The Political Economy of Electricity Recent Titles in Energy Resources, Technology, and Policy Series Editor: Benjamin K Sovacool A Smarter, Greener Grid: Forging Environmental Progress through Smart Policies and Technology Kevin B Jones and David Zoppo Green Savings: How Policies and Markets Drive Energy Efficiency Marilyn A Brown and Yu Wang The Political Economy of Electricity Progressive Capitalism and the Struggle to Build a Sustainable Power Sector Mark Cooper Energy Resources, Technology, and Policy Benjamin K Sovacool, Series Editor Copyright © 2017 by Mark Cooper All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cooper, Mark, 1947– author Title: The political economy of electricity : progressive capitalism and the struggle to build a sustainable power sector / Mark Cooper Description: Santa Barbara : Praeger, [2017] | Series: Energy resources, technology, and policy | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016056797 (print) | LCCN 2017011736 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440853425 (alk paper) | ISBN 9781440853432 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Electric power systems—Economic aspects | Renewable energy sources—Economic aspects Classification: LCC HD9685.A2 C66 2017 (print) | LCC HD9685.A2 (ebook) | DDC 333.793/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016056797 ISBN: 978-1-4408-5342-5 EISBN: 978-1-4408-5343-2 21 20 19 18 17 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook Praeger An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Series Foreword vii PART I: HISTORICAL CONTEXT Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 2 The Political Economy of the Paris Agreement, Technological Progress, and the Decarbonization-Development Dilemma13 PART II: ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK Chapter 3 The Technological Revolutions of Industrial Capitalism45 Chapter 4 The Innovation System of Progressive Capitalism 65 PART III: THE COMPLEXITY OF RESOURCE SELECTION IN A LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY SECTOR Chapter 5 The Cost of Electricity in a Low-Carbon Future 89 Chapter 6 Energy Potential and Institutional Resource Needs 119 PART IV: CHALLENGES Chapter 7 Conceptualizing Market Imperfections 151 Chapter 8 The Nuclear War Against the Future 181 v viContents PART V: POLICY RESPONSES AND DECISION MAKING TOOLS Chapter 9 The Urgent Need for Policy Action: “Command but Not Control”205 Chapter 10 Decision Making and the Terrain of Knowledge 235 Chapter 11 Application of Multicriteria Portfolio Analysis 257 Epilogue: The Importance of Local Support for Global Climate Policy If the United States Flip-Flops on the Paris Agreement 279 Appendix I: Democratic Equality and the Encyclical on Climate Change as Progressive Capitalism 289 Appendix II: Conceptual Specification of Market Imperfections 317 Appendix III: Empirical Evidence on Policy Directly Evaluating Price in the Climate Change Analysis 347 Notes 359 Bibliography 405 Index 453 SERIES FOREWORD As societies around the world grapple with rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and a changing climate, competition over scarce energy reserves, growing collective energy insecurity, and massive fluctuations in the price and affordability of energy services, what could be more important than a series devoted to the analysis of the interactions among nations, societies, and energy sectors? This series explores how human beings use energy, and how their conversion of energy fuels into energy services can impact social structures and environmental systems It aims to educate readers about complex topics such as the modern use of fossil fuels and nuclear power, climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as emerging trends in state-of-the-art energy technology including renewable sources of electricity and shale gas It hopes to inform public debate and policy as humanity grapples with how best to transition to newer, cleaner forms of energy supply and use over the next century Apart from investigating innovations in the energy sector, and illustrating the fragile balance between energy development and environmental protection, the series also meets a demand for clear, unbiased information on energy and the environment Books emerging from the series are accessible to the educated layperson, but the depth of scholarship makes them appropriate for a range of readers, including professionals who work in the energy sector, legislators, policymakers, and students and faculty in such fields as engineering, public affairs, global studies, ecology, geography, environmental studies, business and management, and energy policy Books in the series take an investigative approach to global and at times local energy issues, showing how problems arise when energy policies and technological development supersede environmental priorities but also demonstrating cases where activism and sensitive policies have vii viii Series Foreword worked with energy developers to find solutions The titles in the series offer global perspectives on contemporary energy sources, the associated technologies, and international policy responses, showing what has been done to develop safe, secure, affordable, and efficient forms of energy that can continue to power the world without destroying the environment or human communities Benjamin K Sovacool Series Editor PART I HISTORICAL CONTEXT Bibliography445 Soete, Luc, Bart Verspagen, and Bas ter Weel “Systems of Innovation.” In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (Volume 2) Edited by Bronwyn H Hall and Nathan Rosenberg, 1159–1180 Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland, 2010 Solar Power Rocks “2016 United States Solar Power Rankings.” SolarPowerRocks.com, https://solarpowerrocks.com/2016-state-solar-power-rankings/ Sood, Ashish, Gareth M Jones, Gerard J Tellis, and Ji Zhu “Predicting the Path of Technological Innovation: SAW vs Moore, Bass, Gompertz and Kryder.” Marketing Science 31 (2012): 964–979 Sorrell, Steve, Alexandra Mallett, and Sheridan Nye Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency, A Literature Review Working Paper, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2011 Southern Alliance for Clean Energy “Plant Vogtle’s Price Tag Climbs to $21 Billion as Commission Experts Predict Further Delays and Cost Increases for Southern Company’s Proposed Reactors.” Cleanenergy.org December 11, 2015 Sovacool, Benjamin K “Exposing the Paradoxes of Climate and Energy Governance.” International Studies Review 16 (2014): 294–297 Sovacool, Benjamin K., Alex Gilbert, and Daniel Nugent “An International Comparative Assessment of Construction Cost Overruns for Electricity Infrastructure.” Energy Research and Social Science (2014): 152–160 Sovacool, Benjamin K., Alex Gilbert, and Daniel Nugent “Risk, Innovation, Electricity Infrastructure and Construction Cost Overruns: Testing Six Hypotheses.” Energy 74 (2014): 906–917 Sovacool, Benjamin K., Daniel Nugent, and Alex Gilbert “Construction Cost Overruns and Electricity Infrastructure: An Unavoidable Risk?” Electricity Journal 27 (2014): 112–120 Sovacool, Benjamin K., and Michael H Dworkin Global Energy Justice: Problems, Principles, and Practices Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2014 Spence, Alexa, Christina Demski, Catherine Butler, Karen Parkhill, and Nicholas Frank Pidgeon “Public Perceptions of Demand-Side Management and a Smarter Energy Future.” Nature Climate Change (2015): 550–554 Sperling, Dan, David Bunch, Andrew Burke, Ethan Abeles, Belinda Chen, Kenneth Kurani, and Thomas Turrentine Analysis of Auto Industry and Consumer Responses to Regulation and Technological Change and Customization of Consumer Response Models in Support of AB 1493 Rulemaking Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis, June 1, 2004 Springer, Urs “Quantifying Risks and Risk Correlations of Investment in Climate Mitigation.” IWOE, October 2003 Sreedharan, Priya “Recent Estimates of Energy Efficiency Potential in the USA.” Energy Efficiency (2013): 433–445 Staffell, Iain, and Richard Green Is There Still Merit in the Merit Order Stack? 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also Fossil fuels; Nuclear power Citi Research, 124 Clean Air Act, 220 Clean Cars Coalition, 285 Clean Power Plan (CPP), 136, 142–144, 280–282 Climate change, 3, 6, 16–18, 25–26, 32, 75, 89; impact on policy urgency, 206–210; literature, 164–171, 206; market imperfections and policy challenge, 164–179; role of subsidies, 221–222 Coal power, 103, 195–197, 274, 283 Command but not control regulation, 6, 173–176; key characteristics, 223–225; overestimation of cost, 100t Common pool resource management model, 26–29, 279, 286 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): California analysis, 137–138; current cost, 92; lifecycle carbon, 110; Alternative energy See Renewable resources Anderson, Elizabeth, 53–55, Appendix I Australian Power Generation Technology Report, 17, 18–19, 22–23, 94–95, 142, 146 Avent, Ryan, 214 Awerbuch, Shimon, 257, 264, 273 Baseload power, 9, 11, 108; and demand reduction/management, 124; inertia, 131, 133; nuclear license renewal, 197–209 Battery power and storage, 16, 94–95, 129, 145 Behavioral economics, 68–70; performance standards, 223; role in efficiency gap, 156, 160, 173–176; role in welfare economics, 208–209 Berger, Martin, 257 Binz, Ron, 273 Biomass, environmental impact of, 20–21, 108, 111–112 Black Swan Theory, 242–243 Blumstein, Carl, 154 Burtraw, Dallas, 219–220, 229–231 California: analysis of renewable integration, 136–141, 285; Energy Commission, 209, 210; Energy Institute, 160–162; LEV, 100t; trend setting, 125 Cap-and-trade, 215, 220 453 454Index marginal contribution, 93; share, 21t; system factors, 112–113 Consumers, 178–179 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, 152 Creative destruction/construction, 47, 52, 54, 74–75, 186 Credit Suisse, 124–126, 183 de la Rue du Can, Stephane, 219 Decarbonization: impact of greater efficiency, 104t; scenarios, 103; timing of reductions, 109–110 Decision-making frameworks, 235–249; Black Swan Theory, 242–243; critique of statistical basis, 240–242; mapping regions of knowledge, 238t; need for new, 235–236; other approaches, 248– 250; policy approach, 264f, 267f; project management, 245–248; strategic advice, 259t; technology risk assessment, 243–245; terrain of knowledge, 236–237 Deep Decarbonization in Australia, 18–19, 103 Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project, 17, 21–23, 109 Demand response: California Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 136– 138; California utilities, 139–141; Clean Power Plan, 143–145; demand shaping, 136–137; general studies, 141–143; impact on infrastructure resources 126, 127t, 128–131, 133– 135; transformation dividend, 16, 104–105, 133–135 Democratic egalitarianism, 54–55, 56t, Appendix I Deutsche Bank, 130 Development-decarbonization dilemma, 29; decarbonization, 34; development, 30–32; energy and development, 17t; limits of degrowth, 34, 36t, 39t; steady-state, 33–34, 38; target thresholds, 36t, 38–40 Diablo Canyon, 197, 209–200 Digital communications, 75 Discount rate, 211–213, 223, 254–255 Duck Chart, 133, 134f Ecological rationality, 69, 72 The Economics of Load Defection, 185 The Economics of Regulation, 60 Economist, 214 Edison Electric Institute (EEI), 188–191 Efficiency, 85, 97–98; benefits, 111–115, 114t; current cost, 91f, 104–105; past performance, 225–228; potential, 125–126, 127t, 173 Efficiency gap, 98, 101; definition and debate, 152–155 See also Market barriers/imperfections Electricity sector, 3, 40–41; digital economy, 74–75; and economic development, 17–18 Emissions, China, 33, 36–38 Emissions, global targets, 38–40 Emissions, India, 33 Emissions, Japan, 33, 36–37 Emissions, Russia, 33, 36–38 Emissions, United States, 33, 36–37 Emissions standards See Performance standards Energy Economics, 165 Energy Efficiency Economics and Policy (RFF), 158–159, 165 Energy gap See Efficiency gap Energy justice, 75 Energy paradox See Efficiency gap energy [r]evolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook See Greenpeace International Energy sector, 3; distributed justice, 56; role in economic progress, 75 See also Electricity sector Energy-water nexus, 111–112 Environmental impacts (non-carbon), 111–113, 117t; accidents, 113t; life cycle, 110t; sustainability, 115 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 142–143, 152, 194 Environmental/economic merit order, 89, 93, 103, 105, 276 European Commission, 145 Exelon, 191–196 Experience curves, 225–227 Externalities, 111–115, 176–177; environmental and other externalities, 214–215; in ICT sectors, 76–80; impact on policy, 205–210; subsidies, 221 Index455 Facing the Challenges of a Distribution System in Transition (EEI), 189–190 Feedback hypothesis (FBH), 73 Financial risk, 106–108 First Energy, 195–197 Flexibility solutions, 140 Fossil fuels, 3, 18–19; deep decarbonization pathway, 22; First Energy, 195–197; incumbency and inertia, 177–178; subsidies, 220–223 Fritz, Martin, 35–38 The Future of Solar, 119–120 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal (NRC), 197–209 Global warming, 168 See also Climate change Globalization, 74, 79 Golove, William H., 158 Greenhouse gas, 3, 23; emission levels, 32f, 33–35; policies, 217t Greenpeace International, 17, 21t, 22, 110 Grid defection, 130, 185 Hepburn, Cameron, 229–232 Hinkley nuclear reactor, 91, 94 Hydropower, 21; environmental impact, 110–113; multi-criteria evaluation, 267, 272, 274; sustainability, 115–116 Illinois, 191–195, 197 Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, 193, 197 Imperial College, 165–167, 214 Incumbent technologies, 4, 52, 85; attack on alternatives, 188–189; inertia, 177–178; subsidies, 220–222; war on the future, 182–187 Industrial revolutions, 3–4; digital technology and decarbonization, 75–77, 79; economic development, 29–31; historical patterns, 47–53 Information, communications, and advanced control technologies, 4; ICT role in grid management, 16, 34; positive sum game in development, 54, 76 Innovation gap, 164, 215, 221 Innovation systems, 65, 72; Critique of laissez faire, 41, 68–69, 70t; digital technology and decarbonization, 74– 76, 77t; national systems, 72; policy interventions, 73f; solar, 81f; solar and wind as case studies, 80–85; wind, 83t Innovation-diffusion, 66–66; diffusion curve, 66f; policy across diffusion curve, 262–263 Institutional resources: integration, 126–127, 131–133, 139–142; needs, 131–132; reliability, 133–135 International Energy Agency, 95 Internet of Things, 145 Iron Triangle of Barriers, 165 Jacobson, Mark Z., 18, 20–21, 22–23, 89–90, 101–104, 110–112, 116, 206 Kahn, Alfred, 60–61 Keynesian economics, 47, 240 Koch, Max, 35–38 Laissez faire capitalism, 55, 68–72, 233– 234 See also Neoclassical economics Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 98–99, 136–141, 155–159, 210, 216–218 Lazard, 17, 90–94, 124 Least regrets opportunities, 140 Leonhardt, David, 215 Levelized cost: current, 91f; definition, 89–90; least cost, 25; saved energy, 99t Lovins, Amory B., 187, 197 Madrian, Brigitte C., 208 Market barriers/imperfections, 41, 156t, Appendix II, Appendix III; California Energy Institute, 160–162; climate change, 166–167, 170–179; efficiency gap, 152–155; justification for regulation of infrastructure, 60, 63–64; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory causes of the gap, 155–156; low demand elasticity, 61; McKinsey, 162–163t; Resources for the Future causes of the gap, 158; schools of thought, 45–46, 68–71; UN Industrial Organization causes of the gap, 159, 206–210, 219, 224, 262 456Index Market failure, 46, 156, 158–165; benefits of policy, 210; discount rate, 211; inferiority of price, 211–215; urgency for policy 205–207; welfare economics of policy, 208–209, 224 Market fundamentalism, 45–46, 68–69, Appendix II; empirical evidence on climate change, 176–179; empirical evidence on efficiency gap, 173–176; major imperfections, 170, 177–178; Nobel laureates, 70t; Nordhaus, 165, 168, 169; rejection of price, 165, 168–170, Weyant, 165, 168, 169–170 Market power, 61–62,193 Marx, Karl, 4, 53 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 119–120 McKinsey & Company, 98–99, 124, 126, 153, 162–164 Mean-variance portfolio theory, 257 Mercatus Center, 152–155 Merit order framework, 89, 93, 101, 104, 184–185, 193–194, 267–268 See also Environmental/economic merit order Micro grids, 145 Micro level behavior, 79–80 MISO, 141, 191–192 Mitigation, 23, 25, 136–139, 210; project management and risk mitigation, 245–248 Multicriteria portfolio analysis: comparisons to other approaches, 269–275; formula, 265; market imperfections and ambiguity, 261–262; portfolio method, 264–266; principles for navigating ambiguity, 257–259; rank order of resources, 267–268; sequence of decisions, 261t, 269f Multipliers, 177; jobs, 117f Mythological risk classification, 249–251 NASA, 249, 259t National Association of Consumer Utility Advocates, 213 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 152 National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI), 264 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 121 Natural gas, 16, 90–93, 103; environmental impact, 110–113; multi-criteria evaluation, 267, 272, 274; role in market clearing, 193–195; sustainability, 115–116 Natural monopoly, 60–61 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 190 Neoclassical economics, 5; critique, 46t, 68–72, 158; welfare economics, 208– 210 See also Laissez faire capitalism Network effects, 62 New Deal, 53 New York Times, 215 Nichols, David, 99 Noll, Roger, 170 Nordhaus, William, 165, 168, 169 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), 143, 144 North Anna nuclear reactor, 91–92, 94–95 North, Douglass, 29 Nuclear Energy Agency, 95 Nuclear power, 11, 22–23, 85; aging reactor cost, 184f; climate disadvantages, 111–113; Diablo Canyon license renewal, 209–202; disagreement on cost, 96–97, 103; false reliability crisis—Illinois, 191– 195; financial risk,108t; multi-criteria portfolio analysis for New England, 271–273; subsidies, 220–222; Vogtle, 91–92 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 197–208 Nuclear renaissance, 95, 122 Nuclear retirement, 191–195 Nuclear war against the future, 181, 186–188, 195–208 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge), 165, 166–167t Offshore wind, 21, 94, 108, 113 Ohio, 195–196 Onshore wind, 21, 94, 108, 113 Ostrom, Elinor, 26–29 Over-generation, 140 Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E), 197–200 Index457 Papal Encyclical on Climate Change (Laudato Si’), 55, 62–64, Appendix I Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 5–7, 13–14; economics, 23–25; governance, 14, 26–29; performance standard, 223; political economy of compliance, 282t; potentially compliant states, 280–280; sustainable development, 25; U.S withdrawal, 279 Peaking power, 16, 75, 93, 133 Pearce, David W., Pérez, Carlota, 47, 52–54, 74–79 Performance standards, 6, 215–220; appliances, 226–229, 228t; benefits, 226; command but not control, 223– 225; cost reduction, 100–101; market imperfections addressed by, 224t; progressive policy, 230, 273 Periodization, 47–50, 54 Piketty, Thomas, 5, 233 PJM, 145, 192–196 Policy evaluations, 216t, 217t, 218t; market imperfections addressed, 219 Political economy: challenge of institution building, 34–35, 45; defined, 3–5 Portfolio analysis, 264–266, 269–277 Positive-sum game, 54 Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), 183 Price effects, 177 Price fundamentalism See Market fundamentalism Progressive capitalism, 3, 8, 41, Appendix I; critique of neoclassical, 45–46; historical process, 47–50, 51f; inclusiveness, 52; moral framework, 54–58; Papal Encyclical, 64; progressive analysis 58; state and progressive policy, 52–54; StructureConduct-Performance, 59t, 60–62 See also Progressive policy Progressive policy: climate (Hepburn), 230t; SCP paradigm, 230t; Stiglitz on taxes, 230t; welfare economics, 208–210 Project management and risk mitigation, 245–248 Public license, 62 Rauch, Jason, 272 Regional transmission organizations (RTOs), 191–192 Regions of knowledge, 238; risk, 252; uncertainty, 253; unknowns, 255; vagueness, 252 See also Decisionmaking frameworks Regulation: market failure, 171–172t; overestimation of cost, 100; rationale, 54, 60–61 See also Performance standards Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP), 133, 173 Reliability: California analysis, 136–143; clean power plan, 144t; false reliability crisis, 191–193, 196; measures to promote, 135t Renewable Integration Study Executive Summary Report See PJM Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), 124, 281 Renewable resources: California potential, 136–147; energy savings, 97, 102t, 125–126; financial analysts view, 123–125; geographic distribution, 121–122; global potential, 119–121; mid-term potential, 122, 123t Resource economics: economic merit order, 89; efficiency as a resource, 103, 94, 102–103, 105, 276 Resource selection: multiple characteristics, 106–107; jobs, 116– 117; portfolio analysis, 271–272 Resources for the Future (RFF), 158–159, 165 Robinson, James A., 52–53 Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), 124, 130, 185–186 Ross, David, 58–59, 230t Rowe, John, 195 Sanford Bernstein, 125 Scherer, Frederic M., 58–59, 229, 230t Schumpeterian economics, 47, 66, 75 Small modular reactors (SMR), 95, 108 Smart grid, 145, 263 Smith, Adam, 4, 54 Solar power: cost trends, 15f, 95; current cost, 91f; environmental impact, 458Index 110–113; integration, 139–142; jobs, 116f; merit order, 102f; multi-criteria evaluation, 267, 272, 274; other characteristics, 108–112; role of state policy, 80–81; share of resources, 21t; sustainability, 115–116 Sperling, Dan, 226 Stiglitz, Joseph E., 230t, 232 Stirling, Andrew C., 257, 264 Storage: cost trends, 92–95; demand response, 126–129; new role, 16, 135t; other characteristics, 108; role in integration, 136–137 Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) paradigm, 45, 58–60 Subsidies, 85; history, 220; shift to alternatives, 222 Sustainability analysis, 115 System integration, 131–132, 135 Takahashi, Kenji, 99 Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 264 Tax policy, 232 See also Carbon tax Technological progress: decarbonization road maps, 17–20; deep decarbonization, 27; Greenpeace, 27; historic, 29, 31f; 100 percent renewable, 18, 20, 21t; revolutions, 14, 48t, 51t, 53; solution to climate change, 15, 16 Technology Learning in the Energy Sector, 225–226 Technology risk assessment, 243–245 Terrain of knowledge, 235, 236, 237–242 Tesla, 129 Toward Additional Policies to Improve the Environmental Performance of Buildings See European Commission Transaction costs, 177 Transmission costs, 142 UBS Investment Research, 128–129 Uncertainty-ambiguity matrix, 247–248 Under Coalition, 280–281 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 5, 13–15, 26, 276 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 153–154, 159–160 U.S Department of Energy, 98, 120–121, 142, 145, 201, 226 U.S Energy Information Administration, 95, 136 Variable generation (VG), 136 Vehicles, 145, 152, 197–209, 226 See also Clean Cars Coalition Virtuous cycle framework, 65, 74, 76, 79–80 Vogtle nuclear reactor, 91–92, 94 War against the future: baseload bias in licenses, 197–201; economic motivation, 181–187; Exelon, 191–196; First Energy, 195–208; utilities, 188–191 Watkiss, Paul, 269, 271 Welfare economics, 70, 208, 234 Weyant, Jon, 165, 168, 169–170 Wilkinson, Nick, 162t Wind power: cost trends, 15f, 96f; current cost, 91f; environmental impact, 110–113; jobs, 116f; integration, 139–142; merit order, 102f; multi-criteria evaluation, 267; other characteristics, 108–112; role of state policy, 80–81; share of resources, 21t; shifting cost curve, 194f; sustainability, 115–116 Wind Vision Report, 120, 135, 142–143 See also U.S Department of Energy Woerman, Matt, 219–220, 229 Yang, Spencer, 273 About the Author MARK COOPER is Senior Fellow for Economic Analysis at the Institute for Energy and the Environment at Vermont Law School A former Yale University and Fulbright Fellow and a recipient of the Esther Peterson Award for Consumer Service, he is also an Adjunct Fellow at Silicon Flatirons at the University of Colorado School of Law He has published six books and hundreds of articles and papers on energy, high technology, telecommunications, and media Cooper has provided expert testimony more than 400 times for public interest clients, including attorneys general, people’s counsels, and citizen interveners before state and federal agencies, courts, and legislators in dozens of jurisdictions in the United States and Canada 459 ... increase their load factor and/ or make their output more attractive to grid operators In fact, some argue that when all of their potential values to the operation of the grid are taken into account,... and Standard Deviation in Percent of Resources Resource Deep Jacobson et al Greenpeace Decarbonization Average Standard Average Standard Average Share Share Deviation Share Deviation PV (Total)... author Title: The political economy of electricity : progressive capitalism and the struggle to build a sustainable power sector / Mark Cooper Description: Santa Barbara : Praeger, [2017] |