methods for the calculation of physical effects2 8991 kho tài liệu bách khoa

Chapter Vapour cloud explosions W.P.M Mercx, A.C van den Berg 5.1 CPR 14E Chapter of the ‘Yellow Book’ Modifications to Chapter (Vapour cloud explosions) with respect to the first print (1997) Numerous modifications were made concerning typographical errors A list is given below for the pages on which errors have been corrected At page 5.24: the declaration of variable EmTNT (TNT blast energy) is corrected, and values currently in use for this variable are added In the calculation examples of the application of selected methods: calculation examples A lot of numbers are refined, and values are more accurately read from plots and figures The values of Tables 5.6, 5.7A, 5.7B have been replaced by refined values 5.3 5.4 CPR 14E Chapter of the ‘Yellow Book’ List of symbols Chapter Af,rainout aa bf,rainout bi cp cs D1 Vgr Vo Vr Jet cross-section after flashing and rainout (5.10) Speed of sound in ambient air (5.4) Jet radius after flashing and rainout (5.10) Dimension of a box Specific heat at constant pressure Stoichiometric concentration (5.7) Smallest dimension of obstacle perpendicular to flame propagation direction Dimension of obstacle parallel to flame propagation direction Diameter of a cylinder Diameter of a sphere Total combustion energy (5.2) Combustion energy per unit mass (5.1) Combustion energy of fuel per unit mass (5.1) Combustion energy of TNT per unit mass (5.1) Combustion energy per unit volume (5.9) Positive side-on impulse of blast-wave (5.6) Overpressure in vapour cloud Peak side-on overpressure of blast-wave (5.3) Scaled peak side-on overpressure of blast-wave (5.3) Ambient pressure (5.2) Peak dynamic pressure in blast-wave (5.5) Scaled dynamic pressure in blast-wave (5.5) ‘Chapman-Jouguet’ peak detonation pressure ‘Von Neumann’ peak detonation pressure Mass quantity of flammable part of the cloud (5.7) Mass of fuel involved (5.1) Equivalent mass of TNT (5.1) Distance to explosion centre (5.2) Scaled distance (5.2) Radius of flammable cloud (5.9) Scaled radius of flammable cloud Temperature of combustion products Temperature at start of combustion Ambient temperature Positive phase duration of blast-wave (5.4) Scaled positive phase duration of blast-wave (5.4) Volume Volume of vapour cloud at stoichiometric concentration (5.8) Volume of vapour within obstructed region (5.8) Volume of unobstructed part of the cloud (5.8) Free volume of the obstructed region αe αm ρ TNT equivalency based on energy (5.1) TNT equivalency based on mass (5.1) Density (5.7) D2 dc ds E Em Emf EmTNT Ev is Psc Ps Ps' pa pdyn pdyn' pCJ pvN Qex Qf QTNT r r' ro ro' Te Ti Ta tp' V Vc m2 m⋅s-1 m m J⋅kg-1⋅K-1 % m m m m J J⋅kg-1 J⋅kg-1 J⋅kg-1 J⋅m3 Pa⋅s Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa kg kg kg m m K K K s m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 kg/m3 Note: the numbers between brackets refer to equations 5.5 5.6 CPR 14E Chapter of the ‘Yellow Book’ Glossary of terms blast (wave) a rapidly propagating pressure or shock-wave in atmosphere with high pressure, high density and high particle velocity burning velocity the velocity of a propagating flame, measured relative to the unburnt gases immediately ahead of the flame front deflagration a propagating chemical reaction of a substance in which the propagation of the reaction front is determined by conduction and molecular diffusion detonation a propagating chemical reaction of a substance in which the propagation of the reaction front is determined by compression beyond the autoignition temperature explosion a sudden release of energy that causes a blast flammable limits the upper and lower concentration limit of combustible material in a homogeneous mixture with a gaseous oxidiser that will propagate a flame impulse a measure used to quantify the consequences of a short duration pressure pulse It is calculated by integration of the pressure-time history laminar flame propagation propagation of a flame in a laminar flow, characterised by a very thin flamefront with a smooth surface that can be curved pressure wave rapidly propagating wave in atmosphere causing a gradual change in gas-dynamic-state: high density, pressure and particle velocity separation distance the minimal distance between two congested areas at which the areas can be considered as two separate explosion sources shock-wave rapidly propagating wave in atmosphere causing a instantaneous change in gas-dynamic-state: high density, pressure and particle velocity side-on overpressure the pressure experienced by an object as a blastwave passes by 5.7 stoichiometric ratio the ratio characterised by, or being, a proportion of chemicals exactly right for a combustion with no excess of flammable material or oxygen TNT-equivalence the amount of TNT (trinitrotoluene) that would produce observed damage levels similar to those of the explosion under consideration turbulent flame propagation propagation of a flame in a turbulent flow, characterised by a rough combustion zone rather than by a thin and smooth flame front vapour cloud explosion the explosion resulting from an ignition of a premixed cloud of flammable vapour, gas or spray with air, in which flames accelerate to sufficiently high velocities to produce significant overpressure volume blockage fraction the ratio of the volume of the obstructed area occupied by obstacles to the total volume of the obstructed area itself 5.8 CPR 14E Chapter of the ‘Yellow Book’ Table of contents Chapter Modifications to Chapter 5, Vapour cloud explosions List of symbols Chapter Glossary of terms Vapour cloud explosions 11 5.1 Introduction 11 5.2 The phenomenon of a vapour cloud explosion 13 5.2.1 Introduction to vapour cloud explosions .13 5.2.2 Combustion modes .15 5.2.3 Ignition .19 5.2.4 Gas explosion mechanism 19 5.2.5 Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) 20 5.2.6 Blast 21 5.3 General overview of existing vapour cloud explosion blast models 23 5.3.1 Introduction to section 5.3 23 5.3.2 Methods based on TNT charge blast 23 5.3.3 Methods based on fuel-air charge blast 26 5.4 Selection of a model 29 5.5 Description of model 33 5.5.1 Introduction to the Multi-Energy concept 33 5.5.2 Discussion 39 5.5.3 Procedure for the division of an area into obstructed and unobstructed regions 44 5.5.4 Procedure for the application of the Multi-Energy method .46 5.6 Application of selected models: calculation examples 53 5.6.1 Introduction to section 5.6 53 5.6.2 Definition of an obstructed region 53 5.6.3 Vapour cloud explosion .60 5.6.4 Determination of obstructed region 65 5.7 Interfacing to other models 75 5.8 Literature 77 5.9 5.10 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 205.750000 [K] Maximum temperature = 513.150000 [K] Parameter = -4.262900E+0001 Parameter = -1.186200E+0003 Parameter = 2.327900E+0001 Parameter = -3.508200E-0002 Parameter = 1.757800E-0005 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 175.500000 [K] Maximum temperature = 512.400000 [K] Parameter = 2.601000E+0002 Parameter = 3.377000E+0002 Parameter = 5.125500E+0002 Parameter = 4.000000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 175.400000 [K] Maximum temperature = 493.000000 [K] Parameter = 8.382000E-0001 Parameter = -3.231000E-0003 Parameter = 8.296000E-0006 Parameter = -1.689000E-0010 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 298.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1000.000000 [K] Parameter = 3.620000E+0000 Parameter = 2.490000E-0002 Parameter = -7.050000E-0006 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 233.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 512.400000 [K] Parameter = -1.709000E+0001 Parameter = 2.096000E+0003 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 4.738000E-0002 Parameter = -4.893000E-0005 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 273.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1173.000000 [K] Parameter = -5.636300E+0000 Parameter = 3.445000E-0001 Parameter = -3.340000E-0006 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 175.400000 [K] Maximum temperature = 512.400000 [K] Parameter = 2.260000E+0001 Parameter = 2.930000E+0002 Parameter = 5.125500E+0002 Parameter = 8.115000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-42 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 18 METHYL MERCAPTAN Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = METHYL MERCAPTAN = CH3SH = 1064 = 48.100000 kg/kmol = 469.950000 K (196.80 °C) = 150.180000 K (-122.97 °C) = 150.180000 K (-122.97 °C) = 279.110000 K (5.96 °C) = 2.394000E+0007 J/kg ( 1.151514E+0009 J/kmol) = 220.000000 K (-53.15 °C) = 3.900000 vol% in air = 100.000000 vol% in air = 23.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 8.755845E+0002 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 1.488974E+0005 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 5.014725E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 1.850550E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 1.062031E+0003 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 3.049121E-0004 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 9.002020E-0006 Pa*s Surface tension = 2.556052E-0002 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.194 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 2.008 2.008 0.498 875.585 1.142 (875.58 kg/m3 ) (1.49 Bar ) (501472.47 J/kg ) (1850.55 J/kg*K) (1062.03 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 150.180000 [K] Maximum temperature = 469.950000 [K] Parameter = 3.323400E-0001 Parameter = 2.806300E-0001 Parameter = 4.699500E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-43 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 150.180000 [K] Maximum temperature = 469.950000 [K] Parameter = 2.025240E+0001 Parameter = -1.949900E+0003 Parameter = -4.227100E+0000 Parameter = 2.582700E-0004 Parameter = -1.382000E-0006 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 150.180000 [K] Maximum temperature = 469.950000 [K] Parameter = 1.141000E+0002 Parameter = 3.101000E+0002 Parameter = 4.699500E+0002 Parameter = 3.787000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 233.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 280.000000 [K] Parameter = 5.336200E-0001 Parameter = -7.525000E-0004 Parameter = 4.104900E-0007 Parameter = 3.962200E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 100.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = 7.606200E+0000 Parameter = 1.500800E-0002 Parameter = 4.590600E-0006 Parameter = -4.533000E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 150.180000 [K] Maximum temperature = 270.180000 [K] Parameter = -1.538600E+0000 Parameter = 2.778600E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = -6.108000E-0005 Parameter = 1.486600E-0007 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 273.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 473.150000 [K] Parameter = -3.694300E+0001 Parameter = 4.530400E-0001 Parameter = -4.312000E-0005 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 150.180000 [K] Maximum temperature = 469.950000 [K] Parameter = 2.183000E+0001 Parameter = 3.101000E+0002 Parameter = 4.699500E+0002 Parameter = 1.226100E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-44 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 19 NITROGEN DIOXIDE Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = NITROGEN DIOXIDE = NO2 = 1067 = 46.010000 kg/kmol = 431.350000 K (158.20 °C) = 261.950000 K (-11.20 °C) = 261.950000 K (-11.20 °C) = 294.000000 K (20.85 °C) = 7.193600E+0007 J/kg ( 3.309775E+0009 J/kmol) = 0.000000 K (-273.15 °C) = 0.000000 vol% in air = 0.000000 vol% in air = 1000.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 1.466996E+0003 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 7.555354E+0004 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 8.288280E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 3.097803E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 8.256559E+0002 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 4.409570E-0004 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 1.275916E-0005 Pa*s Surface tension = 2.823386E-0002 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.280 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 1.920 1.920 0.521 1466.996 0.682 (1467.00 kg/m3 ) (0.76 Bar ) (828828.00 J/kg ) (3097.80 J/kg*K) (825.66 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 28.423045 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 1.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 3.700000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = -16.192022 (ppm*min) 1.000000 (ppm*min) 3.700000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = -18.600000 (mg*min/m3) 1.000000 (mg*min/m3) 3.700000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 293.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 431.350000 [K] Parameter = 6.014800E-0001 Parameter = 2.910600E-0001 Parameter = 4.313500E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-45 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 261.950000 [K] Maximum temperature = 431.350000 [K] Parameter = 1.976430E+0001 Parameter = -1.998700E+0003 Parameter = -4.411800E+0000 Parameter = 1.708200E-0003 Parameter = 3.427300E-0006 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 294.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 294.300000 [K] Parameter = 1.980000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 4.313500E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 298.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 400.000000 [K] Parameter = 4.812200E-0001 Parameter = 8.684500E-0004 Parameter = 3.060700E-0010 Parameter = -2.423000E-0013 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 50.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 920.000000 [K] Parameter = 7.089700E+0000 Parameter = 6.667900E-0003 Parameter = 1.301700E-0006 Parameter = -1.840000E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 273.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 313.150000 [K] Parameter = 3.182900E+0000 Parameter = -3.515200E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = -6.236000E-0003 Parameter = -6.283000E-0006 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 295.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 460.000000 [K] Parameter = -3.679700E+0002 Parameter = 2.303500E+0000 Parameter = -2.114000E-0003 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 261.950000 [K] Maximum temperature = 431.350000 [K] Parameter = 1.675000E+0001 Parameter = 3.466000E+0002 Parameter = 4.313500E+0002 Parameter = 9.954000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-46 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 20 PROPANE Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = PROPANE = C3H8 = 1978 = 44.096000 kg/kmol = 369.700000 K (96.55 °C) = 86.000000 K (-187.15 °C) = 85.470000 K (-187.68 °C) = 230.900000 K (-42.25 °C) = 4.601300E+0007 J/kg ( 2.028989E+0009 J/kmol) = 169.500000 K (-103.65 °C) = 2.100000 vol% in air = 100.000000 vol% in air = 0.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 5.092712E+0002 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 7.307659E+0005 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 3.481610E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 2.582192E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 1.661416E+0003 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 1.030978E-0004 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 7.989814E-0006 Pa*s Surface tension = 8.154658E-0003 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.128 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 1.841 1.841 0.543 509.271 1.964 (509.27 kg/m3 ) (7.31 Bar ) (348160.99 J/kg ) (2582.19 J/kg*K) (1661.42 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 85.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 369.700000 [K] Parameter = 2.204000E-0001 Parameter = 2.753000E-0001 Parameter = 3.697000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-47 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 144.100000 [K] Maximum temperature = 323.000000 [K] Parameter = 3.600700E+0001 Parameter = -1.737200E+0003 Parameter = -1.166600E+0001 Parameter = 8.518700E-0003 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 85.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 369.700000 [K] Parameter = 1.018000E+0002 Parameter = 2.309000E+0002 Parameter = 3.697000E+0002 Parameter = 3.800000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 85.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 353.000000 [K] Parameter = 3.326000E-0001 Parameter = 2.332000E-0003 Parameter = -1.336000E-0005 Parameter = 3.016000E-0008 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 298.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = -5.800000E-0001 Parameter = 6.990000E-0002 Parameter = -3.290000E-0005 Parameter = 6.540000E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 85.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 369.700000 [K] Parameter = -3.372000E+0000 Parameter = 3.135000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 1.034000E-0002 Parameter = -2.026000E-0005 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 193.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1273.000000 [K] Parameter = 4.912000E+0000 Parameter = 2.712000E-0001 Parameter = -3.806000E-0005 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 85.300000 [K] Maximum temperature = 369.700000 [K] Parameter = 2.200000E+0001 Parameter = 1.830000E+0002 Parameter = 3.697000E+0002 Parameter = 1.198200E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-48 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 21 PROPENE Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = PROPENE = CH3CH=CH2 = 1077 = 42.080000 kg/kmol = 364.900000 K (91.75 °C) = 88.000000 K (-185.15 °C) = 87.890000 K (-185.26 °C) = 225.300000 K (-47.85 °C) = 4.580400E+0007 J/kg ( 1.927432E+0009 J/kmol) = 165.000000 K (-108.15 °C) = 2.000000 vol% in air = 100.000000 vol% in air = 0.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 5.226934E+0002 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 8.909625E+0005 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 3.488223E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 2.567563E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 1.513526E+0003 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 9.137159E-0005 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 8.103778E-0006 Pa*s Surface tension = 8.282738E-0003 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.150 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 1.756 1.756 0.569 522.693 1.913 (522.69 kg/m3 ) (8.91 Bar ) (348822.30 J/kg ) (2567.56 J/kg*K) (1513.53 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 87.700000 [K] Maximum temperature = 364.900000 [K] Parameter = 2.252000E-0001 Parameter = 2.686000E-0001 Parameter = 3.649000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-49 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 123.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 365.100000 [K] Parameter = 3.687700E+0001 Parameter = -1.725500E+0003 Parameter = -1.205700E+0001 Parameter = 8.994800E-0003 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 87.700000 [K] Maximum temperature = 364.900000 [K] Parameter = 1.046000E+0002 Parameter = 2.253000E+0002 Parameter = 3.649000E+0002 Parameter = 3.800000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 87.700000 [K] Maximum temperature = 313.000000 [K] Parameter = 4.706000E-0001 Parameter = 1.683000E-0003 Parameter = -1.682000E-0005 Parameter = 4.407000E-0008 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 298.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = 6.800000E-0001 Parameter = 5.680000E-0002 Parameter = -2.860000E-0005 Parameter = 5.600000E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 113.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 364.900000 [K] Parameter = -5.009000E+0000 Parameter = 4.132000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 1.771000E-0002 Parameter = -3.092000E-0005 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 173.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1273.000000 [K] Parameter = -5.601000E+0000 Parameter = 3.188000E-0001 Parameter = -6.291000E-0005 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 87.700000 [K] Maximum temperature = 364.900000 [K] Parameter = 1.998000E+0001 Parameter = 2.030000E+0002 Parameter = 3.649000E+0002 Parameter = 1.179700E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-50 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 22 SULPHUR DIOXIDE Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = SULPHUR DIOXIDE = SO2 = 1079 = 64.060000 kg/kmol = 430.750000 K (157.60 °C) = 200.000000 K (-73.15 °C) = 197.670000 K (-75.48 °C) = 263.130000 K (-10.02 °C) = 0.000000E+0000 J/kg ( 0.000000E+0000 J/kmol) = 0.000000 K (-273.15 °C) = 0.000000 vol% in air = 0.000000 vol% in air = 105.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 1.394521E+0003 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 2.803136E+0005 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 3.629193E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 1.350315E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 6.222876E+0002 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 3.621724E-0004 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 1.245779E-0005 Pa*s Surface tension = 2.362892E-0002 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.264 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 2.674 2.674 0.374 1394.521 0.717 (1394.52 kg/m3 ) (2.80 Bar ) (362919.33 J/kg ) (1350.31 J/kg*K) (622.29 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 9.862881 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 1.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 2.400000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = -16.843761 (ppm*min) 1.000000 (ppm*min) 2.400000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = -19.200000 (mg*min/m3) 1.000000 (mg*min/m3) 2.400000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 197.670000 [K] Maximum temperature = 430.750000 [K] Parameter = 5.123900E-0001 Parameter = 2.533200E-0001 Parameter = 4.307500E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-51 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 197.670000 [K] Maximum temperature = 430.750000 [K] Parameter = 2.075270E+0001 Parameter = -1.831700E+0003 Parameter = -4.597200E+0000 Parameter = 6.785100E-0004 Parameter = 4.663200E-0007 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 197.670000 [K] Maximum temperature = 430.750000 [K] Parameter = 7.977000E+0001 Parameter = 3.142000E+0002 Parameter = 4.307500E+0002 Parameter = 4.128800E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 197.670000 [K] Maximum temperature = 263.130000 [K] Parameter = 3.495600E-0001 Parameter = -1.321000E-0004 Parameter = 8.943900E-0008 Parameter = 8.704000E-0011 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 100.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = 6.487700E+0000 Parameter = 1.258100E-0002 Parameter = -7.544000E-0006 Parameter = 1.528800E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 239.650000 [K] Maximum temperature = 323.150000 [K] Parameter = -8.538000E-0001 Parameter = 1.861800E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = -6.998000E-0004 Parameter = -3.825000E-0007 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 200.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1000.000000 [K] Parameter = -1.294600E+0001 Parameter = 5.104600E-0001 Parameter = -1.152000E-0004 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 197.670000 [K] Maximum temperature = 430.750000 [K] Parameter = 1.862000E+0001 Parameter = 3.142000E+0002 Parameter = 4.307500E+0002 Parameter = 1.181000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-52 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 23 TOLUENE Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = TOLUENE = C6H5CH3 = 1294 = 92.100000 kg/kmol = 591.800000 K (318.65 °C) = 178.000000 K (-95.15 °C) = 178.180000 K (-94.97 °C) = 383.600000 K (110.45 °C) = 4.055000E+0007 J/kg ( 3.734655E+0009 J/kmol) = 277.000000 K (3.85 °C) = 1.270000 vol% in air = 100.000000 vol% in air = 0.500000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 8.710100E+0002 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 2.196688E+0003 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 4.159887E+0005 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 1.666549E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 1.124195E+0003 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 6.275112E-0004 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 6.636030E-0006 Pa*s Surface tension = 2.909345E-0002 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.087 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 3.844 3.844 0.260 871.010 1.148 (871.01 kg/m3 ) (0.02 Bar ) (415988.71 J/kg ) (1666.55 J/kg*K) (1124.20 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 178.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 591.800000 [K] Parameter = 2.883000E-0001 Parameter = 2.624000E-0001 Parameter = 5.918000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-53 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 213.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 593.600000 [K] Parameter = 1.152100E+0002 Parameter = -4.918100E+0003 Parameter = -4.346700E+0001 Parameter = 3.854800E-0002 Parameter = -1.349600E-0005 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 178.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 591.800000 [K] Parameter = 8.610000E+0001 Parameter = 3.836000E+0002 Parameter = 5.918000E+0002 Parameter = 3.800000E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 178.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 583.000000 [K] Parameter = -1.461000E-0001 Parameter = 4.584000E-0003 Parameter = -1.346000E-0005 Parameter = 1.425000E-0008 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 298.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = -9.340000E+0000 Parameter = 1.385000E-0001 Parameter = -8.720000E-0005 Parameter = 2.060000E-0008 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 233.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 591.800000 [K] Parameter = -2.553000E+0000 Parameter = 5.591000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 1.987000E-0003 Parameter = -1.954000E-0006 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 273.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1273.000000 [K] Parameter = -8.421000E+0000 Parameter = 2.711000E-0001 Parameter = -4.018000E-0005 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 178.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 591.800000 [K] Parameter = 2.852000E+0001 Parameter = 2.930000E+0002 Parameter = 5.918000E+0002 Parameter = 1.236400E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-54 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] CPR 14E Annex of the ‘Yellow Book’ 24 WATER Material_Name Molecular formula UN number Molecular weight Critical temperature Melting point Triplepoint temperature Normal boiling point Standard net heat of combustion Flash point Lower flammability limit Upper flammability limit Solubility in water = WATER = H2O = 100 = 18.016000 kg/kmol = 648.000000 K (374.85 °C) = 273.150000 K (-0.00 °C) = 273.160000 K (0.01 °C) = 373.150000 K (100.00 °C) = 0.000000E+0000 J/kg ( 0.000000E+0000 J/kmol) = 0.000000 K (-273.15 °C) = 0.000000 vol% in air = 0.000000 vol% in air = 1000.000000 kg/m3 Temperature dependent data (calculated at 288.15 K (15.00 °C) Liquid density = 1.036876E+0003 kg/m3 Vapor pressure = 1.705909E+0003 N/m2 Heat of vaporization = 2.545846E+0006 J/kg Liquid heatcapacity = 4.190668E+0003 J/kg*K Gas heatcapacity (ideal gas) = 1.868251E+0003 J/kg*K Liquid viscosity = 1.165873E-0003 Pa*s Vapor viscosity = 1.212163E-0005 Pa*s Surface tension = 8.806352E-0002 N/m Poisson ratio = 1.328 Functions (calculated at 288.15 K Gas density (ideal gas law) : Mass of m3 gas/vapour : Volume of kg gas/vapour : Mass of m3 liquid : Volume of 1000 kg liquid : (15.00 °C) 0.752 0.752 1.330 1036.876 0.964 (1036.88 kg/m3 ) (0.02 Bar ) (2545846.12 J/kg (4190.67 J/kg*K) (1868.25 J/kg*K) and 1.000000E+05 N/m2 kg/m3 kg m3 kg m3 ) (1.000 Bar) Probit constants (Toxicity) A = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) B = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) N = 0.000000 SI units(Kg*s/m3) A = B = N = 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) 0.000000 (ppm*min) A = B = N = 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) 0.000000 (mg*min/m3) Temperature dependent data (Parameters): Liquid density Formula Nr rho = A * B^-((1-T/C)^2/7) (where C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 273.160000 [K] Maximum temperature = 647.350000 [K] Parameter = 3.471000E-0001 Parameter = 2.740000E-0001 Parameter = 6.480000E+0002 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [g/cm3] [g/cm3] Annex-55 Vapor pressure Formula Nr Log(P) = A + B/T + C*Log(T) + D*T + E*T^2 Minimum temperature = 273.160000 [K] Maximum temperature = 647.130000 [K] Parameter = 2.988850E+0001 Parameter = -3.152900E+0003 Parameter = -7.315200E+0000 Parameter = 1.126200E-0005 Parameter = 1.804800E-0006 [mm Hg] [mm Hg] Heat of vaporization Formula Nr Hv = A * ((C-T)/(C-B)^D (A=Hv1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 273.160000 [K] Maximum temperature = 647.130000 [K] Parameter = 4.759000E+0002 Parameter = 4.601000E+0002 Parameter = 6.480000E+0002 Parameter = 3.774600E-0001 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 [cal/g] [cal/g] Liquid heatcapacity Formula Nr Cpl = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/g/K] [cal/g/K] Minimum temperature = 273.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 533.150000 [K] Parameter = 6.933800E-0001 Parameter = 3.194400E-0003 Parameter = -1.101000E-0005 Parameter = 1.259900E-0008 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 IG heatcapacity Formula Nr Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D*T^3 [cal/mol] [cal/mol] Minimum temperature = 100.000000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1500.000000 [K] Parameter = 7.981000E+0000 Parameter = -9.050000E-0004 Parameter = 4.294100E-0006 Parameter = -1.507000E-0009 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Liquid viscosity Formula Nr Log(Visc) = Ea + Eb/T + Ec*Log (T) + Ed*T + Ee*T*T [centiPoise] Minimum temperature = 273.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 643.150000 [K] Parameter = -8.426800E+0000 Parameter = 1.559300E+0003 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 1.334000E-0002 Parameter = -9.176000E-0006 (where Ec=0!) [centiPoise] Vapor viscosity Formula Nr Visc = A + B*T + C*T^2 [microPoise] [microPoise] Minimum temperature = 373.150000 [K] Maximum temperature = 1073.100000 [K] Parameter = -3.536800E+0001 Parameter = 4.243600E-0001 Parameter = -1.268000E-0005 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Surface Tension Formula Nr Sigma = A * ((C-T)/(C-B))^D (A=Sigma1, B=T1, C=Tc) Minimum temperature = 273.160000 [K] Maximum temperature = 647.130000 [K] Parameter = 4.054000E+0001 Parameter = 4.601000E+0002 Parameter = 6.480000E+0002 Parameter = 1.193900E+0000 Parameter = 0.000000E+0000 Annex-56 [dynes/cm] [dynes/cm] ... the reactive mixture In general, the velocity of the mixture is not zero The hot combustion products expand, thereby creating a flow field ahead of the flame The flame speed is the velocity of. .. MERGE) The project GAME (Guidance for the Application of the Multi-Energy method) and its successor GAMES (GAME Second phase) will provide valuable information for estimating the class of the source... part of the cloud must be within the flammable range of the material A vapour cloud will generally have three regions - a rich region near the point of release, a lean region at the edge of the