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Online Cryptography Course Dan Boneh Introduc/on History Dan Boneh History David Kahn, “The code breakers” (1996) Dan Boneh Symmetric Ciphers Dan Boneh Few Historic Examples (all badly broken) Subs/tu/on cipher k := Dan Boneh Caesar Cipher (no key) Dan Boneh What is the size of key space in the subs/tu/on cipher assuming 26 leSers? |𝒦| = 26 |𝒦|=26! (26 factorial) |𝒦| = 2↑26 |𝒦| = 26↑2 Dan Boneh How to break a subs/tu/on cipher? What is the most common leSer in English text? “X” “L” “E” “H” Dan Boneh How to break a subs/tu/on cipher? (1) Use frequency of English leSers (2) Use frequency of pairs of leSers (digrams) Dan Boneh An Example UKBYBIPOUZBCUFEEBORUKBYBHOBBRFESPVKBWFOFERVNBCVBZPRUBOFERVNBCVBPCYYFVUFO FEIKNWFRFIKJNUPWRFIPOUNVNIPUBRNCUKBEFWWFDNCHXCYBOHOPYXPUBNCUBOYNRVNIWN CPOJIOFHOPZRVFZIXUBORJRUBZRBCHNCBBONCHRJZSFWNVRJRUBZRPCYZPUKBZPUNVPWPCYVF ZIXUPUNFCPWRVNBCVBRPYYNUNFCPWWJUKBYBIPOUZBCUIPOUNVNIPUBRNCHOPYXPUBNCUB OYNRVNIWNCPOJIOFHOPZRNCRVNBCUNENVVFZIXUNCHPCYVFZIXUPUNFCPWZPUKBZPUNVR B 36 è E N 34 NC 11 è IN UKB PU 10 è AT RVN U 33 è T UB 10 P 32 è A UN C 26 FZI è THE trigrams digrams Dan Boneh Vigener cipher (16’th century, Rome) k = C R Y P T O C R Y P T O C R Y P T m = W H A T A N I C E D A Y T O D A Y (+ mod 26) c = Z Z Z J U C L U D T U N W G C Q S ! suppose most common = “H” first leSer of key = “H” – “E” = “C” Dan Boneh Rotor Machines (1870-‐1943) Early example: the Hebern machine (single rotor) A B C X Y Z key K S T R N E E K S T R N N E K S T R Dan Boneh Rotor Machines (cont.) Most famous: the Enigma (3-‐5 rotors) # keys = 264 = 218 (actually 236 due to plugboard) Dan Boneh Data Encryp/on Standard (1974) DES: # keys = 256 , block size = 64 bits Today: AES (2001), Salsa20 (2008) (and many others) Dan Boneh End of Segment Dan Boneh ... OYNRVNIWNCPOJIOFHOPZRNCRVNBCUNENVVFZIXUNCHPCYVFZIXUPUNFCPWZPUKBZPUNVR B 36 è E N 34 NC 11 è IN UKB PU 10 è AT RVN U 33 è T UB 10 P 32 è A UN C 26 FZI è... Rotor Machines (cont.) Most famous: the Enigma (3- ‐5 rotors) # keys = 264 = 218 (actually 236 due to plugboard) Dan Boneh Data Encryp/on Standard... first leSer of key = “H” – “E” = “C” Dan Boneh Rotor Machines (1870-‐19 43) Early example: the Hebern machine (single rotor) A B C X Y