 Ghana Gas Project, 237 Ghana Health Service, 135 government accountability, hereditary chiefs, 199, 206, 217 High Council of the Republic, 36 Hispanophone, 51, 52, 80 Hong Kong Independent Commission against Corruption, 282, 290 Horn of Africa, 38, 332, 339, 350 Ibrahim Index, 1, 34, 332 ICAC Independent Commission against Coruption in Australia, 282, 290, 292, 331 ICT, 225 358 IDEA Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 30, 31, 333 India, 14, 76, 249, 261, 266 Industrial Revolution, 256, 265, 269, 270 infant mortality, 222, 252 information and communications technology ICT, 225 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IDEA, 328, 333 institutional infrastructure, institutional mono-cropping, 18 Interim National Constitution of 2005 INC, 184 Ivory Coast, 5, 174 Julius Nyerere, 16 Kenya, 5, 14, 17, 22, 48, 55, 57, 70, 72, 79, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 142, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 196, 262, 314, 316, 319, 322, 328, 336, 341, 350, 351 Kerekou, 63 Khartoum, 191, 194, 195 legal citizenship, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174 Lesotho, 33, 43, 51, 55, 73, 79, 171 Liberia, 38, 116, 118, 173, 202, 313, 316, 330, 338 Libya, 5, 45 Lindberg-Morrison, 117 Lusaka, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 321, 338, 355 Lusophone, 50, 51, 52, 73, 79, 80, 153, 156 Mali, 37, 38, 45, 46, 51, 56, 132, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 154, 156, 322, 324 Mbeki, 64 Members of Parliament Index MPs, 230 Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MLGRD, 135, 239 MLGRD, 239 Mozambique, 33, 43, 51, 79, 80, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 199, 201, 290, 340, 352 MPs, 94, 106, 230, 233, 234 multi-party elections, 33, 62, 114, 141, 176, 205, 263, 304, 305, 306 Municipal Chief Executives MCEs, 229 Museveni, 58, 71, 93, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 150, 322, 333, 343, 348 Namibia, 33, 34, 43, 51, 71, 73, 79, 86, 91, 95, 100, 101, 107, 109, 304, 322, 354 National Congress Party, 192, 195 National Constitutional Conference, 92, 93, 95, 100, 105 National Democratic Congress NDC, 117, 226 National Media Commission NMC, 227 National Resistance Movement NRM, 103, 119, 124, 129 National Union of Ghanaian Students NUGS, 224 neo-liberal, 19 neopatrimonialism, New Patriotic Party, 226 New Public Management School, 11 Niger, 22, 32, 37, 39, 45, 327 Nigeria, 35, 38, 51, 56, 73, 89, 90, 107, 117, 118, 142, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 237, 259, 295, 321, 335, 340, 343, 344, 352, 355 Nigerian Constitution, 89, 295 Nigerian Supreme Court, 58, 59 OECD, 17, 277, 343 Orange Democratic Movement Growing Democracy in Africa ODM, 57 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 17, 277 Ouattara, 70, 172 Overseas Development Institute ODI, 18, 307, 335 People’s Development Party PDP, 121, 124, 129 People’s Progressive Party PPP, 121, 124, 129 PETS, 138 post-conflict, 5, 103, 147 PPP, 121 presumption of innocence, 291, 292, 293, 294 Prevention of Corruption, 278, 296, 297 Public Expenditure Tracking Systems PETS, 138 Raila Odinga, 57 recovery of assets, 281 results-based, 13, 15 right to silence, 292, 295 rights-based, 13, 15 Robert Mugabe, 17, 59 rule of law, 3, 5, 7, 13, 29, 34, 35, 47, 48, 54, 59, 62, 64, 66, 75, 110, 185, 227, 271, 272, 283, 300 SADC Southern African Development Community, 79, 273, 274, 276, 299, 332 Selassie, 185, 189, 349 Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee SLCAC, 296, 349 Senegal, 28, 32, 33, 39, 51, 117, 142, 152, 154, 317 Serious Fraud Office, 227 Sierra Leone, 38, 89, 107, 117, 118, 173, 334 single-member district plurality SMDP, 226 SNG 359 Subnational Governments, 143, 154, 157 SNGs subnational governments, 132, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157 Social Accountability, 138, 220, 221, 223, 238, 320, 338 South Africa, 33, 34, 38, 44, 45, 52, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 73, 76, 79, 82, 86, 91, 93, 95, 101, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 154, 156, 186, 202, 203, 249, 269, 272, 294, 322, 323, 325, 326, 337, 338, 340, 341, 344,345, 347, 350, 351, 354 South Sudan, 45, 48, 86, 184, 186, 194, 195, 196, 197, 333 SPLM/A, 192, 193, 194, 196 subnational government, 144, 145 subnational governments, 132, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154 Swaziland, 33, 45, 71, 73, 79, 86, 114 Tanzania, 16, 33, 48, 52, 70, 79, 86, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 107, 110, 132, 133, 137, 138, 142, 144, 148, 156, 171, 173, 201, 204, 297, 329, 332, 335, 339, 351, 353 TCSS, 195 Togo, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 45, 117, 349 Trade Union Congress, 224 traditional leaders, 204, 213, 218, 316, 355 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan TCSS, 195 Tunisia, 48, 52 Uganda Federal Alliance, 121, 124, 129 Uganda People’s Congress UPC, 121, 124, 129 ujamaa, 16 UN Convention against Corruption UNCAC, 274, 275, 276, 281, 360 284, 289, 291, 299 UNCAC, 275 UNDP, 14, 68, 271, 352 Unexplained Wealth, 291 United Nations, 37, 121, 252, 253, 255, 257, 258, 273, 274, 275, 276, 296, 347, 352, 353 Upward accountability, 134, 141 West Africa, 38, 154, 202, 315, 317, 323, 331, 334, 353 World Bank, 2, 3, 13, 14, 18, 26, 39, 43, 220, 222, 223, 261, 266, 267, 305, 327, 335, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 354, 355 World Governance Index, World Governance Indicators Index WGI, 26 Zambia, 33, 39, 48, 52, 60, 71, 79, 86, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 117, 118, 162, 172, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 217, 271, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 316, 317, 319, 320, 321, 329, 341, 345, 347, 350, 353 Zimbabwe, 17, 34, 35, 51, 55, 71, 79, 86, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 173, 218, 330, 349, 350, 355 ... Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited by Muna Ndulo and Mamoudou Gazibo Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy Edited... teaching and research interests are in contemporary African politics, democratisation and elections in Africa, and international relations and foreign policies of African states He was the winner... countries and the political economies of Africa (especially Southern and South Africa) and Latin America Recently, she has focused on business as a political actor, examining business interactions