• • Table of Contents Index Routing TCP/IP, Volume II (CCIE Professional Development) By Jeff Doyle CCIE #1919, Jennifer DeHaven Carroll CCIE #1402 Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: April 11, 2001 ISBN: 1-57870-089-2 Pages: 976 Slots: The complexities of exterior gateway protocols, including TCP connections, message states, path attributes, interior routing protocol interoperation, and setting up neighbor connections, require a comprehensive understanding of router operations in order to manage network growth Routing TCP/IP, Volume II, provides you with the expertise necessary to understand and implement BGP-4, multicast routing, Network Address Translation, IPv6, and effective router management techniques Jeff Doyle's practical approach, easy-to-read format, and comprehensive topic coverage make this book an instant classic and a must-have addition to any network professional's library Routing TCP/IP, Volume II expands upon the central theme of Volume I: scalability and management of network growth Volume II moves beyond the interior gateway protocols covered in Volume I to examine both inter-autonomous system routing and more exotic routing issues such as multicasting and IPv6 This second volume follows the same informational structure used effectively in Volume I: discussing the topic fundamentals, following up with a series of configuration examples designed to show the concept in a real-world environment, and relying on tested troubleshooting measures to resolve any problems that might arise Designed not only to help you walk away from the CCIE lab exam with one of those valued and valuable numbers after your name, this book also helps you to develop the knowledge and skills essential to a CCIE Whether you are pursuing CCIE certification, need to review for your CCIE recertification exam, or are just looking for expert-level advice on advanced routing issues, Routing TCP/IP, Volume II helps you understand foundation concepts and apply best practice techniques for effective network growth and management • • Table of Contents Index Routing TCP/IP, Volume II (CCIE Professional Development) By Jeff Doyle CCIE #1919, Jennifer DeHaven Carroll CCIE #1402 Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: April 11, 2001 ISBN: 1-57870-089-2 Pages: 976 Slots: Copyright About the Authors About the Technical Reviewers Acknowledgments Introduction Icons Used in This Book Command Syntax Conventions Part I: Exterior Gateway Protocols Chapter Exterior Gateway Protocol The Origins of EGP Operation of EGP Shortcomings of EGP Configuring EGP Troubleshooting EGP Looking Ahead Review Questions Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercise End Notes Chapter Introduction to Border Gateway Protocol Classless Interdomain Routing Who Needs BGP? BGP Basics IBGP and IGP Synchronization Managing Large-Scale BGP Peering BGP Message Formats Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Review Questions End Notes Chapter Configuring and Troubleshooting Border Gateway Protocol Basic BGP Configuration Managing BGP Connections Routing Policies Large-Scale BGP Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Command Summary Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Part II: Advanced IP Routing Issues Chapter Network Address Translation Operation of NAT NAT Issues Configuring NAT Troubleshooting NAT Looking Ahead Command Summary Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises End Note Chapter Introduction to IP Multicast Routing Requirements for IP Multicast Multicast Routing Issues Operation of the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Operation of Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) Operation of Core-Based Trees (CBT) Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode (PIM-DM) Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Command Summary Review Questions End Notes Chapter Configuring and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Configuring IP Multicast Routing Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Looking Ahead Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Chapter Large-Scale IP Multicast Routing Multicast Scoping Case Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast Domains Connecting to DVMRP Networks Inter-AS Multicasting Case Study: Configuring MBGP Case Study: Configuring MSDP Case Study: MSDP Mesh Groups Case Study: Anycast RP Case Study: MSDP Default Peers Command Summary Looking Ahead Review Questions End Notes Chapter IP Version Design Goals of IPv6 Current State of IPv6 IPv6 Packet Format IPv6 Functionality Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Review Questions Chapter Bibliography End Notes Chapter Router Management Policies and Procedure Definition Simple Network Management Protocol RMON Logging Syslog Network Time Protocol Accounting Configuration Management Fault Management Performance Management Security Management Designing Servers to Support Management Processes Network Robustness Lab Recommended Reading Looking Ahead Command Summary Review Questions Configuration Exercises Bibliography End Notes Part III: Appendixes Appendix A The show ip bgp neighbors Display Appendix B A Regular-Expression Tutorial Literals and Metacharacters Delineation: Matching the Start and End of Lines Bracketing: Matching a Set of Characters Negating: Matching Everything Except a Set of Characters Wildcard: Matching Any Single Character Alternation: Matching One of a Set of Characters Optional Characters: Matching a Character That May or May Not Be There Repetition: Matching a Number of Repeating Characters Boundaries: Delineating Literals Putting It All Together: A Complex Example Recommended Reading Appendix C Reserved Multicast Addresses Internet Multicast Addresses References People Appendix D Answers to Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Answers to Chapter Review Questions Appendix E Answers to Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter Configuration Exercises Appendix F Answers to Troubleshooting Exercises Answer to Chapter Troubleshooting Exercise Answers to Chapter Troubleshooting Exercises Answers to Chapter Troubleshooting Exercises Answers to Chapter Troubleshooting Exercises Index Copyright Jeff Doyle and Jennifer DeHaven Carroll Copyright © 2001 Cisco Systems, Inc Published by: Cisco Press 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review Printed in the United States of America Second Printing September 2001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 98-86516 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the TCP/IP Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information is provided on an "as is" basis The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc 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are my refuge, and they keep me sane, humble, and happy Jennifer DeHaven Carroll: To my husband, Mike, and son, Mitchell, who continue to encourage me repetition:in regular expressions regular expression tutorial:wildcards wildcards:in regular expressions regular expressions metacharacters literals replicated unicast unicast:replicated unicast report messages messages:reports IP multicast:reports 2nd reports:Route Report Interval Route Report Interval Reserved field CGMP packets reserved multicast addresses multicasting:reserved addresses 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th reuse limit flapping routes reverse lookups DNS:reverse lookups reverse path forwarding RFC 827 scalability of ARPANET RIPE (Resaux IP Europens) RIPng:interface subcommands interface subcommands:RIPng 2nd RMON SNMP:RMON RMON:router configuration configuring:RMON routers:RMON:configuring 2nd 3rd 4th robustness networks:robustness fault tolerance:robustness robustness:HSRP networks:robustness:HSRP fault tolerance:robustness:HSRP;HSRP 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Rosen, Eric route aggregation summarization route dependencies route expiration time route filters [See also routing policies] routing policies:filtering routes by NLRI BGP:routing policies:route filtering by NLRI 2nd 3rd route filters (BGP) filtering with route maps AS_PATH prepending LOCAL_PREF attribute 2nd 2nd MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute multiple routes to the same destination learned from different routing protocols 2nd route tagging 2nd route filters (BGP):filtering by AS_PATH routing policies (BGP):filtering routes by AS_PATH BGP:route filtering:by AS_PATH;case studies:BGP route filtering:by AS_PATH;AS_PATH attribute:route f 2nd 3rd 4th route filters (BGP):filtering by NLRI routing policies (BGP):filtering routes by NLRI BGP:route filtering:by NLRI;case studies:BGP route filtering:by NLRI 2nd route maps BGP AS_PATH prepending 2nd filtering routes with LOCAL_PREF 2nd filtering routes with MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute multiple routes to same destination learned from different routing protocols route tagging 2nd route oscillation Route Report Messages:DVMRP:format DVMRP:Route Report messages:format format:DVMRP messages:Route Report route servers router management [See also network management ] router management:change management change management performance:change management;policies:change management 2nd 3rd router management:escalation procedures escalation procedures troubleshooting:escalation procedures;policies:escalation procedures router management:policies, updating updating policies 2nd policies:updating routers configuring as C-RP querying 2nd routers:DVMRP IP multicast:DVMRP large-scale multicast routing:DVMRP;DVMRP:Cisco IOS implementation;Cisco IOS:DVMRP implementation;im 2nd 3rd routers:POPs devices:routers:POPs routes:aggregate:AS_SET attribute aggregation:AS_SET attribute path attributes (BGP):AS_PATH:AS_SET;AS_PATH attribute (BGP):AS_SET;attributes (BGP):AS_PATH:AS_SET 2nd routes:BGP:selection process BGP:routes:selection process selection process:BGP routes Routing header (IPv6) routing policies 2nd BGP:routing policies 2nd misconfiguration ramifications of soft reconfiguration 2nd routing policies:enforcing enforcing:routing policies policies:routing:enforcing routing protocols NAT translation routing tables:BGP:directly-connected links directly connected l inks:in BGP routing table BGP:routing table:directly connected links RP Holdtime field PIMv2 Bootstrap messages RP mapping agents; RP Priority field PIMv2 Bootstrap messages RP-failover example RPB (reverse path broadcasting) reverse path broadcasting (RPB) RPF check:DVMRP DVMRP:RPF check multicast routing protocols:DVMRP:RPF check RPF peers neighbor state:RPF peers RPM (reverse path multicast) reverse path multicast (RPM) multicast routing protocols:RPM (reverse path multicast) RPs [See also Anycast RP] RPs (rendezvous points) PIM-SM:RPs (rendezvous points) sparse mode (PIM):RPs;IP multicast routing protocols:PIM-SM:RPs 2nd 3rd 4th RPs:groups, assigning assigning:groups to RPs groups:assigning to RPs 2nd RPs:static configuration PIM-SM:RPs:static configuration static RP configuration;sparse mode:RPs:static configuration;configuring:PIMSM:RPs;IP multicast:PIM 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th RRs (resource records) DNS:RRs RS (Router Solicitation) packets RSA Data Security, Inc RTEs (route table entries):RIPng RPng:RTEs (route table entries) link-state routing protocols:RIPng:RTEs rule of synchronization [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] scalability:ARPANET ARPANET:scalability scalability:of explicit joins explicit joins:scalability 2nd scope scoped multicast addresses relative addresses scoping administrative TTL scripts Perl SDR (Session Description Protocol) secure hash security management 2nd security management:controlling interactive access controlling:interactive access 2nd security management:DoS attacks, preventing preventing:DoS attacks attacks:DoS:preventing;DoS attacks:preventing 2nd security management:passwords encryption security:encryption security management:SSH SSH (Secure Shell) remote access:SSH 2nd 3rd security management:TACACS+ TACACS+ authentication:TACACS+ 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th selecting PIM-DM forwarders 2nd selecting:routes with specified community attributes finding routes with specified community attributes 2nd semantics:OSPFv2 addressing OSPFv2:addressing semantics Service Level Agreements [See SLAs ] sessions:BGP:clearing BGP:sessions:clearing resetting:BGP sessions sessions:BGP:configuring configuring:BGP BGP:configuring;case studies:BGP:configuring 2nd 3rd set as-path prepend command commands:set as-path prepend set as-path tag command commands:set as-path tag set automatic-tag command commands:set automatic-tag set comm-list delete command commands:set comm-list delete 2nd set gmrp enable command commands:set gmrp enable set igmp enable command commands:set igmp enable set local-preference command commands:set local-preference shared trees shared trees:scalability:multicast routing protocols:shared trees:scalability scalability:shared trees 2nd shortage of IP addresses [See also NAT] shortest-path trees PIM:shortest-path trees RPTs (rendezvous point trees) show ip bgp command commands:show ip bgp 2nd show ip bgp community no-export command commands:show ip bgp community no-export 2nd 3rd show ip bgp community-list command commands:show ip bgp community-list show ip bgp flap-statistics command commands:show ip bgp flap-statistics show ip bgp dampened-paths command;commands:show ip bgp dampened-paths show ip bgp ipv4 command commands:show ip bgp4 show ip bgp neighbors command commands:show ip bgp neighbors 2nd viewing:BGP neighbor information;displaying:BGP neighbor information;BGP:neighbors:displaying inform show ip bgp peer-groups command commands:show ip bgp peer-groups show ip egp command commands:show ip egp 2nd 3rd show ip igmp group command commands:show ip igmp group show ip igmp groups command commands:show ip igmp groups show ip igmp interface command commands:show ip igmp interface show ip mdsp peer command commands:show ip mdsp peer show ip nat statistics command commands:show ip nat statistics statistics:NAT:displaying;displaying:NAT statistics;viewing:NAT statistics show ip pim bsr-router command commands:show ip pim bsr-router show ip pim interface command commands:show ip pim interface show ip pim neighbor command commands:show ip pim neighbor show ip pim rp command commands:show ip pim rp 2nd show ip pim rp-hash command commands:show ip pim rp-hash show ip pim sp-hash command commands:show ip pim sp-hash show ip route command commands:show ip route show ipv6 interface command commands:show ipv6 interface 2nd SMTP NAT translation SNMP NAT translation snmp-server command commands:snmp-server snmp-server community command commands:snmp-server community SNMP:trap messages messages:SNMP:traps trap messages;network management:SNMP:traps 2nd SOA (Start-of-Authority) records sockets PAT (port address translation) soft reconfiguration BGP:soft reconfiguration routing policies:BGP:soft reconfiguration;peer connections:BGP:soft reconfiguration solicited-node addresses multicast addresses:solicite-node Source Active Request TLV format MDSP:messages:Source Active Request TLV format messages:MDSP:Source Active Request TLV format Source Active Response TLV format MDSP:messages:Source Active Response TLV format messages:MDSP:Source Active Response TLV format Source Active TLV format MDSP:messages:Source Active TLV format messages:MDSP:Source Active TLV format Source Address field:IPv6 header Destination Address field:IPv6 header source-based trees multicast routing protocols:source-based trees speakers (BGP) router ID, configuring; specifications of IPv6 IPv6:specifications RFCs:relating to IPv6;standards:IPv6 2nd specifying:management station address (SNMP) SNMP:management station:specifying address stateless autoconfiguration static address translation table entries (NAT) dynamic address translation table entries (NAT) static mroutes IP multicast:static mroutes 2nd static routes in EBGP multihop configuration 2nd statistics BGP neighbors displaying structure:IPv6 addresses IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure structure:IPv6 addresses:aggregatable global address format IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;aggregatable global addressstructure 2nd 3rd addresses:IPv6:structure;aggregatable global addressstructure;unicast addresses:aggregatable global 2nd structure:IPv6 addresses:anycast addresses IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;anycast addresses:IPv6 structure:IPv6 addresses:local-use addresses IPv6:addresses:link-local addresses addresses:IPv6:link-local addresses;local-use addresses (IPv6):link-local addresses;link-local addre IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;local-use addresses:IPv6 2nd structure:IPv6 addresses:multicast addresses IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;multicast addresses:IPv6 2nd addresses:IPv6:structure;multicast addresses:IPv6;IP multicast:IPv6 multicast addresses structure:IPv6 addresses:required node addresses IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;required node addresses:IPv6;node addresses:IPv6 structure:IPv6 addresses:site-local addresses IPv6:addresses:site-local addresses addresses:IPv6:site-local addresses;local-use addresses (IPv6):site-local addresses;site-local addre structure:IPv6 addresses:special-format addresses IPv6:addresses:structure addresses:IPv6:structure;special format addresses:IPv6 Subnet-Router anycast addresses summarization route aggregation routing protocols:summarization 2nd summarization:asymmetric traffic patterns route aggregation:asymmetric traffic patterns summarization:CIDR route aggregation:CIDR summarization:precision of route aggregation:precision of; suppress limit BGP:suppress limit BGP:reuse limit;reuse limit;half-life:of route penalties;penalizing:BGP routes:halflife flapping routes suppressing BGP routes 2nd 3rd SWIP (Shared WHOIS Project) RWHOIS (Referral WHOIS) switched multicast traffic:controlling controlling:switched multicast traffic IP multicast:switched traffic:controlling;traffic:switched multicast:controlling 2nd synchronization synchronization:disabling disabling:synchronization 2nd synchronization:IBGP/IGP IBGP:synchronization with IGP IGP:synchronization with IBGP;BGP:IBGP/IGP synchronization 2nd 3rd IGP:synchronization with IBGP;BGP:IBGP/IGP synchronization;rule of synchronization 2nd syntax timers egp command [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] table-map command commands:table-map tags [See route tagging ] Target Router field CBT JOIN_REQUEST messages Time Exceeded messages (ICMPv6) ICMPv6:Time Exceeded messages messages:ICMPv6:Time Exceeded timers bgp command commands:timers bgp 2nd timers egp command commands:timer egp commands:timers egp 2nd timers:DVMRP:Graft Retransmission timer Graft Retransmission timer (DVMRP) DVMRP:Graft Retransmission timer;multicast routing protocols:DVMRP:Graft Retransmission timer TLAID (top-level aggregation identifiers) top-level aggregation identifiers (TLAID) 2nd TLV (Type/Length/Value) formats MSDP TLV (Type/Length/Value) formats (MSDP) Keepalive TLV Notification TLVs Source Active Request TLV Source Active Response TLV Source Active TLV Token Ring functional addresses topologies:full-mesh:MSDP full-mesh topologies:MSDP 2nd trace command commands:trace traceroute NAT translation 2nd traffic BGP inbound soft reconfiguration traffic:asymmetric asymmetric traffic traffic:multicast:behavior, analyzing analyzing:multicast traffic behavior 2nd 3rd traffic:SNMP:effect on network performance SNMP:traffic:effect on network performance transient addresses 2nd transient join state CBT:transient join state transient multicast groups IP multicast:transient multicast groups translation timeout NAT:translated timeout troubleshooting:IBGP IBGP:troubleshooting troubleshooting:static RP configuration RPs:static configuration:troubleshooting static configuration:RPs:troubleshooting TRPB (truncated reverse path broadcast) truncated reverse path broadcast (TRPB) multicast routing protocols:TRPB (truncated reverse path broadcast) tunneling:between DVMRP routers routers:DVMRP:tunneling tuples tutorial regular expressions 2nd Type field CBT messages CGMP packets DVRMP messages Type field (IGMP messages) [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] underscore (_) in regular expressions unicast routing table:example routing tables:unicast unicasting broadcasting UNIX:syslog syslog logging:syslog;performance:logging:syslog 2nd UNIX:syslog:configuring syslog:router configuration logging:syslog:configuring;performance:logging:syslog;configuring:syslog;routers:syslog:configuring 2nd unreachable addresses from ISP migration updates RIPng USA field CGMP packets [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] Valid Lifetime Version field CBT messages CGMP packets IPv6 header RIPng messages Vertex Type field Group Membership LSAs VLANs (virtual LANs) VPNs IPSec encryption [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] weight [See administrative weight] well-known path attributes well-known reserved multicast addresses IP multicast:well-known reserved addresses reserved multicast addresses;multicast addresses:reserved wildcard multicast receiver devices:wildcard multiaccess receivers MOSPF:wildcard multicast receivers devices:wildcard multicast receivers MOSPF:wildcard multicast receivers ... Contents Index Routing TCP/ IP, Volume II (CCIE Professional Development) By Jeff Doyle CCIE #1919, Jennifer DeHaven Carroll CCIE #1402 Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: April 11, 2001 ISBN: 1-57870-089-2... Introduction Since the publication of Volume I of Routing TCP/ IP, many volumes have been added to the Cisco Press CCIE Professional Development series And the CCIE program itself has expanded to... Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Configuring IP Multicast Routing Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Looking Ahead Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Chapter Large-Scale IP Multicast Routing