www.ebook3000.com Business Clusters Clusters of specialized business are being promoted around the world Encouraged by high-profile examples such as Silicon Valley and Italy’s industrial districts, cooperation with business neighbours appears to distinguish successful regions But clusters really drive the economies of regions and countries? Drawing on studies by economists, geographers, sociologists and management specialists, Business Clusters explains and evaluates a wide range of perspectives This multi-disciplinary assessment offers a real-world understanding of clustering and argues that the case for clusters has been exaggerated Detailed case studies show the special conditions behind successful clusters This book emphasizes clusters as a particular location condition and shows that cluster successes have relied on special conditions rather than being the product of universal trends Perry concludes with three assessments of the present state of cluster theory: clusters as chaos, clusters as art and science, and clusters as a contribution to diversity This book, aimed at students of economic geography, management and business studies, as well as policy makers with an interest in industrial location, explodes the myths and misinformation surrounding the geographical concentration of business units Martin Perry teaches contemporary management and advanced business research methods in the Department of Management and Enterprise Development, at the Wellington Campus of Massey University, New Zealand He is a research associate of the New Zealand Centre for SME Research and has acted as a consultant to the Ministry of Economic Development and the Workplace Productivity Working Group, New Zealand Department of Labour He was previously an associate professor in the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore His previous books include Small Firms and Network Economies (Routledge, 1999) Routledge studies in business organizations and networks Democracy and Efficiency in the Economic Enterprise Edited by Ugo Pagano and Robert Rowthorn Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm Edited by Nicolai J.Foss and Christian Knudsen Uncertainty and Economic Evolution Essays in honour of Armen A.Alchian Edited by John R.Lott Jr The End of the Professions? The restructuring of professional work Edited by Jane Broadbent, Michael Dietrich and Jennifer Roberts Shopfloor Matters Labor-management relations in twentieth-century American manufacturing David Fairris The Organisation of the Firm International business perspectives Edited by Ram Mudambi and Martin Ricketts Organizing Industrial Activities Across Firm Boundaries Anna Dubois Economic Organisation, Capabilities and Coordination Edited by Nicolai Foss and Brian J.Loasby The Changing Boundaries of the Firm Explaining evolving inter-firm relations Edited by Massimo G.Colombo 10 Authority and Control in Modern Industry Theoretical and empirical perspectives Edited by Paul L.Robertson www.ebook3000.com 11 Interfirm Networks Organization and industrial competitiveness Edited by Anna Grandori 12 Privatization and Supply Chain Management Andrew Cox, Lisa Harris and David Parker 13 The Governance of Large Technical Systems Edited by Olivier Coutard 14 Stability and Change in High-Tech Enterprises Organisational practices and routines Neil Costello 15 The New Mutualism in Public Policy Johnston Birchall 16 An Econometric Analysis of the Real Estate Market and Investment Peijie Wang 17 Managing Buyer-Supplier Relations The winning edge through specification management Rajesh Nellore 18 Supply Chains, Markets and Power Mapping buyer and supplier power regimes Andrew Cox, Paul Ireland, Chris Lonsdale, Joe Sanderson and Glyn Watson 19 Managing Professional Identities Knowledge, performativity, and the ‘new’ professional Edited by Mike Dent and Stephen Whitehead 20 A Comparison of Small and Medium Enterprises in Europe and in the USA Solomon Karmel and Justin Bryon 21 Workaholism in Organizations Antecedents and consequences Ronald J.Burke 22 The Construction Industry An international comparison Edited by Gerhard Bosch and Peter Philips 23 Economic Geography of Higher Education Knowledge, infrastructure and learning regions Edited by Roel Rutten, Frans Boekema and Elsa Kuijpers 24 Economies of Network Industries Hans-Werner Gottinger 25 The Corporation Investment, mergers and growth Dennis C.Mueller 26 Industrial and Labour Market Policy and Performance Issues and perspectives Edited by Dan Coffey and Carole Thornley 27 Organization and Identity Edited by Alison Linstead and Stephen Linstead 28 Thinking Organization Edited by Stephen Linstead and Alison Linstead 29 Information Warfare in Business Strategies of control and resistance in the network society Iain Munro 30 Business Clusters An international perspective Martin Perry www.ebook3000.com Business Clusters An international perspective Martin Perry LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2005 Martin Perry All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-31069-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-33962-6 (Print Edition) www.ebook3000.com Contents List of tables List of boxes Preface Abbreviations viii ix xi xiv Introduction Approaching clusters Agglomeration and clusters Counting clusters New economic geography Clusters in developing countries Promoting clusters Conclusion 15 39 69 99 125 153 182 References Index 188 205 Tables 4.1 Employment in the top nine of 41 ‘narrow’ industry clusters in the Harvard Cluster Map, 2000 4.2 A comparison of two UK cluster counts 4.3 Alternative indicators of small-firm importance in industrial districts B5.1 Average concentration in Europe and the USA (1987–95) 6.1 A profile of rural clusters in Central Java 1989 7.1 Profile of two Emilia-Romagna shoe-making districts (1992) 7.2 Organizational characteristics of selected New Zealand clusters (2004) 7.3 Activity profile of selected New Zealand clusters (2004) www.ebook3000.com 88 92 97 120 137 162 171 172 Boxes 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Innovative clusters in Sweden Features of Sweden’s ‘world-class’ clusters Functional equivalents for trust and Japanese work methods Upgrading in clusters and value chains The Seto ceramics cluster and lean production Threats to Marshall’s clusters No gain from Swedish clusters Locating new industry employment Urban diversity revisited Manchester’s relegation Birmingham’s jewellery quarter Who talks about work? Clusters can be good or bad for innovation Hybrid clusters Rough diamond Input-output templates Labour-market catchments and clusters Shaky relations Clusterless Germany Leicester: when concentration does not help Italy’s first cluster count Central-place theory New trade theory The core model of new economic geography and its extensions Too few settlements Transport costs Rank size rule Home-market test Comparing concentration in Europe and the USA Business transitions in developing economies A cluster’s first step The limits of unplanned advantage Joint action and enterprise performance Taiwanese bootstraps 18 20 24 32 35 41 42 43 45 46 48 53 55 71 73 74 77 78 81 84 94 102 103 108 113 115 116 117 119 127 128 130 132 133 Index 211 GREMI research groups 22 Hallencreutz, D (box) 19 handicraft sectors 142144 Harvard cluster-mapping project 84–7 Hay-on-Wye 167 Health IT (box) 173, 174, 179 Henderson, V (box) 42–3,50, 63 Hendry, C 28, 29, 30 Henry, N 27 hierarchies (box) 32–3 high-technology firms 8, 29, 60–1,152 Hobday, M (box) 133 home market effect 99, 115, (box) 116 Hoover, E 40–1 horizontal integration 41, (box) 134 Hörnell International (box) 18 households, dual-career 58 Hsinchu science-based industrial park (box) 133 human capital 37, 127 Humphrey J (box) 32 Hyderabad 124 IDEA Plant (box) 18, 20 IKEA 21 India 124, 130, (box) 134, (box) 156 Indonesia: business clusters 124, 132, 135–45; poverty (box) 127; public agencies 124, 140, 144, 145; racial divisions 130; subcontracting 139; trade 128 Indonesia’s People’s Handicraft Marketing Service 142 industrial clustering 78–9,106, 121, 166; see also industry concentration industrial districts 70–1, 89; business clusters 79; employment 96; Italy 26, 30, 32, 83,93–7,124, 151, 160–,184; real-service agencies (box) 162; small firms 96; specialization (box) 93, 94; traditional/high-tech 60–1 industrialization 127, 135 industry concentration 75–6,79–81, 94, 117; see also industrial clustering; industrial districts Index 212 inflation 148 informal sector 150 information and communications technology 4, 178 information flows 157, (box) 162 information sharing 2, 30, 31, 39 information technology (box) 18, 20, 157, 164 innovation 22; business clusters (box) 54; complementary activities 55; downstream 161; interdependence 182, 185; motor sports 3; New Zealand (box) 173; patents 53–4; Silicon Valley 57; Sweden 17–21; tacit knowledge 51 input output templates (box) 73–4,75, 108 inputs 36, 39–40 institutional environment 22, 83–4,154 Intel 56 interdependence 11, (box) 47, 73, (box) 154, 182,185 internalization/externalization 33 Internet 59 Ireland 72156– isolation 81,130 Israel (box) 155–6 Istituto Nazionale di Statistica 93–4 Italy: business clusters (box) 93, 97; footwear industry 32, 160; industrial districts 26, 30, 32, 83,92–6,124, 151, 160–,183; textile industry (box) 83 Izushi, H (box) 35–6 Jacobs, Jacob (box) 47 Jacobs, Jane (box) 43 Jaffe, A 53 Japan (box) 24, 34–6, 142, 152, 187 Java (box) 137, 140 Jepara furniture industry 139 jewellery industry (box) 47 joint action 130, (box) 131, 134, 141, (box) 176 joint ventures 140 just-in-time manufacturing (box) 24, 27, 74, 147 Kapiti Horowhenua Apparel & Textile cluster (box) 173 Keynes, J.M (box) 45 www.ebook3000.com Index Kim, S 16 Kingdom of Aluminium (box) 18, 21 knitwear industry 63, (box) 83 knowledge: architectural 3, 53; component 2; leaks 28, 29; local 51–2; sharing 52, 183; spillovers (box) 54, 122; tacit 51, 67 knowledge flows 38, 55, 58 knowledge-intensive industries 17 KOPINKRA (box) 144 Korea, South 125 Krugman, P.: agglomeration 112; core model 98, 99–100,101, 103–6; Dalton 1, 98; equilibrium 106; EU/USA compared 116–21; international trade (box) 116; intra-indusry trade (box) 102; knowledge flows 38 labour: costs 41, (box) 114; mobility 58, 104,111, 117; product differentiation 56; skilled 40; turnover 28, 57 labour divisions (box) 137, 139 labour market: agglomeration economies 57; catchment areas (box) 76–7; children 146; inclusiveness 95; intermediaries 157; internal 28; political boundaries 117; thick 52 labour market pooling 36, 47, 55–8,121, 128, 185 Langlois, R 70,71 Latin America 125 leadership 175–7 lean manufacturing 35 learning: collective 51; 213 Index 214 localized 16, 27,29, 187–; shared 28 leather garments 146 Leicester (box) 83 Leitner, W 117, (box) 118, 119 Liedholm, C (box) 125 life-cycle view 44, 61, 77 linkages 99, 109, 139 Lithuania 152 locality perspective 79 localization economies 40–1; agglomeration 46–9; diffuse development 186; dynamic 43; markets 49; Marshall 51; standardized manufacturing 50; Sweden (box) 41–2; urbanization economies 38,48, 60 location 64–5,129 logistics costs (box) 114 Los Angeles 38, (box) 43–4, (box) 70 low-tech industries 17 Luger, M 153, (box) 154, 185 Lyons (box) 83 McCann, P 71 machine tools 139 Malmberg, A (box) 41–2 Manchester 45, (box) 45 manufacturing: agriculture 104–5; costs (box) 114; employment 106; firm size 135; input-output accounts (box) 73–4,108; productivity 103, (box) 107; standardized 50 Mäori enterprises 167 mapping 69, 85–8,90–1,96–7,184 marketing 21,184 markets 30–1; contemporary 49; diversification 29; growth 64; hierarchies 33; intermediaries 162; trust 36 www.ebook3000.com Index 215 Marshall, A (box) 39, (box) 47, 122, 182; advantages 66; agglomeration theory 22, 38; externalities 46; learning 27; localization economies 51; localized industry 58 Martin, R 69, 85 Massachusetts 68, 106 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mead, D (box) 125 medical-device industry 68 Medicon Valley (box) 18–9,20 membership 178, 179, 181 mergers and acquisitions 16, 28, 121 metal-casting enterprises 139 metal-working industry (box) 52, 139 micro-enterprises (box) 125, 136, 139, 142 modernization 23, 125–6 Monitor Group 6, (box) 159, 183 Motor Sport Valley 2, 3, 27–30,152, 155 multinational corporations 48, 51, 163 music industry 20 Nadvi, K 127, (box) 129, (box) 131, 132–3,146, 150 National Institute of Health 155 Neary, J 110, 111 Nelson Seafood Industry Cluster Group xi–xii neoclassical economics (box) 102, (box) 102 Netherlands (box) 101 networks 28, 140, 164, 166 new economic geography 109–12; agglomeration 50, 116; business clusters 183; central-place theory (box) 100–1; core model 98, 99107; industry clustering 122; old economic geography 112–5; regional growth 123; scale economies 120; testing 115–21 New Zealand xi–xii, 13, 152; agriculture 167; business clusters 169–191; Cluster Development Programme 168, 174, 177–8; cooperation (box) 165; earthquake-engineering enterprises (box) 77; education 178; Index 216 innovation (box) 173; policies 164–5,167–80–181; public agencies 167, 180–1 New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (box) 165, 168 Nokia 4, Nomenclature of Territorial Statistical Units 118, 119 non-broadcast visual communications (NBVC) 7–8 Nordic Mobile Telephone Numazaki, I (box) 133 NUTEK 18, 19 Oakey, R OECD study 120 office-equipment industry 34–5 Ohlin, B 40–1 opto-electronics industry 28, 29–30,77 Öresund Bridge 21 Öresund medical cluster 154 organizational structures 36, 187 Otago Southland Forest Products Group 173–4 outsourcing 16, 30–1,120, 122 ownership 70, 83, (box) 163 Paija, L Pakistan 125, 132 Paniccia, I 94, 95, 97 Parr J (box) 102 partnerships 30, 31 patents 53–4, (box) 54 path dependency 22, 105 Per Lundequist, P (box) 19 Perry, M xii, (box) 77, (box) 164, (box) 165 pharmaceutical industry 20, 158 photonics: see opto-electronics Pinch, S 2, 27 Poland 152 policy-making 164–5,167–81, 183, 184–5 Polymer Centre and Cutting Technology Centre (box) 18 Porter, Michael xii; business clusters 4, 68, 153; competition 15, 71, 163; diamond model 4, 5, 7272, 183; Harvard project 85–7; Monitor Group 6, (box) 159, 183; New Zealand xi–xii poverty (box) 127 private sector funding (box) 162 www.ebook3000.com Index 217 product differentiation 56 product introduction 54–5 productivity 103, (box) 107, 182 public-private development public agencies 151–2,153; developing countries 124, 126; Indonesia 124, 140, 143, 145; New Zealand 167, 181; Sinos Valley 131 quality control 140,141 racetrack economy 106, (box) 107, 112 racial divisions 130 rank-size rule 114, (box) 115 rattan-processing 142 real-service agencies (box) 162 real-world model 99–100 relocation 63 remuneration (box) 24; see also wages research 6, 10–1, 12 returns to scale 110, (box) 116 risks 127, 132–3 rivalry 56, 159 Robertson, P 70,71 Robins, F (box) 133 Rockcity (box) 18 Romer, P 43 roof-tile industry 141 Rosenfeld, S 166–7,179 Route 128 area 56, 65, 98, 156 Sabel, C 26 Sako, M 23 San Mauro Pascoli 160–1 Sandee, H 141, (box) 144 Sato, Y 139 Saxenian, A 59 scale economies: concentration 106; external 99; internal 40, (box) 41–2,47, 48; new economic geography 120 Scandinavia (box) 155–6 Schmitz, H (box) 32, 127, (box) 128, (box) 131, 132–4,148 Schumacher, M science-parks Index 218 scope economies 40 Scotland (box) 159; creative industry 5–6; electronics industry 48; film-production industry 6; Silicon Glen 91 Scottish Enterprise 6, (box) 159 seafood industry xi–xii sectoral differences 60, 118, 168 semiconductor components 35, 59, (box) 155–6,157 semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry 187 sentra industri 135, 136, 137 service facilities, shared 144, 145 Seto ceramics (box) 35–6 settlement patterns: core model (box) 112; economic geography models 105–6; size factors 100; transport costs 113, (box) 114 Sforzi, F (box) 93 Sheffield (box) 52 shoes see footwear industry Shoes from Brazil Programme 147–8,149 Sialkot 132, 146–7,149–50 Silicon Glen 91 Silicon Valley 98, 107, (box) 155–6; employment (box) 42–3; firms 58, 59; infrastructure 111; innovation 57; lawyers 157; replicating 11, 152, 187; Stanford University 8; venture capital 65 Singapore (box) 133, (box) 163, 177 Singleton, J (box) 45 Sinos Valley 131,146, 147–50,151 Small and Medium Enterprise Modernization Promotion Law (box) 35 small-business sector 58, 125, 135; see also firms, size factors social capital 64, 95, 166 social network 71, 129 software services 124 Sưlvell, Ư Sorenson, O 63 specialization 58–9; concentration 79, 124; diversification 63; www.ebook3000.com Index export-led growth 106; firm size 120; flexibility 22, 49; geographical factors 60; industrial districts (box) 93, 94; local xi, 82–4; regional 16, 98, 117–21; subcontracting 138; trade 99 spillovers: agglomeration 46, 51–5; information 39; knowledge (box) 54, 122; labour market pooling 55–8; technological 38,128; see also externalities spin-off firms 8, 29, 58 sports goods 146 standard industrial classifications 78, 80 standardization 31, 50 Stanford University 8, 156 start-ups 65 State Electric Works state mediation 132; see also policy-making steel industry 60 Steiner, M 69 Stelder, D (box) 112 structural adjustment funds 20 Stuart, T 63 subcontracting: exporters 150; France 27; Indonesia 139; inputs 36; intra-cluster 142; Italian footwear industry 160–1; labour turnover 57; outsourcing 30–1; roof-tile industry 141; Singapore 177; specialist suppliers 121; specialization 138; surgical instruments 147 subsidiaries 48, 163, 164 subsidies withdrawn 164 Sudjic, D (box) 43–4 sugar industry 136137 219 Index 220 Sunley, P 69, 85 suppliers: external 36; labour turnover 57; partnerships 30, 31; shared 28; specialist 39, 120; see also buyer-supplier relations supply-chain partnering 120 Surgical Instrument Manufacturers’ Association (SIMA) 146–7,149 surgical instruments 146–7,150 sustainable development 151 Sweden: business clusters 13, 15, (box) 19, (box) 41–3,152; information technology 20, 164; innovation 17–21; localization economies (box) 41–2; medical sector 155; NUTEK 18, 19; USA/France 17 tahu (fermented soybean) 137, 138 Taiwan 125, (box) 132156– Tan, B.H (box) 163 Telecomcity (box) 18, 20 telecommunications 4, 5, 166 Telecommunications Services Act Terman, Fred 99, 156 Tertiary Education Cluster 174 textile industry 1, 35, 62, (box) 83 third-sector organizations 167 TIME (box) 18 Toms, S (box) 45 tourism 179 trade: agglomeration 106; diversification 120; Indonesia 128; international (box) 116; intra-indusry (box) 102; networks 128–9; new economic geography 109–10; specialization 98 Trade New Zealand (box) 165, (box) 176 trade unions 26 training 57, 145 transaction costs 22,33–4,36, 39–41 transport costs 103; www.ebook3000.com Index agglomeration 105; central-place (box) 100–1; core model (box) 107, 108, 110–1; deconcentration 120; new trade theory (box) 102; scale economies 98, 106; settlement patterns 113, (box) 114 travel-to-work areas (box) 76–7,88, 89–91,92, 93–4 trust 15, 22–6, 36, 129, 168 Turok, I Tuscany (box) 93 umbrella clusters 178 Umeå (box) 18, 20 UNIDO (box) 134 United Kingdom: automotive components sector 27; biotechnology 155, (box) 159; bookshops 167; business clusters/industrial districts 91, 160; cluster mapping 87–8; food sector 27; garment industry 27; Motorsport Valley 2, 3, 27–30,152, 155; textile industry (box) 83; see also Scotland United States of America: biotechnology 64–5,81; computing industry (box) 42–3; Ellison and Glaeser index 81; Europe 109, 116–21; Food and Drug Administration 146; footwear 64,74, 81; industry concentration 117; manufacturing input-output accounts (box) 73–4; patents 53, 54; product introduction 54–5; steel industry 60; Sweden/France 17 universities 58, 66 urban-rural shift 121 urban renewal (box) 43–4 urbanization economies 38,41, 43, 47, 48, 60, 186; see also cities value chains (box) 32,185 Västerbotten (box) 18 Venables, A 99103 221 Index 222 Veneto (box) 93 venture capital 64, 65, 156–7 vertical integration 3, 41, 57, 59, (box) 134, 162 Voelzkow, H (box) 80 wages 56, 58, 104, 109 Watts, H (box) 52 Weijland, H (box) 127, 135, 137 Weinstein, D (box) 116 welfare effects 102, 103, (box) 108 Wellington 174 ter Wengel, J 141 Williamson, O 33–4 Wilson, J (box) 45 women 157 Wong, P.K (box) 133 woodworking (box) 18, 21 Workington xi Yetton, P (box) 72 Zipf’s Law (box) 115 Table 7.3 Activity profile of selected New Zealand clusters (2004) Networking Vision or mission Agreed strategy Cluster brand Joint marketing Lobby Business development Industry planning Consortia bidding Joint resource Canterbury Electronics • • • • • Canterbury and Nelson Neutraceuticals • • Earthquake Engineering • • • • • Health IT • • • • • • • • • Film Auckland • • • • • • • Forestry Wairarapa • • • Kapiti Horowhenua Apparel & Textile • • Manawatu Defence • • • Mäori Consultants • • Natural Hazards • • • • Otago Southland Forest Product Group • • • • • Wood Hawke's Bay • • • • • • Wools of Aotearoa • • Clusters not supported by the Cluster Development Programme Creative Capital • • • • • • Wellington Creative Manufacturing • • • • Electronics South • • • • • • • Film South • • • • International Education Manawatu • • • • • • • • • Manawatu IT cluster • Nelson Bays Arts Marketing Trust • • • • • • • Tertiary Education Cluster • • • • Tourism Horowhenua • • • River Road Tourism Providers • • • • • Wanganui Classic Car Restoration • • • • Wanganui Overseas Student Cluster • • • • Notes Networking indicates activity specifically to promote informal interaction among members, such as through regular membership meetings and ‘show and tell’ sessions Vision or mission indicates that the cluster has agreed a vision or mission statement (or both) Agreed strategy indicates development of a document guiding cluster activity over the next 2–5 years Cluster brand indicates www.ebook3000.com Index 223 the development of a cluster brand identity and its use in marketing activity Joint marketing indicates that members participate in collective promotional activity, such as joint presentation at a trade show Business development indicates working with individual enterprises to address current issues faced by the business Industry planning is activity to address labour and physical infrastructure requirements to support the future development of cluster activity Consortia bidding is where groups of cluster members bid jointly for project/contract work Joint resource indicates any other shared investment such as the sharing of equipment or staff, an inter-firm trading system or joint procurement capacity Table 7.3 Activity profile of selected New Zealand clusters (2004) Networking Vision or mission Agreed strategy Cluster brand Joint marketing Lobby Business development Industry planning Consortia bidding Joint resource Canterbury Electronics • • • • • Canterbury and Nelson Neutraceuticals • • Earthquake Engineering • • • • • Health IT • • • • • • • • • Film Auckland • • • • • • • Forestry Wairarapa • • • Kapiti Horowhenua Apparel & Textile • • Manawatu Defence • • • Mäori Consultants • • Natural Hazards • • • • Otago Southland Forest Product Group • • • • • Wood Hawke's Bay • • • • • • Wools of Aotearoa • • Clusters not supported by the Cluster Development Programme Creative Capital • • • • • • Wellington Creative Manufacturing • • • • Electronics South • • • • • • • Film South • • • • International Education Manawatu • • • • • • • • • Manawatu IT cluster • Nelson Bays Arts Marketing Trust • • • • • • • Tertiary Education Cluster • • • • Tourism Horowhenua • • • River Road Tourism Providers • • • • • Wanganui Classic Car Restoration • • • • Wanganui Overseas Student Cluster • • • • Notes Networking indicates activity specifically to promote informal interaction among members, such as through regular membership meetings and ‘show and tell’ sessions Vision or mission indicates that the cluster has agreed a vision or mission statement (or both) Agreed strategy indicates development of a document guiding cluster activity over the next 2–5 years Cluster brand indicates the development of a cluster brand identity and its use in marketing activity Joint marketing indicates that members participate in collective promotional activity, such as joint presentation at a trade show Business development indicates working with individual enterprises to address current issues faced by the business Industry planning is activity to address labour and physical infrastructure requirements to support the future development of cluster activity Consortia bidding is where groups of cluster members bid jointly for project/contract work Joint resource indicates any other shared investment such as the sharing of equipment or staff, an inter-firm trading system or joint procurement capacity Table 7.3 Activity profile of selected New Index 224 Zealand clusters (2004) Networking Vision or mission Agreed strategy Cluster brand Joint marketing Lobby Business development Industry planning Consortia bidding Joint resource Canterbury Electronics • • • • • Canterbury and Nelson Neutraceuticals • • Earthquake Engineering • • • • • Health IT • • • • • • • • • Film Auckland • • • • • • • Forestry Wairarapa • • • Kapiti Horowhenua Apparel & Textile • • Manawatu Defence • • • Mäori Consultants • • Natural Hazards • • • • Otago Southland Forest Product Group • • • • • Wood Hawke's Bay • • • • • • Wools of Aotearoa • • Clusters not supported by the Cluster Development Programme Creative Capital • • • • • • Wellington Creative Manufacturing • • • • Electronics South • • • • • • • Film South • • • • International Education Manawatu • • • • • • • • • Manawatu IT cluster • Nelson Bays Arts Marketing Trust • • • • • • • Tertiary Education Cluster • • • • Tourism Horowhenua • • • River Road Tourism Providers • • • • • Wanganui Classic Car Restoration • • • • Wanganui Overseas Student Cluster • • • • Notes Networking indicates activity specifically to promote informal interaction among members, such as through regular membership meetings and ‘show and tell’ sessions Vision or mission indicates that the cluster has agreed a vision or mission statement (or both) Agreed strategy indicates development of a document guiding cluster activity over the next 2–5 years Cluster brand indicates the development of a cluster brand identity and its use in marketing activity Joint marketing indicates that members participate in collective promotional activity, such as joint presentation at a trade show Business development indicates working with individual enterprises to address current issues faced by the business Industry planning is activity to address labour and physical infrastructure requirements to support the future development of cluster activity Consortia bidding is where groups of cluster members bid jointly for project/contract work Joint resource indicates any other shared investment such as the sharing of equipment or staff, an inter-firm trading system or joint procurement capacity Table 7.3 Activity profile of selected New Zealand clusters (2004) Networking Vision or mission Agreed strategy Cluster brand Joint marketing Lobby Business development Industry planning Consortia bidding Joint resource Canterbury Electronics • • • • • Canterbury and Nelson Neutraceuticals • • Earthquake Engineering • • • • • Health IT • • • • • • • • • Film Auckland • • • • • • • Forestry Wairarapa • • • Kapiti Horowhenua Apparel & Textile • • Manawatu Defence • • • Mäori Consultants • • Natural Hazards • • • • Otago Southland Forest Product Group • • • • • Wood Hawke's Bay • • • • • • Wools of Aotearoa • • Clusters not supported by the Cluster Development Programme Creative Capital • • • • • • Wellington Creative Manufacturing • • • • Electronics South • • • • • • • Film South • • • • www.ebook3000.com Index 225 International Education Manawatu • • • • • • • • • Manawatu IT cluster • Nelson Bays Arts Marketing Trust • • • • • • • Tertiary Education Cluster • • • • Tourism Horowhenua • • • River Road Tourism Providers • • • • • Wanganui Classic Car Restoration • • • • Wanganui Overseas Student Cluster • • • • Notes Networking indicates activity specifically to promote informal interaction among members, such as through regular membership meetings and ‘show and tell’ sessions Vision or mission indicates that the cluster has agreed a vision or mission statement (or both) Agreed strategy indicates development of a document guiding cluster activity over the next 2–5 years Cluster brand indicates the development of a cluster brand identity and its use in marketing activity Joint marketing indicates that members participate in collective promotional activity, such as joint presentation at a trade show Business development indicates working with individual enterprises to address current issues faced by the business Industry planning is activity to address labour and physical infrastructure requirements to support the future development of cluster activity Consortia bidding is where groups of cluster members bid jointly for project/contract work Joint resource indicates any other shared investment such as the sharing of equipment or staff, an inter-firm trading system or joint procurement capacity ... or single industries An interest in clusters is first and foremost an interest in a way of analysing the industrial landscape to reveal the linkages between businesses and between businesses and. .. control and resistance in the network society Iain Munro 30 Business Clusters An international perspective Martin Perry www.ebook3000.com Business Clusters An international perspective Martin Perry... Thornley 27 Organization and Identity Edited by Alison Linstead and Stephen Linstead 28 Thinking Organization Edited by Stephen Linstead and Alison Linstead 29 Information Warfare in Business Strategies