Sustainability policy hastening the transition to a cleaner economy

WEBFFIRS 12/17/2014 9:54:55 Page iv WEBFFIRS 12/17/2014 9:54:55 Page i Sustainability Policy Hastening the Transition to a Cleaner Economy STEVEN COHEN WILLIAM EIMICKE ALISON MILLER WEBFFIRS 12/17/2014 9:54:55 Page ii Cover image: Wind Turbines  iStock.com/mahroch Cover design: Wiley Copyright  2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-ondemand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com ISBN 978-1-118-91637-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-118-91638-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-91639-1 (ebk) Printed in the United States of America 10 WEBFFIRS 12/17/2014 9:54:55 Page iii To Donna, Gabriella, Ariel, Karen, Annemarie, Balsam, Carol, and Gary WEBFFIRS 12/17/2014 9:54:55 Page iv WEBFTOC 12/17/2014 10:3:33 Page v Contents Preface: The Role of Government in the Transition to a Sustainable Economy vii Acknowledgments xv Chapter What is Sustainability Management? Chapter Why We Need Sustainability Public Policy 21 Chapter Policy Levers for Sustainability: The Federal Level 45 Chapter Policy Levers for Sustainability: The State Level 83 Chapter Policy Levers for Sustainability: The Local Level 123 Chapter Sustainability Measurement and Metrics 161 Chapter The Politics of Sustainability 187 Chapter Conclusion 217 References 227 About the Authors 263 Index 267 v WEBFTOC 12/17/2014 10:3:33 Page vi WEBFPREF 12/17/2014 10:0:47 Page vii Preface: The Role of Government in the Transition to a Sustainable Economy The Need for Governmental Sustainability Policy It’s a great paradox that at the moment the United States needs government the most, we don’t seem to have one anymore As students of public administration, we have been motivated by John F Kennedy’s call to public service Throughout our careers, we have chosen to “ask not what our country could for us,” asking instead “what we could for our country.” Steve Cohen joined the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the late 1970s, but six months into Ronald Reagan’s presidential term, after he defined government as a problem rather than a calling, Cohen left the EPA and did not seek another government position He was not alone; many left and many who were needed never arrived State and local vii WEBFPREF 12/17/2014 viii 10:0:47 Page viii Preface governments continued to attract the best and brightest of our young people, but fewer and fewer seemed interested in working in our nation’s capital Most headed for private nonprofits and for-profits In Washington, public service went out of fashion, and was replaced by the ambition-fueled revolving door Today, Washington seems a place of palace intrigue, arcane policy debates, campaign cash, and a political spin on everything and everyone In some respects the final breaking point may well have been the Obama administration’s failure to launch a functioning web-based sign-up system for national healthcare Over a half-century of struggle to establish national healthcare culminated with a sign-up process that didn’t work We now have a federal government so incompetent that it can’t manage the contractors it hires to set up a website President Reagan set in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy; government, at least the federal kind, has become a problem With this as the backdrop, we have a planet that is trapped in an economic system based on the one-time use of fossil fuels and other material resources The population of our planet has grown from three billion when JFK took office to over seven billion today We need to develop and deploy the technology to create a renewable resource-based economy We simply cannot continue using up materials and dumping the waste in a hole in the ground The private sector cannot make the transition from a waste-based economy to a renewable one by itself This transition can only happen if we can create a public–private partnership This is nothing new; we’ve been through this before The transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy could not have been done under the laissez-faire economic philosophy of the early industrial age Teddy Roosevelt and his allies understood that and began to regulate the marketplace Food, drugs, labor, and monopolies were regulated at the start of the 20th century Franklin Delano Roosevelt continued the process of increasing the role of government in our mixed economy Government was needed to establish the rules of the game, a social safety net, transportation, energy, and water infrastructure Now, as we begin the transition from a fossilfuel–based economy to one based on renewable energy and other reusable resources, government has a critical role to play again While we are focusing here on the role of government, it is important to understand that the private sector has a much larger and even more important role to play in the transition to a sustainable economy It is the private sector WEBBREF 12/17/2014 8:51:56 Page 259 References 259 United States Water Alliance “United States Water Prize.” 2014 Accessed May 9, 2014 http://www.uswateralliance.org/ Unruh, Gregory “Leading the Sustainability Insurgency.” MIT Sloan Management Review 2014 Urban Green Council U.S Green Building Council “NYC Green Codes Task Force.” 2014 Accessed April 16, 2014 http://www.urban greencouncil.org/greencodes Urban Land Institute “Mayor Bloomberg Unveils Plan to Create a Stronger, More Resilient New York.” June 12, 2013 Accessed April 25, 2014 New York http://newyork.uli.org/ Urban Sustainability Directors Network “About Us.” 2014 Accessed May 9, 2014 http://usdn.org/ Urbanization Knowledge Partnership “City Solution: Bus Rapid Transit for Urban Transport.” Accessed May 1, 2014 www.urbanknowledge.org Walker, Leslie Z “US EPA Grants California Waiver to of Clean Air Act Preemption to Enforce Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards.” Abbott & Kindermann LLP July 8, 2009 http://blog.aklandlaw.com/ Walsh, Jason and Kate Gordon “Taking Action on Clean Energy and Climate Protection in 2012: Menu of Effective and Feasible Solutions.” Center for American Progress April 2012 Accessed March 14, 2014 http://www.americanprogress.org Wang, Hua and David Bernell “Environmental Disclosure in China: An Examination of the Green Securities Policy.” The Journal of Environment Development 2013 Vol 22 339–369 Washington State Energy Office “Streamlining Local Government Project Review and Permitting of Renewable Energy Facilities and Infill Development.” Department of Commerce Growth Management Services October 14, 2011 Accessed April 28, 2014 http://www commerce.wa.gov/ Welna, David “Congress Is On Pace to be the Least Productive Ever.” National Public Radio December 24, 2013 Accessed March 27, 2014 http://www.npr.org Welton, Shelley “Regulating Imports Into RGGI: Toward a Legal, Workable Solution.” Columbia Center for Climate Change Law Blog August 21, 2013 Accessed April 28, 2014 http://blogs.law.columbia.edu/ Western Climate Initiative, Inc Accessed April 28, 2014 http://www.wciinc.org/ WEBBREF 12/17/2014 260 8:51:56 Page 260 References White, Adam J “Infrastructure Policy: Lessons from American History.” The New Atlantis 2012 No 35 3–31 White House Council on Environmental Quality “Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance—EXECUTIVE ORDER 13514.” 2009 Accessed April 17, 2014 http://www whitehouse.gov/ Williams, Alex “That Buzz in Your Ear May Be Green Noise.” The New York Times June 15, 2008 http://www.nytimes.com Wolk, Lois “Senate Bill 43 Offsite Renewable Energy Self-Generation.” California State Senate Accessed April 28, 2014 http://www cleanpath.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/news/12.4.12%20SB%2043% 20FACT%20SHEET%20FINAL.pdf World Commission on Environment and Development “Our Common Future.” Oxford: Oxford University Press United Nations 1987 World Economic Forum Prepared in collaboration with Oliver Wyman “Infrastructure Investment Policy Blueprint.” February 2014 1–44 www.weforum.org World Future Council “Unleashing renewable energy power in developing countries.” November 2009 Hamburg, Germany www.world futurecouncil.org World Health Organization “Urban Population Growth.” 2014 Accessed March 7, 2014 http://www.who.int/ Wray-Lake, Laura, Constance A Flanagan, and D Wayne Osgood “Examining Trends in Adolescent Environmental Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors Across Three Decades.” Environmental Behavior 2010 Vol 42 No 61–85 WXY Architecture + Urban Design, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, and Transportation & Climate Initiative “Creating EV-Ready Towns and Cities: A Guide to Planning and Policy Tools.” 2012 Yeager, David Scott, Samuel B Larson, Jon A Krosnick and Trevor Tompson “Measuring Americans’ Issue Priorities a New Version of the Most Important Problem Question Reveals More Concern About Global Warming and the Environment.” Public Opinion Quarterly 2011 Vol 75 No 125–138 Yglesias, Matthew “Beyond Mother Nature.” The New York Times Book Review January 28, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com WEBBREF 12/17/2014 8:51:56 Page 261 References 261 Yim, Sascha “Arizona’s Net Metering Battle Resolved, With Modest Fee Added for Solar.” Columbia Center for Climate Change Law Blog November 27, 2013 Accessed April 29, 2014 http://blogs.law columbia.edu/ Zborel, Tammy “Sustainable Connections: Strategies to Support Local Economies.” National League of Cities Municipal Action Guide 2011 Washington, DC Zeller, Tom “Solar Firms Frustrated by Permits.” New York Times January 19 2011 Accessed April 14, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/ Zhang, Fan “How Fit are Feed-in Tariff Policies? Evidence from the European Wind Market.” The World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist Policy Research Working Paper 6376 February 2013 Accessed April 28, 2014 http://econ worldbank.org/ Zhu, Charles and Nick Nigro “Plug-In Electric Vehicles Deployment in the Northeast.” Georgetown Climate Center September 2012 Accessed April 28, 2014 http://www.transportationandclimate.org/ WEBBREF 12/17/2014 8:51:56 Page 262 WEBBABOUT 12/17/2014 8:30:39 Page 263 About the Authors Steven Cohen is the executive director and chief operating officer of the Earth Institute, and professor in the practice of public affairs at Columbia University He is the director of the Master of Science in Sustainability Management Program at Columbia’s School of Continuing Education and director of the Master of Public Administration in Environmental Science and Policy Program and the Executive Master of Public Administration’s Environmental Policy and Sustainability Management Concentration at the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), also at Columbia University He is also the director of the Research Program on Sustainability Policy and Management From 2002 to 2006 he also directed the Office of Educational Programs at the Earth Institute He served as the director of the Executive Master of Public Administration Program at SIPA from 2001 to 2005 and of Columbia’s Graduate Program in Public Policy and Administration from 1985 to 1998 From 1987 to 1998, he was associate dean for Faculty at SIPA, and from 1998 to 2001, he was the school’s vice dean He is a 1970 graduate of James Madison High School in Brooklyn, New York (“Education is the true foundation of civil liberty”) Cohen received his B.A (1974) in political science from Franklin College of Indiana and his M.A (1977) and Ph.D (1979) in political science from the State University of New York in Buffalo Cohen served as a policy analyst in the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1977–1978 and 1980–1981) and as a consultant to the EPA (1981–1991, 1992–1997, and 2004–2007) He is the author of Sustainability Management (2011), Understanding Environmental Policy (2006, 2014), and the first edition of The Effective Public Manager (1988) He has coauthored The Responsible Contract 263 WEBBABOUT 12/17/2014 264 8:30:39 Page 264 About the Authors Manager (2008), four subsequent editions of The Effective Public Manager (1995, 2002, 2008, 2013), Environmental Regulation Through Strategic Planning (1991), Total Quality Management in Government (1993), Tools for Innovators (1998), and Strategic Planning in Environmental Regulation (2005) Dr Cohen is also a regular contributor to The Huffington Post William Eimicke is a professor in the practice of international and public Affairs and the founding director of the Picker Center for Executive Education at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, where he has taught numerous courses in public management, policy implementation, and government innovation, as well as run professional training programs in public management Eimicke served as the deputy fire commissioner for Strategic Planning and Policy from 2007 through the spring of 2010 He led numerous innovations to reduce response time to fires, establish a computerized risk-based inspection program, and provide advanced management training for senior Fire and EMS officers The FDNY Officers Management Institute (FOMI) was designated as a Top 50 Innovations in American Government for 2008 and 2009 by the Kennedy School of Government He received his B.A (1970) in political science, his M.P.A (1971), and his Ph.D (1973), also in political science, from Syracuse University Eimicke was director of housing for the state of New York (1985–1988); deputy secretary to the governor of New York (1983–1985); deputy commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing, Preservation, and Development (1980–1982)); and assistant director of the New York City Office of Management and Budget (1979–1980) In 1993, he served on Vice President Al Gore’s National Performance Review, which sought to “reinvent” the federal government He has coauthored with Steven Cohen The Responsible Contract Manager (2008), four editions of The Effective Public Manager (1995, 2002, 2008, 2013) and Tools for Innovators (1998) He is also the author of Public Administration in a Democratic Context (1973) and numerous articles on critical public policy and management issues Alison Miller is deputy executive director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University, where she has worked since 2011 She is also the associate director of the Research Program on Sustainability Policy and Management at the Earth Institute From 2007–2010, Miller worked as a business WEBBABOUT 12/17/2014 8:30:39 Page 265 About the Authors 265 development and investor relations associate for an asset management firm, where she worked with institutional clients and consultants She has previously worked with New York City’s Division of Energy Management, providing project management support for energy efficiency projects Miller has also worked as a consultant to the New York Mayor’s Office of LongTerm Planning and Sustainability, where she evaluated and advised on electric vehicle policy She has co-authored papers and studies on climate policy, sustainability, and management and policy analysis Miller received her M.P.A (2011) in Environmental Science and Policy at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, and her B.A (2005) in Economics and International Relations from the University of Delaware WEBBABOUT 12/17/2014 8:30:39 Page 266 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:26 Page 267 Index Acid Rain Program, 60 Active transport, 141–143 Advanced Research and Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), 50–51 Air quality programs, 136–145 All of the above energy policy, 65–66 American Clean Energy and Security Act, 72 American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 94, 98–99 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 48–49 Amtrak Acela Express, 76 Apocalypse fatigue, 200 Arizona, 88, 99, 103, 110 Austin, Texas, 135, 154 Australia, 72 Ball, Jeffrey, 65 Baltimore, 139 Bassett, Ellen, 126, 128 Bernanke, Ben, 30 Biedenkopf, Katia, 88 Bike-share programs, 141–142 Bloomberg, Michael, 127, 131, 133, 156, 202 Bogota, Colombia, 140–141 BP, 6, 66–68 Brain-based economy, Breyer, Stephen, 197 Brownfield redevelopment, 152–154 Building codes, 95–98 Building emissions, 136–137 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 183 Burns, Steven, 212 California, 88–91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101–103, 105, 108, 110–112, 115, 119 Canada, 72 Cap and trade, 72–73, 91–92 in European Union, 73–74 as market-based tool, 58–60 regional systems, 85–91 Carbon credits, 140 Carbon taxes, 56, 70–71 Carson, Rachel, Carve outs, 93 CDP, 166, 167 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, 127, 158–159 Chandas, Vivek, 126 China: corporate sustainability reporting, 174–175 energy demand, 24 feed-in tariff programs, 99 fuel economy standards, 62 green banks, 105 high-speed rail, 76–77 investment in research, 51 Christie, Chris, 85 Cincinnati, 149 Cities, sustainable, 14–15 See also Local-level policy Citizens Climate Lobby, 90 Citizen engagement, 212–213 Clean Air Act (CAA), 60–61, 110, 210, 213 Clean-energy technology, 49, 52, 54–55, 65–66 Clean Water Act, 61 Cleveland, 155 Climate adaptation plans, 114–116, 156 Climate change, 23, 114 Americans’ view of, 207–209 coalitions addressing, 127 denial of, 197–199 local impacts of, 125–126 politics of, 203, 209–210 Climategate, 207–208 Climate policies, 36, 81, 83 sub-national, 125–126 and transition to sustainability, 219 Transportation and Climate Initiative, 113–114 Climate Progress, 199 Cohen, Steven, 4, 26, 223, 224 Colorado, 102, 121 Columbia, Wisconsin, 157 Combined sewer systems, 147, 148 Commoner, Barry, Community design, 152–155 Composting, 151, 152 Congestion charging, 144–145 267 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:27 Page 268 268 Congress, U.S., 189–192, 209–210 Connecticut, 85, 93, 103, 105, 110, 117 Consumer purchasing behavior, 11–12 Consumption, 219–222 Copenhagen, Denmark, 142–143 Copenhagen Climate Summit for Mayors, 127 Corbett, Tom, 120 Corfee-Morlot, Jan, 125–126 Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards, 62 Corporate sustainability, 12–13, 172–180 Cultural shift, 11 Cuomo, Andrew, 105 Dahl, Arthur Lyon, 17, 169 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 66–68 Delaware, 85 Denmark, 72, 99, 177 Denver, 131 Department of Defense (DOD), 54–55, 117 Department of Energy (DOE), 48–50, 78, 117 Department of the Interior (DOI), 54, 67–68 Deregulation, 191–196 De Sousa, Christopher, 153 Developing world, transfer of technology to, 40–41 Dow Jones Sustainability Index, 166 Dunlap, Riley E., 197 Earth observation resources, 18 Economic stimulus programs, 48–49 Economy, 18–20 brain-based, public policy for, 28–38 renewable energy, 23–25 sustainability as growth driver, 129–130 Eimicke, Bill, 224 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 31 Electric vehicles (EVs), 77–79, 102, 111, 113–114, 143–144 Emissions, 23–24 and building codes, 95–96 and cap and trade, 59, 91–92 Emissions policy (federal): cap and trade, 58–60, 72–74 emissions from federal agencies/activities, 53 Emissions policy (local): building emissions, 136–137 vehicle emissions, 137–138 Emissions policy (state), 110–111 fuel efficiency, 112–113 regional cap and trade systems, 85–91 Transportation and Climate Initiative, 113–114 Energy costs, 13, 64–65, 98 Energy demand, 24, 65 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), 50 Energy efficiency resource standards (state), 95–99 Energy efficiency standards, 37, 96, 101 Energy infrastructure, 32, 116–118 Energy policies (local), 132–135 Energy policies (state), 84–100 energy efficiency resource standards, 95–99 feed-in tariffs, 99–100 Index and financial tools/mechanisms, 100–108 fuel efficiency, 112–113 for infrastructure, 116–118 regional cap-and-trade systems, 85–91 regulations and standards, 84–85 renewable portfolio standards, 91–94 Energy policy (federal): all-of-the-above, 65–66 clean-energy technology, 54–55 electrification of vehicle transportation, 77–79 fossil fuel industry support, 63–65 fracking, 68, 69 smart grid, 79–80 Energy subsidies, 34 Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics, 163 Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 59–60 Environmentalism, 224 Environmental movement, 4–5 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 36–38, 48, 60, 61, 80, 102–103, 110, 210 Environmental protection/preservation, 1, 187 regulatory processes and enforcement, 36–37, 80 in sustainability management, 6–7 Environmental services, 146–147 Erie Canal, 41 Europe: feed-in tariff programs, 99, 100 high-speed rail in, 76, 77 water usage and wastewater tax, 72 European Union (EU): corporate sustainability reporting in, 176–177 fuel economy standards, 62 investment in research, 51 procurement in, 53 European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS), 73–74, 89 Eurostar, 76, 77 E-ZPass system, 145 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 121 Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), 107–108 Federal-level policy, 45–81 all-of-the-above energy policy, 65–66 cap and trade, 72–74 electrification of vehicle transportation, 77–79 fossil fuel industry support, 63–65 high speed rail, 76–77 and increasing partisanship in Washington, 189–191 infrastructure, 74–76 market-based tools, 55–60 promise of, 80–81 public investment and spending, 47–55 regulations and standards, 60–62 regulatory capture, 66–68 regulatory failure, 68–70 smart grid, 79–80 taxes, 70–72 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 179–180 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 61 Feed-in tariffs (FITs), 35, 99–100 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:28 Page 269 Index Financial tools/mechanisms (state), 100–108 green banks, 104–105 on-bill financing, 105–107 property-assessed clean energy, 107–108 public benefit funds, 102–104 tax credits, rebates, and subsidies, 101–102 Finland, 71 Flanagan, Constance A., 223 Florida, 108, 110 Forest Service, 48 Fossil fuels, 23, 68–71, 136–137 Frameworks: for measuring sustainability, 16, 164–169 for public policy, 19 France, 174 Fuel economy/efficiency, 62, 112–113 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, 68 Functional matching, 26 General Electric (GE), Generally-accepted sustainability metrics, 169–172 Germany, 99, 100, 105 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 16, 164, 167 Goldwater, Barry, 191 Gore, Al, 207 Governance metrics, 163–164, 171 Government, see Public sector Grand Rapids, Michigan, 158 Green banks, 104–105 Green economy, measuring, 181–184 Green GDP, 40 “Green Guides,” 179–180 Greenhouse gases, 23, 111 See also Emissions Green infrastructure (water), 147–150 Green jobs, 40, 181–184 Greenshaw, Katie, 193, 194 Green taxes, 56 Grey infrastructure, 148 Grid standards, 98–99 “Harvesters,” 13 Hawaii, 99, 105, 121 Hayward, Steven F., 200 Hewlett-Packard, 10 High speed rail, 76–77 Homes for the Homeless, 26 Homer, Alaska, 157–158 Homsy, George, 157–158 Houston, 144 Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), 68, 69 Income inequality, 219–220 India, 24, 175–176 Indicators, 16 See also Sustainability metrics Indices of sustainability, 164–169 Industrial ecology, 9–10 Industry-specific standards, 165 Infrastructure funding, 22, 30–33 Infrastructure policies (federal), 74–76 Infrastructure policies (local): EV infrastructure, 143–144 water infrastructure, 146–150 Infrastructure policies (state), 114, 116–120 269 energy infrastructure, 116–118 water and wastewater infrastructure, 118–120 Integrated reporting, 165 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 198–199, 207, 208 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), 128 International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), 165 Investment and spending: in clean-energy technology, 54–55 for green infrastructure, 150 in infrastructure, 74–75 private, incentives for, 33–35 in procurement, 52–53 public, 47–55 in research and development, 47–51 Investment tax credit (ITC), 56–57 Ioannou, Ioannis, 178–179 Ireland, 71–72 Japan, 51, 62, 68, 74, 99–100 Kamal-Chaoui, Lamia, 124 Kansas, 94 Kansas City, Missouri, 149 Lacey, Washington, 143 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Earth Institute), 29 Landfills, 151 Land use, 152–155 Lifestyle, 219–222, 225 Living Cities, 130 Livingstone, Ken, 145 Lobbying, 197–199 Local-level policy, 123–159 cities as leaders in sustainability, 124–126 community design and land use, 152–155 politics of sustainability and, 201–203 resilient cities, 155–159 successful, 126–130 sustainability plans in the U.S., 130–132 sustainable cities, 14–15, 155–159 urban air quality programs, 136–145 urban energy initiatives, 132–135 waste management, 150–152 water management, 145–150 London, 128, 143, 145 Los Angeles, 132, 139, 144, 154 Low-emission vehicle (LEV) standards, 110 Lydenberg, Steve, 165 McCaskill, Claire, 190 McCright, Aaron M., 197 Maine, 85, 108, 110 Mann, Thomas E., 189 Market-based tools (federal) See also Financial tools/ mechanisms (state) cap and trade, 58–60 effectiveness of, 55–60 tax credits, 56–58 taxes, 55–56 Maryland, 85, 110 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:29 Page 270 270 Massachusetts, 85, 93, 95–97, 102, 103, 105, 109–110 Measuring sustainability, 15–17, 39, 161–185 frameworks and indices, 164–169 metrics as momentum for change, 184–185 public sector role in, 172–184 standard, generally-accepted, 22–23, 39–40, 169–172 sustainability metrics, 162–164 See also Sustainability metrics Media, 199–201 Melbourne, Australia, 134–135 Metrics: environmental, social, and governance, 163 sustainability, see Sustainability metrics Mexico, 72 Mexico City, 128 Michigan, 94 Microgrids, 117–118 Midwest Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord (MGGRA), 87, 88 Miller, Alison, 224 Milwaukee, 153 Minerals Management Service (MMS), 66–68 Minnesota, 94, 121 Money, politics and, 196–199 Mooney, Chris, 198 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 49 National Fuel Efficiency Policy, 62 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 48 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 49 National League of Cities, 128 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 48, 50 National Science Foundation (NSF), 48, 49 Natural resources, 2–3, 6, 10 Nebraska, 102 Net metering, 98–100 Networks for sustainability, 126–128 New Hampshire, 85 New Jersey, 85, 103, 110, 115, 117, 118 New Mexico, 88, 110 Newsweek’s Green Rankings, 166 New York City, 10, 41–42, 74, 75, 124, 128, 131–133, 136–137, 139–140, 142, 144–149, 151, 154–157, 202 New York Green Bank, 105 New York State, 85, 86, 95, 102–105, 108, 110, 112–113, 115–118 New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, 74 Nike, 11 Nonprofit sector, 26–27 North Carolina, 94 Norway, 71 Nuclear energy, 25 Obama, Barack, 48, 49, 51, 53, 63–65, 77, 78, 83, 207, 211 Offsets, 90 Ohio, 94 Index Oil depletion allowance, 63–64 Oklahoma, 108 On-bill financing (OBF), 105–107 O’Neill, Tip, 201 Opinion polls, 204–207 Oregon, 88, 95, 110–112 Organizational capacity, investing in, 18 Organizational management, 7–10 Osgood, D Wayne, 223 Our Children’s Earth Foundation, 90 Our Common Future, Parenti, Christian, 52 Parks and green spaces, 154–155, 202 Partisanship in Washington, 189–191 Peñalosa, Enrique, 141 Pennsylvania, 94, 103, 110, 120 Philadelphia, 139, 149–150 Physical dimension of sustainability, 8–9, 163, 171 PlaNYC 2030, 131–133, 142, 154, 202 PLUSnet system, 142–143 Policymaking, 213–214 Politics of sustainability, 187–215 Americans’ view of climate change, 207–209 and energy policy, 65–66 future of, 212–215 high-level support for local initiatives, 128–129 increasing partisanship in Washington, 189–191 at local level, 201–203 monetary, lobbying, and media influence on, 196–201 and public opinion, 203–207 public opinion and political ideology, 209–212 Tea Party and deregulation, 191–196 Pollution, 187–188 in 1940s, industrial ecology approach to, 9–10 short- and long-term effects of, 6, Pollution policy (federal), 58–60 Pollution policy (local), 136–145 Population growth, 11, 14 Portland, Oregon, 130, 138, 139, 155 Power grids: climate adaptation planning for, 116–117 grid standards, 98–99 micro grids, 117–118 smart grids, 32, 79–80 Private sector, 19 corporate sustainability in, 13 function of, 26 limitations of, 27–28 making/marketing of renewable energy resources, 30 shift toward sustainable practices in, Procurement, public, 52–53 Production Tax Credit (PTC), 57–58 Property-assessed clean energy (PACE), 107–108 Public benefit funds (PBFs), 102–104 Public investment and spending, 47–55 Public opinion, 203–207 Americans’ view of climate change, 207–209 and momentum behind sustainability, 11–12 and political ideology, 209–212 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:29 Page 271 Index Public policy, 18, 21–43 See also Federal-level policy; Local-level policy; State-level policy to build sustainable economy, 28–38 function of public, private, and nonprofit sectors, 26–27 private sector limitations, 27–28 public–private partnerships, 41–42 renewable energy economy, 23–25 sustainability metrics and management, 39–40 transfer of technology to developing world, 40–41 transition management, 42–43 Public–private partnerships, 10, 41–42, 74, 75 Public sector (government): functions of, 22, 26, 27 role in measurement and metrics, 172–184 role in sustainability, 210–212 societal role of, 26, 27 Public transportation, 139–141 Quebec, Canada, 88 Rapid bus transit, 140–141 Reagan, Ronald, 191–192 Rebates, 101–102 Recycling, 151–152 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), 85–88, 105, 112 Regulations and standards (in general), 22 polluters’ view of, 187–188 setting and enforcing, 34–38 Regulations and standards (federal): effectiveness of, 60–62 regulatory capture, 66–68 regulatory failure, 68–70 and Tea Party’s deregulation agenda, 191–196 Regulations and standards (states): emissions standards, 110–111 energy policies, 84–85 Regulatory capture, 66–68 Renewable energy: feed-in tariffs, 99–100 green banks, 104–105 incentives for transition to, 34–35 infrastructure for, 32 local policies encouraging, 135 need for economy based on, 23–25 Production Tax Credit for, 57–58 in transport system, 78–79 Renewable portfolio standards (RPS), 91–94 Research and development (R&D): federal investment in, 47–51 funding for, 27, 30 United States’ strengths in, 29 Resilience, 155–156 of cites, 155–159 of infrastructure and buildings, 32–33 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 80 Rhode Island, 85, 95, 108, 110 Robert, Alexis, 124 Rogers, Jean, 165 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 31 Rotterdam, 128 271 San Francisco, 130, 137–139, 144, 151–152, 155 Science: basic, government funding for, 28–30, 51 of climate change, 198–200 in decision making, policy, and politics, 214 federal investment in R&D, 22, 47–51 Seattle, 130, 134, 138, 139, 154 Serafeim, George, 178 Shandas, 128 Singapore, 144–145 Smart grids, 32, 79–80, 117–118 Social change, 225 Social metrics, 163, 171 Solar power, 32, 56–57, 135 South Africa, 176 South Daytona, Florida, 158 South Korea, 51, 74 S&P Dow Jones Sustainability Indices, 166 Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resilience (SIRR), 156–157 Standards, see Regulations and standards Standard sustainability metrics, 16, 169–172 State-level policy, 83–121 climate adaptation planning, 114–116 emission standards, 110–111 energy efficiency resource standards, 95–99 energy policies, 84–100 to facilitate innovation, 120–121 feed-in tariffs, 99–100 financial tools/mechanisms, 100–108 fuel efficiency, 112–113 green banks, 104–105 infrastructure policies, 114, 116–120 on-bill financing, 105–107 property-assessed clean energy, 107–108 public benefit funds, 102–104 regional cap-and-trade systems, 85–91 regulations and standards, 84–85 renewable portfolio standards, 91–94 tax credits, rebates, and subsidies, 101–102 Transportation and Climate Initiative, 113–114 transportation policies, 108–114 Stavins, Robert, 55 Subsidies, 34, 56, 63, 64, 101–102 Super PACs, 196 Sustainability: Americans’ view of, 205–207 challenges of, 2–3 and consumption/lifestyle, 219–222 definitions of, measuring, 15–17 political change process leading to, 222–226 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 16, 164–165 Sustainability management, 1–20 challenges in, 2–3 concept of, and environmental movement, 4–5 and expansion of corporate sustainability, 12–13 goals of, 221 government functions supporting, 22–23 growing momentum behind, 10–12 measuring sustainability, 15–17 WEBBINDEX 12/17/2014 8:46:36 Page 272 272 Index Sustainability management (Continued) and organizational management, 7–10 sustainability perspective in, 6–7 for a sustainable, renewable economy, 18–20 sustainable cities, 14–15 Sustainability Management (Steve Cohen), Sustainability metrics, 16–17, 162–164 See also Measuring sustainability at local, state, and national levels, 181–184 as momentum for change, 184–185 standard, generally-accepted, 39–40, 169–172 Sustainability perspective, 6–7 Sustainability plans, in the U.S., 130–132, 222 Sustainability reporting, 167–168 Sustainable cities, 14–15 See also Local-level policy Svara, James, 125 Sweden, 51 Taxes, 22 federal-level, 70–72 as incentive for private investment, 33–34 as market-based tool, 55–57 oil depletion allowance, 63–64 supporting transportation infrastructure, 75–76 Tax credits, 56–58, 101–102 Tea Party, 191–196 Technology, 224–225 See also individual technologies investing in, 18 for solving sustainability challenge, 25 tax credits for investment in, 56–58 Technology transfer, 40–41 Texas, 94, 95 Tradable pollution permit systems, 58–60 See also Cap and trade Transition to sustainability, 42–43, 219–222 TransMilenio system, 140–141 Transportation and Climate Initiative, 113–114 Transportation infrastructure, 31, 74–75 Transportation policies (federal): electric vehicles, 77–79 high speed rail, 76–77 Transportation policies (local), 138–145 active transport, 141–143 congestion charging, 144–145 electric vehicle infrastructure, 143–144 public transportation, 139–141 Transportation policies (state), 108–114 emission standards, 110–111 Transportation and Climate Initiative, 113–114 Triple bottom line, 163 United Kingdom, 105, 177–178 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 53, 182 U.S Geological Survey, 48 U.S national commission on sustainability metrics (proposed), 180–181 Unlikely innovators, 157–158 Urban areas See also Local-level policy air quality programs, 136–145 energy initiatives, 132–135 sustainable, 14–15 Urban Sustainability Directors Network, 127–128 Vancouver, Canada, 143–144 Van Hollen, Chris, 191 Vehicle transportation See also Electric vehicles (EVs) fuel economy/efficiency, 62, 112–113 local emissions policy, 137–138 state emissions standards, 110–111 Vermont, 85, 95, 99, 108, 110, 121 Vestas, 57–58 Vickery, William, 144 Virginia, 99 Wakeman, Raffaela, 189 Walker, Leslie, 110 Walmart, 10 Warner, Mildred, 157–158 Washington, DC, 92, 103, 107, 113, 139, 142 Washington State, 88, 97, 99, 110 Waste management, 3, 8, 13, 150–152 Water and wastewater: local water management policies, 145–150 management of, 25 state policies for infrastructure, 118–120 taxes related to, 72 Western Climate Initiative (WCI), 87–88 West Virginia, 94 Whitehead, Bradley, 55 Williams, Alex, 200–201 Wind farms, 102 Wind power tax credit, 57–58, 135 Wisconsin, 106 Wood, David, 165 Wray-Lake, Laura, 223 Wyoming, 93 Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs), 110–111, 137 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley's ebook EULA