The Capitalist Schema The Capitalist Schema Time, Money, and the Culture of Abstraction Christian Lotz LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Lexington Books An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 16 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BT, United Kingdom Copyright © 2014 by Lexington Books All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lotz, Christian, 1970– The capitalist schema : time, money, and the culture of abstraction / Christian Lotz p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7391-8246-8 (cloth : alk paper)–ISBN 978-0-7391-8247-5 (ebook) Capitalism–Philosophy Schematism (Philosophy) I Title HB501.L8745 2014 335.4'12–dc23 2014026708 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Everything is rational in capitalism, except capitalism itself —Gilles Deleuze Contents List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii The Capitalist Schema The Capitalist Thing Money The Temporality of Money The Abstractions of Money 13 27 73 113 Conclusion 153 Bibliography 159 Index 165 About the Author 169 vii Conclusion 155 conversion, since such a transformation cannot be reduced to politics alone (as Badiou seems to think), but necessarily needs to be thought of as a socialeconomic process Otherwise, we fall back onto a quasi-theological way of thinking about ruptures that save humanity from its downfall Real politics does not constitute the ground of our social totality or that which we usually call “society.” In this regard, I disagree with most post-Marxist philosophies, such as Ranciere and Laclau/Mouffe, for whom the political is the ground of the social As Marx has it: “It is wrong to assume that social movement excludes political movement No political movement exists that, at the same time, would not also be social” (MEW4, 182) However, despite all resistance movements, protests, and critique, these movements can only be real if they appear alongside social movement, i.e., together with really occurring social shifts Political movements and political shifts that are not at the same time social movements and social shifts lack their objective basis and will either be symbolic or only be able to change power structures New power structures and even the downfall of certain state apparatuses, however, can only be effective if they are already based upon a different social-economic reality We need to return to where we started, namely, to the main idea of this book, which calls for the liberation of the concept of schematism from its epistemological and mentalist contexts by understanding it as a social-material concept Relatedly, we need to argue that in capitalism the schematism should be identified with money in its historically specific constitution as the existence of value, which, in turn, constitutes the unity and totality of all social relations in capitalism Because the schematism frames the social totality, it is the condition of the possibility for accessing social facts and social entities in this form of sociality In contrast to Heidegger’s concept of enframing, which does not allow us to think of (social) development, Marx’s theory of value and money explains and lets us understand the inner dynamics of the social world, insofar as it shows that the unity of that which we call “world” is itself a moving unit, process, and development, the consequences of which we can observe on a daily basis Given this, we need to reject the idea that money is itself a “social fact,” as, for example, Ganssmann claims For this thesis is wrongheaded, as it cannot explain that money, to use his language, is both fact and form Consequently, it is insufficient to theorize that money is that which mediates social relations (Ganssmann 2012, 58); for if money only mediates social relations, then the insight that money has a specific form in capitalism and therefore constitutes capitalist social reality by schematizing it, would be lost The English translation of “Verhältnis” as “social relation” is misleading anyhow, since the English term indicates a relation between two people, but the German term refers to the whole of how people are related to each other Accordingly, to claim that money is a social relation does not mean that it is “a” relation; rather it means that money is the 156 Conclusion way in which concrete social relations between individuals are constituted, i.e., it is the form of sociality (in capitalism) This is indicated in the plural of “Verhältnis,” namely, “Verhältnisse,” which is not translated as “relations,” but more properly, as “conditions,” “situations,” or “circumstances.” Moreover, the assumption of dialectics, namely, that society can only be understood if we assume that it is a social totality that is as social totality contradictory, i.e., that it contains its own negation, needs to be preserved In my view, social theory as a philosophical theory can only be preserved as dialectics, since otherwise the categorical structure of what we call “society” gets reduced either to social anthropology or to mental constructivism The idea of a social-dialectical theory, however, implies that society, although it comes about through agents, exists objectively and independently from the minds of its members In addition, theory only exists as theory, as Adorno ironically puts it in his 1964 lecture course on philosophy and theory of society, if it goes beyond that which we find in the Baedeker (famous German travel guide), i.e., if it goes beyond what is simply given (Adorno 2008, 39) Social theory, therefore, cannot be reduced to positivism, the analysis of policies, empirical facts, definitions, or abstract arguments The consequence of this position is that it is the concept of society itself that cannot simply be posited as a given; rather, society is—because it is a totality—something to be reconstructed and can only be understood theoretically As Marx puts it in the introduction to the Grundrisse, social dialectical philosophy proceeds by appropriating the concrete through reproducing that which is concrete (the whole) through a process of thought that starts with abstract categories Social totality, accordingly, is non-identical Indeed, production and consumption are not identical, as Marx underlines; rather they are moments of an organic whole (MEW42, 34) that we need to reconstruct Consequently, the concrete is that which is not given We took the idea of a social-material schematism from Adorno and Horkheimer, who claimed that Hollywood has taken over that which Kant reserved for the human intellect It was certainly not the goal of this book to destroy this insight; rather, I argued that it should be extended and “backed up” by a meta-theory, so to speak Finally, then, we have now reached a position from which it is easier to see why Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s otherwise brilliant analysis of the culture industry remains far too undeveloped and is perhaps itself ideological inasmuch as it hides, rather than reveals, the relation between the culture industry and capital, the relation between exchange and money, as well as the system of production that brings about the ideological effects that Adorno and Horkheimer describe in the Dialectic of Enlightenment, which has led to a vast reception of the book in the cultural sciences, media studies, and critical theory Sadly, what has been forgotten most of the time is the analysis of the underlying social totality of Conclusion 157 which the culture industry is part, though Adorno and Horkheimer indicate this framework once in their chapter: The dependence of the most powerful broadcasting company on the electrical industry, or of the motion picture industry on the banks, is characteristic of the whole sphere, whose individual branches are themselves economically interwoven All are in such close contact that the extreme concentration of mental forces allows demarcation lines between different firms and technical branches to be ignored (Adorno, GS6, 144) Accordingly, what is needed is a critique of the culture industry through the lens of a Marxian political economy Thus, the schematizations that Adorno and Horkheimer have in mind should be subjected to that which underlies, frames, and regulates ideology, namely, capital as processing money As such, this book is hopefully also a 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2009 First as Tragedy, then as Farce London: Verso Index abstract culture: and capacities, 120–121; and centralization of interests, 116–117; and refeudalization, 119–120; and measurement, 118; and monetization of intersubjectivity, 119; and monetization of legal contents, 118 See also abstraction abstraction, 31, 110n3; culture of, 9, 116–121; real, xiii, xiv, 25n4, 43, 45, 51, 52, 55, 113–116 See also abstract culture accumulation: primitive, 96–98, 105 Adorno, Theodor W., xiii, xiv, 9, 16–24, 25n2, 25n3, 25n4, 49, 53, 66, 76, 85, 103, 113, 129, 133, 156, 157, 157n1; and ecological problems, xiii; and Kant, 16–19, 25n3; and Marx, xiii, 111n24; critique of, xiii, 14, 15, 20–24, 31, 127, 136, 153 See also culture industry affects, 130–134; anxiety, 134, 152n25; coldness, 131–133 Affirmation 74, 103, 114, 144 Agamben, Giorgio, xvi Althusser, Louis, 67n1, 144, 145 Altvater, Elmar, 103, 151n23 Arndt, Andreas, 31, 64, 67n1, 68n8, 150n1 Arthur, Chris, 25n6, 28, 39, 40, 45, 68n3 attention, 126; industries, 128; neuromarketing, 140 Backhaus, Hans-Georg, 25n6, 68n10, 69n17, 69n21, 70n25 Bellofiore, Riccardo, 68n2, 69n21, 69n22 Bensaid, Daniel, 70n30 Bifo, Franco Beradi, xviii, 102, 129, 134, 135, 152n25 Bowring, Finn, 148, 152n31 Braun, Christina von, 150n6 Castells, Manuel, 151n13 Crouch, Colin, 151n10 Day, Richard, 68n11 debt, 81–95, 100–101, 103; and control, 84–86, 105; and distrust, 88–91; and morality, 88 See also temporality Deleuze, Gilles, xvi, 110n5 death, 59 De-possession, 92–94 desire, 79–80, 83, 126, 129, 151n19 dialectics: and categories, 27, 31; and (organic) whole, 30, 35, 67n1; and totality, 29, 31, 45, 67n1, 68n12 Dienst, Richard, 81, 110n11 Elbe, Ingo, 47, 52, 70n24 ecology, 146–150 Engster, Frank, xxin2 exchange, 64, 81; and money, 6, 7, 20–24, 48; and time/space, 63 165 166 Finelli, Roberto, 114, 121, 130, 150n4 form: and thinghood, xvii, 8, 22, 27, 40, 46; social-material, 3–4, 7, 22, 29, 37, 45, 49 See also money, as the (real) thing Foster, Bellarmy, xiii, 148, 149, 150n3 Franck, Georg, 144 future See temporality Ganssmann, Heiner, 155 general intellect, 23, 121, 136–150; and brain industries, 140–142; and electronic industries, 142–146; and industries in general, xiii, 9, 23, 81, 121, 136–150; and life science industries, 146–150 Gould, Carol C., 56 Graeber, David, 42, 75 Habermas, Jürgen, xiii Haiven, Max, 80, 81 Harraway, Donna, 10 Harvey, David, 47, 49, 96 Hardt, Michael, 102 Haug, Wolfgang Fritz, 69n21, 91, 92 Heidegger, Martin, xvi, 97, 110n2, 110n4, 130, 152n27; and enframing, xvi, 30, 43, 155; and Kant, xiii, 25n3, 73–77, 98 See also time; temporality Hegel, G.W.F, xxin2, 25n1, 54, 70n25, 70n26, 113 Heinrich, Michael, 25n6, 69n21 Herr, Hansjörg, 9, 84, 110n8 Hörisch, Jochen, 152n24 Honneth, Axel, xiii Horvat, Srecko, 103 Huhn, Tom, 25n4 Hubert, Mirja, 141, 142 Husserl, Edmund, 111n22 imagination See schema industries, 136–150 See also general intellect individual: abstract, xvi, 121; collective, 124; external, xviii, 48, 99, 104, 115 integration, 3, 49, 103–106 Jameson, Frederic, 102, 103, 106, 111n21 Index Kant: and critique of pure reason, 5, 46, 76–77; and thing(object)hood, 7, 13, 18, 41, 44–46, 76–77; interpretation of, xxin2, 16–19, 25n3, 54, 73, 138 See also Adorno; Heidegger; form; schema Karatani, Kojin, 41 Klimann, Andrew: critique of, 27, 68n4 labor: abstract, 4, 6, 7, 34, 36, 44, 56, 57, 66, 102, 120; as labor power, 4, 120; as substance, 36, 43; concrete, 66; dead, 98, 122; living, 28, 56, 58, 98, 122; necessary, 57; surplus, 57 labor day See time labor power See labor labor time See time Laclau, Ernesto, 106 Langley, Paul, 91, 92, 95, 134 Lapavitsas, Costas, 112n26 Lazzarato, Maurizio, xv, 55, 80, 89, 101, 103, 104, 110n9; critique of, xv, 85–87, 91 Lebowitz, Michael, 27–28 limits [Schranken], 56, 58–61, 59 See also life; time life, 58–59, 60 Locke, John, 54 Lohmann, Georg, 71n45, 102 Lukács, György, xiii, 29, 30, 33, 43, 69n16 Ludlow, Peter, 110n13 Lyotard, Jean-Franỗois, 29 machine fragment, 64 Mahmud, Tayyab, 106 Mahnkopf, Birgit, 103, 151n23 Malabou, Catherine, 70n32, 134, 152n26 Marazzi, Cristian, 63, 110n3, 111n25 memory: production of, 136–150 See also money metabolism, 59, 64 money: and body, 56, 59; and memory, 121–129; and schema, 32, 81; and social existence, 83, 87; and space, 48–49, 56, 63; and technology, 136–150; and time, 44, 48–49, 54–57, 66; and valorization, 59, 87; as alien force, xviii, 8, 9, 47; as alienation of properties, xix, 87; as equalization, 40, 103; as individual self-interest, xix; as Index 167 form, xvi, xvii, 8, 9, 14, 34, 38, 39, 47; as general equivalent, xvii; as payment, 49; as processing (capital), xvi, 28, 29, 55–56, 78; as real community, 46; as really existing (universal), xviii, 8, 9, 23, 33, 38–39, 44, 45, 46–47, 57, 64, 76, 78, 92, 98, 103; as social power, 50, 82; as social relation, 34, 92, 155; as the (real) thing, 8, 9, 13, 22, 23, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 55, 78, 94, 114; as value, xiii See also affects Moulier-Boutang, Yann, 71n41, 86, 144 McNally, David, 52, 111n20 Mouffe, Chantal, 106 Murray, Patrick, 31, 69n14, 151n8 83, 98, 114, 138 See also general intellect; money schematism See schema Simmel, Georg, 116–118, 119, 126, 133, 150n7 Smith, Tony, 32, 92, 110n10, 111n15, 115, 140, 141, 150n7, 151n14, 152n25 Smithin, John, 7, 110n10 social horizon See temporality social schema See schema society: as collective, xix; as external, xix, xx, 47, 57, 69n23, 81, 87, 94, 104, 114–116; as object of economic theory, 38 Sohn-Rethel, Alfred, 25n4, 113, 150n1 Neckel, Sighard, 119 needs, 79 Negri, Antonio, 102, 103, 105, 106, 124, 129, 136, 139; critique of, 69n22, 125, 153 Nuss, Sabine, 151n15 space See money past See temporality Postone, Moische, 6, 25n6, 28, 37, 64, 66, 68n5, 68n9, 114, 150n2, 151n14 positivism: and capitalism, 29 Poulantzas, Nicos, 66, 67n1 present See temporality Proudhon, 34 Raulet, Gerard, xxin1 Ranciere, Jacques, 106 refeudalization See abstract culture Reichelt, Helmut, 25n4, 25n6, 51, 68n7, 69n21, 70n26 Reitter, Karl, 58, 71n34 Rosa, Hartmut, 58, 61, 71n35, 71n39, 71n40, 151n9 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 132–133 Rubin, Isaak, 68n8 Sassen, Saskia, 136 schema, xiii, xiv, 73, 110n1; general, 1; and imagination, 31, 81–83; and schematism, xiii, 54, 73, 76, 138; and schematization of reality, 2, 3, 5, 41, 73, 76, 83, 114; psychological effects of, xiii; social-material, xiii, 13, 22, 30, 61, state, 115 Stiegler, Bernard, 9, 23, 24, 71n43, 81, 91, 102, 110n6, 110n7, 110n12, 125–126, 128, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 151n19, 152n27 Suarez-Villa, Luis, 151n18 subsumption, 56, 58–59, 99, 122 subjectivation, 81 technology See money temporality, 56, 58, 66, 110n1; in Heidegger, 73, 76–77; of future, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81–95, 84, 103; of past, 96–102, 121–129; of present, 77, 103–106; of social horizon, 75, 77, 79, 87; of time (temporalization), xiii, 73–81, 143; through debt, 88 Terranova, Tiziana, 139 time: and social horizon, xiii; depersonalized, 102; disposable, 64–65; labor, 44; labor day, 57; of circulation, 61–64; of consumption, 61; of production, 57 See also money; temporality Tomba, Massimiliano, 71n42, 79, 105 Toscano, Alberto, 9, 150n4, 151n8 totality See dialectics use value fetishism: in Adorno, 23 168 value, 28, 34–35, 45, 68n2; and abstract labor, 37; and wealth, 64–67, 89; as exchangeability, 34–37, 40, 115; as equalization, 40, 103; as social form, 34–38; exchange, 34, 49; reality of, 37 See also money, and valorization; schema violence: and money, xx–xxi, 70n27, 96, 105 Index Vincent, Jean-Marie, xxin1, 25n5, 138, 150n2, 157 Virno, Paolo, 121, 124, 136, 149; critique of, 125, 151n16, 151n17 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 33 wealth See value Wortham, Simon Morgan, 86, 110n9 Žižek, Slavoj, 10, 15, 43, 80, 103, 111n17, 121, 133, 146 About the Author Christian Lotz is associate professor of philosophy at Michigan State University; he has widely published in Continental Philosophy, including books and co-edited volumes ranging from Husserlian Phenomenology to Critical Theory; his main areas are in Post-Kantian European philosophy, especially Phenomenology, Critical Theory, Marxism, Cultural Theory, and Aesthetics 169 ... from their lands had the consequence that these new freedmen became sellers of themselves only after they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guarantees of existence... The Capitalist Schema The Capitalist Schema Time, Money, and the Culture of Abstraction Christian Lotz LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham • Boulder... capitalism?), and the schematization of the future (i.e., what does “future” mean for individuals under capitalism?) Both the past and the The Capitalist Schema future are, these days, accessible (i.e., schematized)