water and waste water engineering(autosaved) tủ tài liệu bách khoa

List of the elements with their symbols and atomic masses* Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass† Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 83 107 35 48 20 98 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 67 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 71 12 25 109 (227) 26.98 (243) 121.8 39.95 74.92 (210) 137.3 (247) 9.012 209.0 (262) 10.81 79.90 112.4 40.08 (251) 12.01 140.1 132.9 35.45 52.00 58.93 63.55 (247) (262) 162.5 (252) 167.3 152.0 (257) 19.00 (223) 157.3 69.72 72.64 197.0 178.5 (277) 4.003 164.9 1.008 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.85 83.80 138.9 (262) 207.2 6.941 175.0 24.31 54.94 (268) Element Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass† Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 102 76 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 (258) 200.6 95.94 144.2 20.18 (237) 58.69 92.91 14.01 (259) 190.2 16.00 106.4 30.97 195.1 (244) (209) 39.10 140.9 (145) (231) (226) (222) 186.2 102.9 85.47 101.1 (261) 150.4 44.96 (266) 78.96 28.09 107.9 22.99 87.62 32.07 180.9 (98) 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.88 183.9 238.0 50.94 131.3 173.0 88.91 65.41 91.22 *All atomic masses have four significant figures These values are recommended by the Committee on Teaching of Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry †Approximate values of atomic masses for radioactive elements are given in parentheses Source: Chang, R Chemistry, 7th ed Copyright © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc New York Reproduced with permission 1A 18 8A H 1.008 2A 24 Cr 52.00 Atomic number Li 6.941 Be 9.012 11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 10 11 1B 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.88 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc (98) 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57 La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.9 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 87 Fr (223) 88 Ra (226) 89 Ac (227) 104 Rf (261) 105 Db (262) 106 Sg (266) 107 Bh (262) 58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 90 Th 232.0 91 Pa (231) 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A He 4.003 B 10.81 C 12.01 N 14.01 O 16.00 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18 12 2B 13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.41 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.64 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po (209) 85 At (210) 86 Rn (222) 108 Hs (277) 109 Mt (268) 110 111 112 (113) 114 (115) 116 (117) 118 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm (145) 62 Sm 150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 92 U 238.0 93 Np (237) 94 Pu (242) 95 Am (243) 96 Cm (247) 97 Bk (247) 98 Cf (251) 99 Es (252) 100 Fm (257) 101 Md (258) 102 No (259) 103 Lr (262) Atomic mass The 1–18 group designation has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) but is not yet in wide use No names have been assigned for elements 110–112, 114, 116, and 118 Elements 113, 115, and 117 have not yet been synthesized Source: Chang, R Chemistry, 7th ed Copyright © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc New York Reproduced wih permission WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING This page intentionally left blank WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING Design Principles and Practice Mackenzie L Davis, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE Michigan State University New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-171385-6 MHID: 0-07-171385-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-171384-9, MHID: 0-07-171384-0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise Dedication To all the professionals in the water and wastewater industry who give of their time and wisdom to the generations that follow, and especially to Myron Erickson, P.E Thomas C Gavin, P.E Timothy D McNamara, P.E Thomas Newhof, P.E., BCEE Lucy B Pugh, P.E., BCEE Carlos A Sanlley, Ph.D Jimmy L Spangler, P.E Jeffrey R Stollhans, P.G for the advice and wisdom they shared to make this book possible This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mackenzie L Davis is an Emeritus Professor of Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University He received all his degrees from the University of Illinois From 1968 to 1971 he served as a Captain in the U.S Army Medical Service Corps During his military service he conducted air pollution surveys at Army ammunition plants From 1971 to 1973 he was Branch Chief of the Environmental Engineering Branch at the U.S Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory His responsibilities included supervision of research on air, noise, and water pollution control and solid waste management for Army facilities In 1973 he joined the faculty at Michigan State University He has taught and conducted research in the areas of air pollution control, hazardous waste management, and water and wastewater engineering In 1987 and 1989–1992, under an intergovernmental personnel assignment with the Office of Solid Waste of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Dr Davis performed technology assessments of treatment methods used to demonstrate the regulatory requirements for the land disposal restrictions (“land ban”) promulgated under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Dr Davis is a member of the following professional organizations: American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, American Meteorological Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Water Works Association, Air & Waste Management Association, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, and the Water Environment Federation His honors and awards include the State-of-the-Art Award from the ASCE, Chapter Honor Member of Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi, election as a Fellow in the Air & Waste Management Association, and election as a Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers with certification in hazardous waste management He has received teaching awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers Student Chapter, Michigan State University College of Engineering, North Central Section of the American Society for Engineering Education, Great Lakes Region of Chi Epsilon, and the Amoco Corporation In 1998, he received the Lyman A Ripperton Award for distinguished achievement as an educator from the Air & Waste Management Association In 2007, he was recognized as the Educational Professional of the Year by the Michigan Water Environment Association He is a registered professional engineer in Michigan Dr Davis is the co-author of two previous books: Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 4th ed with Dr David A Cornwell and Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2nd ed with Dr Susan Masten In 2003, Dr Davis retired from Michigan State University vii I-12 INDEX Loose RO, 9-2 Low pressure RO, 9-2 Lower explosive limit (LEL): chlorine dioxide, 13-5 methane, 27-44–27-45 Lower heating value, digester gas, 27-45 Low-flow duration, 2-14 Low-lift, 3-2 Low-lift pumping station, 3-2 Low-service, 3-2 LOX, 13-5, 13-27 LSI, 7-34–7-36 Macerator, 20-24 Macronutrients, 22-10 Manganese in drinking water, 2-24 and ion exchange, 8-10 and MF/UF filtration, 12-14 and oxidant demand, 13-23 Magnesium: hardness, 7-2, 7-3, 7-8–7-9 scale, 7-11 softening, 7-7, 7-8–7-9 and split treatment, 7-22–7-25 Magnetic flow meters, 20-8 Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®), 14-17, 14-18 Main, sewer, 19-2 Maintenance cleaning, membrane filter, 23-98 Manhole, 19-2, 19-5, 19-6 covers, 19-40 safety, 19-40 Manning equation, 16-22, 19-15, 20-14 Manning’s n, 19-17, 19-18 Manufacturer’s standard conditions, 9-16 Margin of safety (MOS), 18-13 Mass balance: activated sludge process, 23-15–23-16 equalization basin, 2-15 ion exchange, 8-12 nitrogen, 23-30 reservoir design, 2-15–2-18 retention basin, 2-15 return sludge, 23-24–23-25 sludge, 15-10, 27-6 wastewater treatment, 28-30–28-31 Mass transfer, oxygen, 23-31 Materials recovery, sludge, 15-13–15-15 Maturation ponds, 23-2, 23-3 Maximum contaminant level (MCL), 2-28 tables of, 2-30–2-37 Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), 2-29, 2-30–2-33 Maximum day, 17-9, 18-5 Maximum day demand, 2-27, 17-2, 17-9 Maximum month, 18-5 Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL), 2-34 Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG), 2-34 Maximum specific growth rate, 22-3 MBBR, 24-14 MBR, 23-12–23-13, 23-95–23-98, 28-15, 28-31 Mean cell residence time (θc), 23-4 See also Solids retention time (SRT) Mechanical sludge collectors, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24 Media: dual, 11-20, 11-21, 11-42, 26-6–26-7, 26-9 mono-, 11-20, 11-21, 11-44, 26-8 multi-, 11-21, 11-43, 26-7–26-8 properties, 11-7 single, 11-41 tri-, 11-43, 26-7–26-8 trickling filter, 24-2 Membrane: array, 9-8, 9-10, 9-15 backwash, 15-9 bioreactor (MBR), 23-12–23-13, 23-95–23-98 and fine screens, 20-23 brine, 9-11, 15-9 chemical cleaning, 12-16, 23-98 comparison of, 9-2, 9-3 concentrate, 9-11, 12-14, 15-9 configuration, 9-6–9-7, 12-9–12-10 design, 9-11–9-16, 12-15–12-18 diffusers, 20-43, 23-82 electrodialysis, 9-18 element, 9-8, 9-15, 12-16 filter technique, 2-36 filtration of wastewater, 26-10–26-12 flux, MF/UF, 12-5, 26-11 flux, NF/RO, 9-5 fouling, 9-8, 9-9, 12-6–12-7, 23-97 hollow fiber, 9-6, 9-8, 12-9, 12-10 inside-out (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11 inside-out (dead end), 12-10, 12-11 and limiting salt, 9-8, 9-11–9-15 materials, 9-8, 12-7, 12-9 mechanics of filtration, 12-3–12-4 microfiltration (MF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2, 12-3, 23-12, 26-10 models of filtration, 12-4–12-5 models of fouling, 12-6–12-8 nanofiltration (NF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2, 12-3 outside-in, 12-10, 12-11 outside-in (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11 permeability, 12-12 posttreatment, 9-9 pressure, effects, 12-12 pretreatment, 9-9, 12-13–12-14 recovery (r), 9-5, 9-6, 15-9 rejection, 9-6, 12-4, 15-9 residuals, 15-9 resistance coefficient, 12-5 reverse osmosis (RO), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2 scaling, 9-9 service life, 9-7, 12-12 specific flux, 12-12 spiral-wound, 9-6, 9-7 stage, 9-8 temperature effects, 9-7, 9-16, 12-10 transmembrane pressure (TMP), 9-5, 12-5, 12-15, 26-11 ultrafiltration (UF), 9-2, 9-3, 26-10 Mercaptans, 22-16 Merry-go-round, ion exchange, 8-13 Mesh size, 8-10, 14-8 Mesophiles, 22-3 Metabolism, 22-6 Methane: and anaerobic digestion, 27-34–27-36 as an end product, 27-34–27-36 explosive limits, 27-44–27-45 fermentation, 27-34 gas production, 27-36, 27-40 heating value, 27-45 in sewers, 19-40 Methemoglobinemia, 2-24 mg/L as CaCO3, 6-12, 7-2 MIB, 14-33, 14-35 Microbial growth characteristics, 22-10–22-15 Microbial growth requirements, 22-10 Microbiological characteristics of drinking water, 2-25 INDEX Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF): backwashing, 12-7, 12-1 chemical cleaning, 12-16 clean-in-place (CIP), 12-16 concentrate, 12-14 configuration, 12-9–12-10 defined, 12-2, 12-3 design, 12-15–12-18 flux, 12-5 fouling, 12-6–12-7 hollow fiber, 12-9, 12-10 inside-out (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11 inside-out (dead end), 12-10, 12-11 and iron, 12-14 and manganese, 12-14 materials, 12-7, 12-10 mechanisms, 12-3–12-4 models of filtration, 12-4–12-5 models of fouling, 12-6–12-8 and NOM, 12-13 operating pressure, 12-15 outside-in, 12-10, 12-11 outside-in (cross-flow), 12-10, 12-11 permeability, 12-12 pressure, effects, 12-12 pretreatment, 9-9, 12-13–12-14 recovery (r), 9-5, 9-6 rejection, 12-4 resistance coefficient, 12-5 service life, 12-12 temperature effects, 12-10 transmembrane pressure (TMP), 12-5, 12-15 and turbidity, 12-13 Micronutrients, 22-10 Milliequivalents (meq), 7-2 Minimal media test, 2-36 Minimum day, 18-5 Minimum day demand, 17-2 Minimum hour, 18-5 Minimum month, 18-5 Minor losses, 3-20, 17-20–17-21 table of, Appendix C Mitochondrial electron transport, 22-9 Mixed liquor: activated sludge, 23-3 suspended solids (MLSS), 23-3 volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), 23-3 Mixers, 6-26, 6-33, 6-41 Mixing: and aerobic digestion, 27-30 and anaerobic digestion, 27-44 detention time, for flash mixing, 6-25 for flocculation, 6-25 for softening, 7-30 flash, 6-26–6-37 flocculation, 6-37, 6-41–6-48 flow equalization, 20-43 lime stabilization, 27-24–27-26 power for, 6-31, 6-34 rapid, 6-33–6-37 for softening, 7-28, 7-31 velocity gradients for, 6-26, 6-33, 6-37 MLE, 22-19, 23-8 MLSS, 23-4 MLVSS, 23-3 Models, activated sludge, 23-5–23-23 Modified iron removal (MIR), 14-6 Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE), 22-19, 23-8 Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), 12-2, 12-3 Monitoring wells, 15-44 Monochloramine, 13-4, 13-11 Monod equation, 22-4, 23-15 Monomedia filters, 11-20, 11-21, 11-44, 26-8 Mottling of teeth, fluoride, 2-24 Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), 24-14 Multimedia filter, 11-21, 11-43, 26-7–26-8 Multiple-tube fermentation technique (MTF), 2-36 NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH, 22-4 Nanofiltration (NF): defined, 9-2, 9-3 and iron removal, 14-14 and manganese removal, 14-14 and NOM removal, 14-17 See also Reverse Osmosis National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 17-3 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 18-11, 25-2, 25-15, 26-2 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 2-29 I-13 National Research Council (NRC), 24-8, 24-9 National Safe Drinking Water Act, 2-28 Natural organic matter (NOM), 6-2 and chlorine demand, 13-11 and disinfection byproducts, 13-8, 13-22 and MF/UF filtration, 12-13 removal of by adsorption, 14-17 removal of by enhanced coagulation, 6-22, 14-17 removal of by ion exchange, 14-17 removal of by lime-soda softening, 7-2, 7-6, 7-27 removal of by NF and RO, 14-16 and total organic carbon (TOC), 14-15, 14-17 Neat cement grout, 4-8 Needed fire flow (NFF), 17-6 Nephlometric turbidity unit (NTU), 2-23 Net positive suction head (NPSHA, NPSHR), 3-22–3-24, 3-27, 4-34, 4-40 Neutralization reactions, table of, 6-20 Newton’s equation, 10-2–10-3, 20-25, 20-26 Newtonian fluids, 27-14 Nitrate: in drinking water, 2-24 as an electron acceptor, 22-5 removal, 14-14–14-15 Nitrification: and alkalinity, 22-18–22-19 ammonia oxidation, 22-16, 22-17–22-19 and denitrification, 23-8 growth kinetics, 22-18 oxygen requirements, 22-18, 23-30 Nitrifying organisms, 22-18 Nitrogen: and bacterial growth, 22-10 mass balance, 23-30 oxidation, 22-18 treatment, 22-17–22-21, 23-40, 23-48–23-93, 26-9 Noise, control, 23-84 NOM, 6-2, 6-22, 6-23, 7-2, 7-6, 7-26, 12-13 Nomograph: for minor loss estimates, Appendix C nomenclatrue, 17-21 I-14 INDEX Noncarbonate hardness (NCH), 7-2, 7-4 precipitation of, 7-9 Noncommunity water system, 2-29 Nonconventional pollutants, 18-9, 18-10 Noninterruptible chemical, 5-2, 5-4 Nonionic polymer, 6-23, 15-28 Non-Transient, Non-community Water System (NTNCWS), 2-29 NPDES, 18-11, 25-2, 25-15, 26-2 NPSHA, NPSHR, 3-22–3-24, 3-27, 4-34, 4-40 NRC equations, trickling filter, 24-9 NTU, 2-23, 14-22, 14-23 Null alternative, 1-10, 1-15, 1-18 Obligate: aerobes, 22-2 anaerobes, 22-3 Observed yield (Yobs), 23-27 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 13-28, 19-37, 19-40 Odor control, 28-6 Oil and grease, 20-22 ONPG-MUG test, 2-36 Oocysts, Cryptosporidium, 2-35, 13-19–13-21, 13-33 Operating capacity, ion exchange, 8-13–8-14 Operating cost, 1-15 Operating deck, 3-8 Operating floor, 3-8 Operation and maintenance (O&M): activated sludge process, 22-25 anaerobic digestion process, 27-50–27-52 coagulation/flocculation, 6-49 cost, 1-15–1-16 fluoridation, 13-46 granular filters, 11-45 ion exchange, 8-24 intake structures, 3-5, 3-34 lime-soda softening, 7-34 manual, 1-22, 1-23 MF/UF filters, 12-18 NF/RO softening, 9-17 settling tanks, 10-38, 21-24, 22-24–22-25 sewers and lift stations, 19-39 Organic compounds as electron acceptors, 22-5 Organic loading of trickling filter, 24-7 Organotrophs, 22-2 Orifice equation, 6-38, 16-21 Ortho-, 26-2 Orthokinetic flocculation, 6-23, 21-2 OSHA, 13-28 Osmosis, 9-3, 9-4 Osmotic pressure, 9-3–9-4 Outside-in, membrane, 12-10, 12-11 Outside-in (cross-flow), membrane, 12-10, 12-11 Overflow rate (vo): defined, 10-9 determination of, 10-12–10-15 primary settling, 21-7 and return sludge, 21-7 secondary settling, 25-10–25-11 upflow solids contact basin, 7-31 water treatment, and scale-up, 10-13 table of, 10-26 weir, 7-31, 10-27–10-28, 25-13 Owner procured equipment, 1-18 Oxidation ditch, 23-5, 23-10, 23-39, 23-40, 23-48–23-61 Oxidation growth kinetics, 22-13–22-14, 22-17 Oxidation ponds, 23-2–23-3, 23-4 Oxidation/filtration iron removal, 14-5 Oxidation-reduction reactions: arsenic, 14-2–14-3 chloramines, 13-6 chlorine, 13-2 dechlorination, 25-16 disinfection, 13-6 iron, 14-12–14-13 manganese, 14-13 microbial, 22-4–22-5 NAD, 22-4 NADP, 22-4 nitrate, 22-5 ozone, 13-6 sodium bisulfite, 25-16 sodium hypochlorite, 13-6 sodium metabisulfite, 25-16 sodium sulfite, 25-16 sulfate, 13-6, 22-5 sulfur dioxide, 25-16 table of half-reactions, 13-6 Oxidative phosphorylation, 22-9 Oxygen: for aerobic digestion, 27-30 demand, activated sludge, 23-29–23-35 and denitirification, 22-21 and DO, 23-29 as an electron acceptor, 22-4–22-5, 22-9, 22-15 for nitrification, 22-18 for ozone generation, 13-5 from photosynthesis, 22-3 solubility, table of, Appendix A transfer, 23-31–23-35 Ozone: and arsenic reactions, 14-3 contact chamber, 13-33 decay rate constant, 13-10 destruction, 13-27 disinfectant properties, 13-21 disinfection, 13-5–13-6, 13-9, 13-13 gas transfer rates, 13-35 and zebra mussels, 3-33 PA membrane, 9-6 PAC, 14-33, 26-12 Packed tower, 14-22, 14-23 Paddle flocculator, design, 6-44–6-49 G values, 6-45 power for, 6-44 PAO, 22-21 Parshall flume, 20-5–20-8 Partial-duration series, 2-13 Partial lime softening, 7-13 Particle: counting, 11-40 diffuse layer, electrical, 6-3 double layer, electrical, 6-3 electrical properties, 6-3 settling velocity, 10-3–10-5 sizes, 6-2 stability, 6-4–6-5 and van der Waals forces, 6-4 zeta potential, 6-3 Pathogen and vector attraction reduction, 18-20–18-21 INDEX Pathogens, in drinking water, 2-25, 13-13, 13-14, 13-16, 13-19 Peak flow, 2-7, 2-8 Peak hour, 18-5 Peak hour demand, 17-2, 17-8 Peak rate of demand, 2-7, 2-8 Peaking factor, 17-2, 17-8 Percent available chlorine, 13-6 Percent removal, disinfection, 13-19 membrane, 12-4 Perchlorate removal, 14-18–14-19 Performance design criteria, 1-11, 1-12 Perikentic flocculation, 6-23 Periodic table, inside front cover Permanent hardness, 7-4 Permanganate, 3-33, 13-21 and arsenic reactions, 14-2 Permeability, 12-12 Permeate: defined, 9-2 flux, 9-5–9-6, 12-5 recovery, 9-5 stability, 9-16–9-17 Permit, NPDES, 18-11 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 5-17–5-19, 13-28, 19-41 PFRP, 18-18, 27-28, 27-39 pH: and bacterial growth, 22-7, 22-19, 22-24 and bulking sludge, 22-24 and chloramine formation, 13-27 and coagulation, 6-16–6-22 defined, 6-21 and disinfection, 13-2, 13-16, 13-21, 13-26 and NaOCl storage, 13-26 and phosphorus removal, 22-24, 26-3 and softening, 7-8, 7-10–7-13, 7-15, 7-26 of wastewater, 18-9 Pharmaceuticals, 14-20 Phoredox, 23-10 Phosphorus: accumulating organisms (PAOs), 22-21–22-22, 23-78 biological removal of, 22-16, 22-21–22-24, 23-10–23-12, 23-40, 23-75–23-95 and biological treatment, 22-10 chemical precipitation of, 26-2–26-5 in wastewater, 18-7, 18-9 Phosphorylation, 22-9 Photosynthesis, 22-3 Phototrophs, 22-2 Physical threats, 16-31 PID, 16-26, 16-27 Piezometric surface, 2-18, 2-19 Pipe materials: asbestos-cement pipe (ACP), 17-11 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, 5-14 copper, 5-15 ductile iron pipe (DIP), 17-11, 19-6, 19-10, 19-34 fiberglass-reinforced polyester, 5-15 high-density, cross-linked, polyethylene (HDXLPE), 5-14 high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 17-11, 19-10 polypropylene, 5-15 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 3-30, 5-14, 5-15, 17-11, 19-10, 19-31 reinforced concrete pressure pipe (RCPP), 17-11, 19-10 selection, 5-15, 17-11, 19-10 steel for casing, 4-6–4-7 truss pipe, 19-11 type 304 stainless steel, 5-15 type 316 stainless steel, 5-14, 5-15 vitrified clay pipe (VCP), 19-10 Pipe network analysis, 17-13–17-16, 17-36–17-38 Pipe network design equations, 17-12–17-13 Piping: air, 23-84–23-85 chemical compatibility, 5-14, 5-15 design criteria, 17-12 digester gas, 27-45 sewer, 19-10, 19-31 sludge, 27-15 water, 17-12 pKa, 6-12, 7-15 table of, Appendix A pKsp, 7-7 table of, Appendix A pKw, 6-13 Plant hydraulics, 16-19–16-25 I-15 Plant layout, 16-16–16-19 Plate, pressure filter for sludge, 15-16, 15-40–15-42, 27-4, 27-57 Plate settlers, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35, 21-25 PLC, 23-63 Plug flow: activated sludge, 23-5 with reaction, 23-21 reactor, 23-5 Point of entry, (POE), 8-2 Point of use, 8-2 Polio virus, 13-16–13-17 Polishing ponds, 23-2 Polyamide (PA) membrane, 9-6 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 18-14 Poly-DMA, 6-7, 6-23 Polyelectrolytes, 6-6 Polyethersulfone, (PES), 12-9 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), 22-21–22-23 Polymers, 6-23, 15-28 Polyphosphate, 26-2 Polypropylene, (PP), 12-9 Polysulfone (PS), 12-9 Polyvalent cations, 7-2 Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), 12-9 Population dynamics, microorganism, 22-11–22-13 Porosity, of rapid filter, 11-6, 11-7, 11-13, 11-14 Porosity of aquifers, 2-20 Ports, intake, 3-9, 3-11 Postaeration, 25-21 Posttreatment, RO/NF, 9-9 POTW, 18-14 Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 14-33, 26-12 Power: blower, 23-83 and head, 6-31 number, 6-34 pump motor, 3-19, 4-33 requirements for mixing, 6-25 and static mixer, 6-31 Precipitation: chemical, 7-6–7-9 of phosphorus, 26-2–26-5 I-16 INDEX Precursor: defined, 2-34 trihalomethanes, 2-34 Preferred operating range (POR), 3-28 Preliminary design, 1-10, 1-16 Preliminary treatment, defined, 20-2 Preliminary treatment process arrangements, 20-46 Prescriptive design criteria, 1-11 Presence-absence coliform test, 2-36 Press, filter, 15-16, 15-40–15-42, 27-4, 27-57 Pressure: drop, ion exchange, 8-16 drop, packed tower, 14-24 drop, static mixer, 6-31 head, 3-18 membrane, 12-12 operating, MF/UF, 12-15 operating, RO/NF, 9-11 osmotic, 9-3 water, 17-9–17-10 Pretreatment for RO/NF, 9-9 Pretreatment of industrial waste, 18-13–18-14 Primary disinfectant, 13-19, 13-22 Primary Drinking Water Regulations (IPDWRs), 2-29 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 2-28 Primary electron donor, 22-4 Primary sedimentation: baffles, 21-15–21-16, 21-21 and BOD, 21-4, 21-7 chain-and-flight scraper, 21-4 circular tanks, 21-4 depth of tank, 21-3, 21-11 detention time, 21-2, 21-7 dimesions, 21-11, 21-20 feedwell, 21-15 flocculation center well, 21-14 flow distribution, 21-20–21-21 flow-splitting box, 21-4, 21-11–21-12 freeboard, 21-11, 21-20 geotechnical considerations, 21-8–21-11 hydraulic detention time, 21-2, 21-7 hydraulic load, 21-6–21-7 inlet configuration, 21-14–21-15, 21-24–21-22 launder, 21-16 overflow rate, 21-7 overflow rate and return sludge, 21-7 rectangular tanks, 21-4 scour velocity, 21-3 scum beach, 21-17 scum removal, 21-16, 21-23 side water depth (SWD), 21-3, 21-11 sludge hopper, 21-6, 21-8, 21-19, 21-22 sludge scraper, 21-16, 21-22 splitter box, 21-4, 21-11 velocity of flow, 21-3, 21-7 weir configuration, 21-16, 21-22 weir loading, 21-7 Priority pollutants, table of, 2-26 Process alternatives, activated sludge, 23-5–23-13 Process redundancy, 1-12–1-14 Process to further reduce pathogens (PFRP), 18-18, 27-28, 27-39 Process to significantly reduce pathogens (PSRP), 18-19, 27-38, 27-39 Professional ethics, 1-3–1-9 Programmable logic controller (PLC), 16-26, 16-29, 23-63 Prohibited discharge standards, 18-13 Proportional, plus integral, plus derivative control system (PID), 16-27 Proportional control, 16-27 Protoplasm, 22-2 Protozoa, 22-4 PSRP, 18-9, 27-38, 27-39 Psychrophiles, 22-3 Public water supply systems, defined, 2-28–2-29 Publicly owned treatment works (POTW), 18-14 Pump: acceptable (or allowable) operating region (AOR), 3-28 axial flow, 19-32 best efficiency point (BEP), 3-27 bowl, 3-17, 3-18 break power, 3-19 capacity, 3-19 cavitation, 3-21 column pipe, 3-17, 3-18, 4-4, 4-6 discharge, 3-18 discharge head, 3-18 discharge pressure, 3-18 drive, adjustable frequency (afd), 3-18 constant speed, 3-18 variable frequency (vfd), 3-18, 17-32 variable speed (vsd), 3-18 head-discharge curve, 3-27, 4-40 high-lift, 3-2 high-service, 3-2, 17-32 horizontal centrifugal, 17-32 impeller, 3-17, 3-18 low-lift, 3-2 low-service, 3-2 mixed-flow volute, 19-32 nonclog, radial-flow, 19-32, 19-33 parallel and series operation, 17-33–17-36 power, 3-19, 4-33 preferred operating range (POR), 3-28 selection, 3-26–3-28, 17-32–17-36, 19-32–19-33, 27-11–27-13 sludge, 27-11–27-13 split case, 17-32, 17-33 stage, 3-18, 3-27 station, 3-2, 17-32 submersible, 4-26–4-27 terminology, 3-17–3-18 vertical turbine, 3-17–3-18, 4-4, 4-6, 17-32 well, 4-26, 4-27 Pump house, 4-14 Pump station: floor, 3-8 high-service, 3-2 low-lift, 3-2 low service, 3-2 operating deck, 3-8 operating floor, 3-8 wastewater, 19-31–19-39 Pumping, sludge, 15-15, 27-11–27-15 Pumping test curve, 4-20–4-21 Punch list, 1-22 QBS, 1-2 Qualified bidder selection (QBS), 1-2 Quantitative flow diagram, 27-6–27-10 Quicklime, 5-9, 7-7, 27-23 Radial-flow impeller, 6-33, 6-34 Radiological characteristics of drinking water, 2-27 INDEX Radium-226, removal of, 14-21 Radon-222, removal of, 14-21 Ranney well, 3-5, 3-7 Rapid mix: detention times, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27, 6-30, 6-33 G values, 6-25, 6-26, 6-27, 6-30, 6-33 geometries, table of, 6-34 power, 6-34 tanks, 6-33 Rapid sand filter, 11-4, 11-13–11-20 RAS, 23-24 Rate, see Loading rate Rate control, filter, 11-35–11-36 Ratio of extreme flows, 2-8 Raw: sewage, 18-7–18-9 sludge, 21-3 water, 1-11, 2-27–2-28 Reactors: completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR), 6-33 completely stirred tank (CSTR), 6-33 disinfection, 13-29–13-35 plug flow, 13-29, 23-5 Recarbonation, 7-11, 7-14–7-15 basin design, 7-38 Recirculation ratio, 24-9 Recommended Standards for Water Works, 2-7 Recovery ratio (r), NF/RO, 9-5–9-6 Recurrence interval, 2-8 Redundancy: process, 1-12–1-14 well, 4-16 Redox reactions: biochemical, 22-4–22-5 chlorination, 13-6 dechlorination, 25-6 half reactions, table of, 13-6 See also Oxidation-reduction reactions Refractory organics, 26-12 Regeneration of ion exchange, 8-11, 8-19 Reject, defined, 9-2, 9-6 Rejection: MF/UF, 12-4 NF/RO, 9-6 Reliability, 1-12–1-14 Remote terminal units (RTU), 16-26, 16-29 Request for proposals (RFP), 1-2 Request for qualifications (RFQ), 1-2 Reservoir intake structures, 3-4–3-6 Reservoirs, 2-15 Resident project representative (RPR), 1-20–1-21 Residuals, water treatment: arsenic, 15-45–15-47 beneficial use, 15-50 defined, 7-10, 15-2 fluoride, 15-48 ion exchange, 15-10 iron and manganese, 15-48 liquid, 15-44–15-45 management, 15-2 membrane, 15-9 MF/UF, 15-45 NF/RO, 15-46 nitrate, 15-48 perchlorate, 15-48 radioactive, 15-48–15-50 sludge, 15-2 spent filter backwash water (SFBW), 15-2 synthetic organic chemicals (SOC), 15-48 Resins, ion exchange: effective size, 8-10 particle size, 8-9–8-10 properties of, 8-5–8-10 and turbidity, 8-10 types, 8-2 uniformity coefficient, 8-10 Responsible care, 1-20–1-21 Retention basin, 2-15 Retention time (to or θ), see Detention time Return activated sludge (RAS), 21-7, 23-4, 23-24 Return period, 2-8 Return rate, activated sludge, 23-24–23-29 Return sludge, 23-15, 23-24 Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration: array, 9-8, 9-10 array design, 9-15–9-16 and arsenic removal, 14-5 brine disposal, 9-11 I-17 concentrate, 9-9, 9-11 configuration, 9-6–9-7 defined, 9-2, 9-3 flux, 9-5–9-6 fouling, 9-8, 9-9 hollow-fiber, 9-6, 9-8 and limiting salt, 9-8, 9-11–9-15 membrane material, 9-6 operating pressure, 9-11 and osmosis, 9-3 and osmotic pressure, 9-3 permeate, 9-2 and posttreatment, 9-9 and pretreatment, 9-9 and radionuclide removal, 14-21 and recovery of feed water, 9-5–9-6 rejection, 9-6 scaling, 9-9 service life, 9-7 spiral-wound, 9-6–9-7 and stabilization, 9-16–9-17 stage, 9-8 and TDS, 9-11 and temperature effects, 9-7, 9-17 Reynolds number (R): defined, 10-4 and drag coefficient, 10-4 and filter headloss, 11-14–11-20 and gravity sedimentation, 10-4–10-5, 10-26, 10-29, 10-33 and high-rate settler, 10-34 and mixing, 27-26 and settling tank turbulence, 10-19, 10-26–10-27 RFP, 1-2 RFQ, 1-2 Rippl method, 2-15–2-18 Rising sludge, 22-25 River bank filtration, 16-10 Rose equation, 11-13 Rotary-drum thickening, 27-20 Rotating biological contactor (RBC), 24-12–24-13 Rotifers, 22-4 Running torque, 15-22 Run-of-bank sand, 11-6 SAC, 8-2, 8-8 SAE, 23-33 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 2-28 I-18 INDEX Safety: ammonia, 13-27–13-28 anaerobic digester gas, 27-44–27-45 carbon dioxide, 7-38 chemical handling, 13-25–13-29, 13-45 chloramine, 13-27 chlorine, 13-25–13-26 chlorine dioxide, 13-27 digester gas, 27-44–27-45 and disinfection, 13-21 and fluoridation, 13-45 manhole, 19-40 mechanical dewatering, 27-58 ozone disinfection, 13-27 personal protective equipment (PPE), 13-28 recarbonation, 7-38 self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 13-28 Safety factors: activated sludge, 23-21–23-22, 23-50–23-51, 23-78 anaerobic digestion, 27-39 Salmonella in sludge, 18-17 Salmonella typhi, 13-13 Sand drying beds for sludge, 15-28–15-35 Sand filter, see Rapid filter Sanitary: protection of storage tanks, 17-38 protection of water mains, 17-39 seal, well, 4-34 sewage, 18-1 sewer, 18-5, 18-7 Saturation concentration of oxygen in water, table of, Appendix A Saturation index, Langelier, 7-34–7-36 SBA, 8-8 SBR, 23-7, 23-62–23-75 SCADA, 16-26–16-31 SCADA security, 16-34 Scaling, RO/NF, 9-9 Scale-up factors, settling column data, 10-13 SCBA, 13-28, 17-38 Schultz-Hardy rule, 6-9 Schulze’s equation, 24-10 Scour velocity, 20-26, 21-3 Scouring in sedimentation tank, 21-3 Screening, membrane, 12-3 Screenings, 20-20, 20-23 Screenings, management of, 27-17 Screens, 20-10 Screens: wastewater, 20-13–20-23 water intake, 3-10, 3-11, 3-15 well, 4-10, 4-30–4-33 Screw pump, 20-2–20-5 Scum beach, 21-7 Scum removal, 21-16, 21-23 SDNR, 23-36 Second-order decay, 13-10 Second stage digestion, 27-42 Secondary clarifier, see Secondary settling tank Secondary containment, 5-5 Secondary disinfectant, 13-19, 13-23 Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL), 2-37 table of, 2-37 Secondary settling tank: denitrification in, 22-25 design criteria, 25-9–25-15 overflow rates, 25-10–25-11 side water depth (SWD), table of, 25-13 sludge removal, 25-14 solids loading, 25-12–25-13 state point analysis, 25-2–25-6 trickling filter, 24-2, 25-2 weir loading, 25-13 Secondary sludge, 25-14, 27-5–27-6 Secondary treatment, defined, 18-11 Security, 16-31–16-35 Sediment and reservoirs, 2-18 Sedimentation, activated sludge, see Secondary settling basin, 10-2 grit, 10-2 Type I, 10-2, 10-4, 25-2 Type II, 10-2, 10-12, 25-2 Type III, 10-2, 10-15–10-16, 15-17, 25-2 Type IV, 10-2, 10-15–10-16, 15-17, 25-2 zones, 10-8 See also Settling tank Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 13-28, 17-38 Selective calcium removal, 7-13 Selectivity, ion exchange, 8-5, 8-9 Selector, 22-16, 22-24, 23-8 Semipermeable membrane, 9-2, 9-3 Separation factors, ion exchange, 8-8 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR), 23-7, 23-10–23-12, 23-19–23-21, 23-39, 23-40, 23-62–23-75 Serpentine contact chambers, 13-30, 13-33–13-34 Service flow rate (SFR), 8-14, 8-15 Service life: design, 2-2, 2-3 ion exchange resin, 8-10 membrane, 9-7, 12-12 Settling column, 10-12, 10-16 Settling tank, water treatment: baffles, 10-25 ballasted, 10-16, 10-53–10-25 detention time, 10-10 diffuser wall, 10-25 freeboard, 10-26 high-rate, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-25, 10-33–10-35 horizontal flow clarifier, particle trajectory, 10-15 percentage removal, 10-11 hydraulic surface loading, 10-9 ideal, 10-8 inclined plate, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-23, 10-33–10-35 inclined tubes, 10-16–10-19, 10-22–10-23 inlet zone, 10-8, 10-25, 10-33 outlet zone, 10-8, 10-27, 10-34 overflow rate, 10-9, 10-12 overflow rates, table of, 10-26 removal efficiency, 10-11 scale-up factors, 10-13 short-circuiting, 10-20 side water depth, 10-25 sludge, hopper, 10-28 scraper, 10-21, 10-28 storage, 10-8, 10-28 volume, 15-3–15-5 surface loading rate, 10-9 turbulence, 10-19 upflow clarifier, 10-9 weir arrangement, 10-27 weir overflow rates, 10-28 zones, 10-8, 10-28 INDEX Settling velocity, 10-3–10-7 and Solver program, 10-6 Sewage: domestic, 18-7–18-9 flow rates, 2-4–2-6, 18-3–18-7 industrial, 18-9–18-10 lagoon, 23-2 raw, 18-7–18-9 Sewer design: alignment, 19-13 changes in pipe size, 19-14 design equations, 19-15 flow rates, 19-10 layout, 19-20 manholes, 19-14 minimum slopes, 19-13 pipe material selection, 19-10 slope, 19-13 Sewer gases, 19-40 Sewer nomenclature, 19-2 Sewer safety, 19-40–19-41 Sewers: combined, 18-4 grinder pump (GP), 19-29, 19-30 pressure pipe, 19-30–19-31 sanitary, 18-7 septic tank effluent pump (STEP), 19-29, 19-30 small-diameter gravity (SDG), 19-28, 19-30 storm, 18-4 vacuum, 19-29–19-30 Side water depth (SWD): primary settling tank, 21-3, 21-8, 21-11 rectangular basin, water, 10-25 secondary settling tank, 25-13 upflow solids contact basin, 7-31 SI units, inside back cover Sieve: analysis, 11-5–11-8 U.S Standard, Appendix B Simulation modeling, 28-24–28-25 Single sludge, 23-10 Site restrictions, Class B biosolids, 18-19 Slaking, 5-9, 7-7 Slip stream, 13-29 Slippage, screw pump, 20-3 Slot size, well screen, 4-31–4-32 Slotted baffle, 21-21 Slow sand filter, 11-4 Sludge: 503 regulations, 18-14–18-21 age, see Solids retention time (SRT) alum, 15-6–15-7 blanket, 25-14–25-15 blanket clarifier, 10-20 bulking, 22-18 cake, 15-5, 15-16, 15-38–15-40 centrifuging, 15-36–15-38, 27-54 characteristics of, alum, 15-7, 15-21 coagulation, 15-6–15-7, 15-21 grit, 27-3 iron, 15-7, 15-21 raw, wastewater, 27-5 screenings, 27-3 secondary, 27-5–27-6 spent filter backwash, 15-21 tertiary, 27-6 Class A pathogen requirements, 18-17 and fine screens, 20-23 Class B pathogen requirements, 18-17, 18-18 collectors, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24 conditioning, 15-16, 27-2, 27-52–27-53 continuous belt filter press (CBFP), 15-39–15-40, 27-55–27-57 dewatering, 15-5, 15-23–15-44, 27-2, 27-53–27-58 disposal regulations, 18-14–18-21 drainage, 15-28 drying bed, 15-28–15-35, 27-53–27-54 ferric, 15-7 filter backwash, 15-2 filter press, 15-40–15-44, 27-57 freeze treatment, 15-35 handling options, 27-2–27-4 hopper, settling tank, 10-21, 10-24, 10-28, 21-19, 21-22 inclined screw press, 27-57 iron, 15-7, 15-9 lagoon, 15-24–15-27 management, 15-15–15-16 manganese, 15-8 mass balance, 15-10 mechanical collectors, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24 minimization, 15-11–15-13 nonmechanical dewatering, 15-24–15-35 I-19 piping, 27-15–27-16 plate and frame filters, 15-40–15-44 preliminary operations, 27-2 primary, 21-3, 27-5 production, 15-7–15-8, 23-27–23-29 pumping, 15-15, 27-11–27-15 headloss, 15-15, 27-14–27-15 raw, 21-3, 27-5 reduction, 15-11–15-15, 27-2 regulations, 18-14–18-21 retention time (SRT), 23-4, 23-39–23-40 return, 23-24–23-26 rising, 22-25 sand drying beds, 15-28–15-35 scrapers, 10-21, 10-22, 10-24, 21-16, 21-22 secondary, 27-5–27-6 softening, 15-8 solar drying, beds, 15-35 specific gravity, 15-3–15-5, 15-8, 15-21 stabilization, 22-2, 27-2 standards, 18-14–18-21 storage, settling tank, 10-8, 10-28, 25-14, 25-15 storage for equalization, 27-18 tertiary, 27-6 thickening, 15-16–15-23, 27-2, 27-18–27-23 ultimate disposition, 15-49–15-51, 27-59–27-60 utilization, 27-59 vacuum filtration, 15-38–15-39 vector attraction reduction, 18-20, 18-21, 27-24 volume, coagulation, 15-7 and mass relationships, 15-3–15-5 reduction, 15-5 wasting, 23-4, 23-27 water treatment plant, 15-2 Sludge volume index (SVI), 23-38–23-39 SOC, 15-48, 16-6 Soda ash (soda), 6-20, 7-8 Sodium carbonate, 6-20, 7-8 Sodium fluoride, 13-42–13-44 Sodium fluorosilicate, 13-42–13-44 Sodium hydroxide, 6-20 and softening, 7-25–7-26 I-20 INDEX Sodium hypochlorite: and bleach, 13-42 considerations for selecting, 13-21 and pH, 13-26 safety, 13-26 storage, 13-26 and well disinfection, 4-13 Sodium in drinking water, 2-24 Softening: and air stripping, 7-12 and alkalinity, 7-3 and bicarbonate, 7-7–7-9 and carbon dioxide, 7-8 and carbonate, 7-7–7-9 and carbonate hardness (CH), 7-8 cases, 7-12, 7-13 and caustic soda (NaOH), 7-25–7-26 chemistry, 7-6–7-11 and concurrent removal of other constituents, 7-26–7-27 defined, 7-5 empirical considerations, 7-10 excess lime, 7-13 floc, 7-27 and fluoridation, 13-45 and magnesium concentration, 7-22 mixing, 7-28, 7-30, 7-31 and noncarbonate hardness (NCH), 7-9 other estimating methods, 7-25 and pH, 7-9–7-10 to practical limits, 7-10, 7-13, 7-20–7-22 process limitations, 7-10–7-11 processes, 7-11–7-15, 7-29 reactions, 7-6–7-11 and recarbonation, 7-11, 7-14–7-15 selective calcium removal, 7-13, 7-17–7-19 sludge, 7-34, 15-8, 15-12, 15-14 and sodium hydroxide, 7-25–7-26 and split treatment, 7-14, 7-22–7-25 and stabilization, 7-36–7-39 and stripping, 7-12 upflow solids contact basin, 7-30–7-34 Solar drying bed, 15-35 Solid bowl centrifuge, 15-16, 15-36– 15-37, 27-54 Solids: computations, 15-3–15-5, 27-6–27-11 dissolved, 18-7 flux, 15-8, 15-9, 25-2, 27-18 loading rate, 25-12 mass balance, 15-10 settleable, 18-7 suspended, 18-7 Solids retention time (SRT): aerobic digestion, 27-28–27-29 anaerobic digestion, 27-38, 27-39 for biological nitrogen removal, 23-40 for biological phosphorus removal, 23-40 conventional activated sludge, 23-39 definition, 23-4 for MBR, 23-96 Solubility: product constant, 7-6–7-9 reactions for softening, 7-8–7-9 table of, Appendix A Solute, RO/NF, 9-3 Solvent, RO/NF, 9-3 Solver program for: baffle wall, 6-38–6-41 bar rack, channel, 20-14–20-17 filter box, 11-24, 11-25 ion exchange vessel, 8-21–8-24 launder, 16-23 particle settling velocity, 10-6–10-7 return activated sludge, 23-25–23-27 SOR, 25-15 SOTE, 23-33 SOTR, 23-32 SOUR, 27-29 Specific denitrification rate (SDNR), 23-36–23-38 Specific gravity of: alum floc, 10-16 filter media, 11-6–11-7 lime floc, 10-16 microorganisms, 22-2 sludge, 15-7, 15-8 Specific growth rate, 22-13 Specific heat, 27-47 Specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR), 27-29 Specific substrate utilization rate (U), 23-19 Specific weight of water, table of, Appendix A Specific yield of aquifer, 2-20 Spent filter backwash water (SFBW): freeze treatment of, 15-35 solids, 15-8, 15-21 Sphericity of filter materials, 11-7, 11-14 Spiral-wound membranes, 9-6–9-7 Splitter box, 21-4, 21-11, 25-10 Sprinkler systems, for fire protection, 17-3–17-6 SRT, 23-4, 23-39–23-40, 27-28–27-29, 27-38, 27-39 Stability of particles, 6-4 Stabilization of: lime-soda softened water, 7-14, 7-36–7-39 NF/RO softened water, 9-16–9-17 wastewater sludge, 27-23, 27-27–27-28, 27-38 Stabilization pond, 23-2 Stage, RO/NF, 9-8 Staged activated sludge, 23-7 Standard aeration efficiency (SAE), 23-33 Standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE), 23-33 Standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), 23-32 Standards: 503, 18-14–18-21 biosoilds, 18-14–18-21 sludge, 18-14–18-21 wastewater, 18-11–18-14 water, 2-28–2-37 Standpipe, 17-22 State point analysis, 25-2–25-6, 27-18 Static mixers, 6-29–6-33 aspect ratio, 6-29 elements, 6-29 power, 6-31 power and head, 6-31 pressure drop, 6-31 Static water table, 4-16 Stationary phase, log growth curve, 22-11 Step aeration, 23-5, 23-10 Step feed, 23-5, 23-10 Step screens, 20-21 Sterilization, 13-2 Stokes law, 10-2–10-4 Storage coefficient, 4-17, 4-20 Storage of chemicals, 5-3–5-7 Storage reservoir, 2-15 Storage tank: appurtenances, 17-28–17-30 disinfection, 17-38 INDEX levels, 17-26 location, 17-23–17-25, 17-38 sanitary protection, 17-38 terminology, 17-22 typical, 17-46 volume, 17-26–17-28 for equalization storage, 17-26 for emergencies, 17-26, 17-27 examples, 17-46 for fire demand, 17-26, 17-27 and water quality, 17-30–17-31 Stormwater, 18-2 Streaming current detector, 6-49 Stripping: carbon dioxide, 7-12 tower, 14-22, 14-23 Strong acid cation exchangers (SAC), 8-2, 8-8 Strong base anion exchangers (SBA), 8-8, 14-14, 14-18 Study and conceptual design, 1-10–1-16 Submerged intake, 3-5, 3-6 Submerged orifice, 21-20 Substrate, waste as a, 22-9, 22-12 Substrate utilization rate, 23-19 Suction bell, wet well, 3-16, 19-36 Sulfate: in drinking water, 2-24 as an electron acceptor, 22-5 Sulfide oxidant demand, 13-23 Sulfur dioxide, 25-16, 25-17 Sunk cost, 1-15 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), 16-26–16-31 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) security, 16-34 Support media, filter, 11-26 Surface loading rate (SLR), 8-16 granular filter, 11-4, 11-42, 11-43 ion exchange column, 8-16 settling tank, 10-9 Surface overflow rate (SOR), 25-15 Surface wash, filter, 11-29–11-30 Surface water treatment rule (SWTR), 2-35 Suspended growth process, 23-2 Suspended solids (SS): and biomass, 23-3 digester supernatant, 27-58 filtration, 26-5 residual, 27-58 Sustainable development, 1-7 Sweep coagulation, 6-9, 6-16, 6-17, 6-25, 6-26, 6-33 SWTR/ESWTR, 2-35, 16-6 Synthetic organic compounds, SOC, 15-48 removal of, 14-22 System head curves, 3-24–3-25, 17-35–17-36 System reliability, 1-12–1-14 Tapered aeration, 23-8 Target baffle, 10-20, 21-21 Taste and odor, 2-23, 13-11, 14-31–14-36 TCLP, 15-45 TDH, 3-19 TDS, 2-37, 7-35 Temperature: and aerobic digestion, 27-29 and anaerobic digestion, 27-37 and backwashing, 11-28 and bacterial growth, 22-3 and Ct tables, 13-36, Appendix D and density currents, 10-20 of drinking water, 2-23 and flocculation, 6-37 and kinetic coefficients, 23-50, 27-38 and membrane performance, 9-7, 9-16, 12-10 and short circuiting, 10-20 and wastewater, 18-7 Temperature correction: for aeration, 23-32 for heterotrophic bacteria kinetic coefficients, 23-50 for NF/RO, 9-7, 9-16 for nitrification kinetic coefficients, 23-50 for oxygen transfer, 23-32 Temporary hardness, 7-3 Terminal electron acceptor, 22-4 Terminal head loss, 11-3, 11-16 Terminal settling velocity (vs), 10-3 calculation of, 10-3, 10-4–10-7 Tertiary: ponds, 23-2–23-3 sludge, 27-6 treatment, defined, 26-2 Text Web site: www.mhprofessional com/wwe I-21 TH, 7-2 Theis equation, 4-17 Theoretical detention time (to or θ), see Detention time; Retention time Thermophiles, 22-3 Thickener design, 15-20–15-23 Thickening, sludge, 15-16–15-23, 27-18–27-23 Thiem equation, 2-20 Throat, Parshall flume, 20-5, 20-6 TMDL, 18-12–18-13 TOC, 13-9, 13-19, 13-22, 13-45 Torque, running, 15-22 Total coliforms, analytical methods, 2-36 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 2-37, 7-35, 9-11 Total dynamic head (TDH), 3-19 Total haloacetic acids (HAA5), 2-34 Total hardness (TH), 7-2 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN): in digester supernatant, 27-58 in wastewater, 18-7, 18-8 Total maximum daily load (TMDL), 18-12–18-13 Total organic carbon and NOM, 14-15, 14-17 Total organic carbon (TOC), 13-9, 13-19, 13-22, 13-45 Total suspended solids (TSS), 18-9, 18-11 Total trihalomethanes (TTHM), 2-34 Tower, absorption Tower, intake, 3-3, 3-6, 3-9 Toxic inorganic substances, in drinking water, 2-24–2-25 Toxic organic substances in drinking water, 2-25 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, (TCLP), 15-45 Trade percent, 13-26 Transient Non-Community Water System (TNCWS), 2-29 Transmembrane pressure (TMP), 9-5, 12-5 Transmission main, 17-2 Transmissivity, 2-20, 4-17, 4-20–4-21 Traveling bridge sludge collector, 10-21 Treatment ponds for wastewater, 23-2–23-3, 23-14 Treatment train, 16-2 I-22 INDEX Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 22-6, 22-8 Trichloramine, 13-4 Trickling filter: design criteria, 24-6–24-8, 24-11–24-12 design equations, 24-8–24-11 media, 24-2–24-4 settling tank, 25-2 two stage, 24-8 Trihalomethanes (THMs): defined, 2-34 precursors, 2-34, 13-8 and softening, 7-26 total (TTHMS), 2-34 Trunk line, 17-2 T-screens, 3-13 TSS, 18-9, 18-11 TT, 2-29 Turbidity: and coagulation, 6-22 defined, 2-23 and disinfection, 13-20, 13-36 and filtration, 11-2, 11-3 and ion exchange, 8-10 limits, 2-35–2-36, 11-2 and MF/UF, 12-13 and RO/NF membranes, 9-9 and softening, 7-27 Turbidity unit (TU), 2-23 Turn-down ratio, 5-2 Type I, II, III and IV settling, see Sedimentation U, 8-10, 11-5, 23-19 UCT, 23-11, 23-12 Ultrafiltration (UF), 9-2, 9-3, 12-2, 12-3 See also Microfiltration; Ultrafiltration Ultraviolet radiation: and disinfection, 13-2, 13-7–13-8, 13-13, 13-17, 25-17–25-20 dose for disinfection, 25-20, Appendix D Unconfined aquifer, 2-21 Underdrains, filter, 11-26–11-28 Underground storage tanks (UST) Uniformity coefficient (U): defined, 4-31, 8-10, 11-5 filter media, 11-7 ion exchange resin, 8-10 and well screens, 4-31 Units of measure, SI, inside back cover Universal gas constant, Appendix A University of Cape Town (UCT), 23-11, 23-12 Upflow clarifier, 10-20, 10-21 Upflow solids-contact basin, 7-30–7-34 Uranium-234, removal of, 14-21 U.S Standard Sieve Series, 11-5, Appendix B UV ballasts, 13-36 UV disinfection, 13-2, 13-7–13-8, 13-13, 13-17 UV dose, Appendix D UV radiation, 13-7–13-8, 13-29 UV reactors, 13-35 UVA, UVB, UVC, 13-8 Vacuum filter for sludge, 15-38–15-39 Valve headloss coefficients, 3-20, table of, Appendix C Valve placement, 17-20 Valve selection, 17-16–17-20 van der Waals forces, 6-4 Vapor pressure as a function of temperature, table of, 3-24 Variable frequency drive (vfd), 3-18, 17-32, 19-35, 23-83 Variable speed drive (vsd), 3-18, 17-32 Vector attraction reduction requirements, 18-20, 18-21, 27-24 Velocity controlled grit chamber, 20-27 Velocity gradient (G): defined, 6-24–6-25 typical values, flash mixing, 6-25, 6-26–6-36 flocculation, 6-26, 6-37, 6-45 rapid mix, 6-25, 6-26–6-36 softening, 7-28, 7-29 Velz’s equation, trickling filter, 24-11 Vent, well, 4-12 Ventilation: blower room, 23-84 lift station, 19-37, 19-40 manhole, 19-40 ozonation, 13-27 recarbonation, 7-38 sludge dewatering, 27-58 Vertical shaft mixer, 6-33, 6-41 Vertical turbine pump, 3-17–3-18, 4-26, 17-32 Vibration, centrifuge, 15-37 Viruses, 2-35, 13-14, 13-19–13-21, 13-33 Ct tables, Appendix D Viscosity: and mixing, 6-25 and rapid filtration, 11-14 and Reynolds number, 10-4 and water, table of, Appendix A Volatile acids, 27-33 Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 14-22 Volatile suspended solids (VSS), defined, 22-12 Volume of: after dewatering, 15-5 rapid mix, 6-33 resin, 8-17 reservoir, 2-15–2-18 sludge, 15-3–15-4 Volumetric loading, 23-39, 27-41 Vortex separator, 20-27, 20-28, 20-36 Vulnerability assessment, 16-31–16-33 Wash troughs, filter, 11-22, 11-30–11-31 Waste activated sludge (WAS), 23-4 Waste decomposition and products, table of, 22-9 Waste load allocation (WLA), 18-13 Waste stabilization pond, 23-2 Wastewater: characteristics, domestic, 18-7–18-9 industrial, 18-9–18-10 disinfection, 25-15–25-20 domestic, 18-2 equalization basins, 2-15, 20-38–20-45, 21-6 flow rates, 18-4–18-7 industrial, 18-2 reclaimed, 2-21–2-22 sanitary, 18-2 temperature, 18-7 treatment standards, 18-11–18-14 Wastewater treatment process evaluations: BOD and nitrification, 28-10 clarifiers, 28-8 MBR, 28-14 nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 28-8 nutrient removal, 28-9 phosphorus removal, 28-13 INDEX stabilization, 28-18 thickening, 28-17 Wasting: activated sludge, 23-4, 23-27 and food to microorganism ratio, 23-35–23-36 Water, drinking: chemical characteristics, 2-23–2-27 microbial characteristics, 2-25 physical characteristics, 2-23 physical properties of, tables of, Appendix A raw, 1-11, 2-27–2-28 Water consumption, 2-6–2-8 Water demand, 2-6–2-8, 17-2–17-9 Water mains, 17-2, 17-9–17-10 disinfection, 17-39 location, 17-39 sanitary protection, 17-39 Water pressure, 17-9–17-10 Water quality, drinking, 2-22–2-37 Water quality goals, 2-37 Water quality standards: contaminants, 2-23–2-27 maximum contaminant level, tables of, 2-30–2-37 standards, 2-28–2-37 Water saving devices, 2-7 Water systems, community, 2-29 Water table: defined, 2-21 and tank flotation, 21-8–21-11 Water tower, 17-22, 17-46 Water use, 2-3–2-7 Water vapor pressure as a function of temperature, table of, 3-24 Wavelength, UV radiation, 13-7–13-8, 13-29, 25-20 Weak acid: cation exchange resin, 8-3 dissociation constants, Appendix A Web site for this text: www.mhprofessional.com/wwe Weibull’s formula, 2-12 Weight percent, 13-25 Weir: arrangements, 10-27, 21-16, 21-22 broad crested, 25-21 grit chamber, 20-27, 20-28 loading rates (overflow rates), 7-31, 10-28, 21-7 orifice, 10-28, 21-20 plate, 21-7 settling tank, 10-27–10-28 sharp crested, 21-12 v-notch, 10-2, 21-7, 21-16 Well: capacity, 4-2 casing, 4-4, 4-6–4-7, 4-34 casing materials, 4-6–4-7 cement grout, 4-8 cone-of-depression, 4-16 construction, 4-3–4-11 depth, 4-29 design, drawdown, 4-17 elements, 4-2–4-3, 4-15–4-41 development, 4-11–4-12 diameter, 4-29, 4-33 disinfection of, 4-13 drawdown, 2-19–2-21, 4-17–4-26 drilling methods, 4-5 gravel packed, 4-4, 4-10–4-11 grouting and sealing, 4-8 head, 4-4, 4-6 house, 4-14 hydraulics, 2-19–2-21, 4-17–4-26 injection of brine waste, 15-44 interference, 4-16, 4-22–4-26 location, 4-5, 4-16–4-26 piezometric surface, 2-19 protection from contamination, 4-2, 4-3–4-11 I-23 pump, house, 4-14 size, 4-27 type, 4-26 redundancy, 4-16 reliability, 4-2 sanitary construction, 4-2, 4-3–4-12 sanitary seal, 4-34 screen, entrance velocities, 4-30, 4-33 length, 4-30 purpose, 4-10 slot size, 4-31–4-32 seal, 4-12, 4-15, 4-34 static water table, 4-16 vent, 4-12 water table (GWT), 2-21 Well function of u (W(u)), 4-17 table of, 4-18–4-19 Wet air oxidation, 27-53 Wet extraction test (WET), 15-45 Wet well: defined , 3-15 design, 3-16, 19-35–19-37 Yield, safe, 2-8, 2-18 Yield analysis, 2-9–2-12 Yield coefficient, 22-4 observed (Yobs), 23-27 Yield curve, 2-9 Zebra mussel, 3-33 Zeta potential, 6-3–6-4 Zinc in drinking water, 2-24 Zone settling, 10-15, 15-17 Zones in settling tank, 10-8 503 regulations, 18-14–18-21 McGraw-Hill’s ACCESS Engineering Authoritative content • Immediate solutions AccessEngineering offers the complete contents of hundreds of outstanding McGrawHill books, including Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, and Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain, with new books added biweekly This dynamic source of world-renowned engineering content supports all levels of scientific and technical research in the corporate, industrial, government, and academic sectors Focused around 14 major areas of engineering, AccessEngineering offers comprehensive coverage and fast title-by-title access to our engineering collection in the following subject areas: / Biomedical / Chemical / Civil / Communications / Construction / Electrical / Energy / Environmental / Green/Sustainable / Industrial / Material Science / Mechanical / Nanotechnology / Optical In addition, sophisticated personalization tools allow content to be easily integrated into user workflow A science and engineering dictionary containing more than 18,000 terms is included in a fully searchable, taxonomically organized database For more information on individual and institutional subscriptions, please visit www.accessengineeringlibrary.com Useful conversion factors Multiply By atmosphere (atm) centipoise centistoke cubic meter (m3) cubic meter cubic meter cubic meter/d cubic meter/d cubic meter/h cubic meter/s cubic meter/s cubic meter/m2 cubic meter/d и m cubic meter/d и m2 days (d) days (d) days (d) dyne erg grains (gr) grains/U.S gallon grams (g) hectare (ha) Hertz (Hz) Joule (J) J/m3 kilogram/m3 (kg/m3) kilogram/m3 kilogram/ha (kg/ha) kilogram/m2 (kg/m2) kilometers (km) kilopascal (kPa) kilowatt (kW) kilowatt-hour liters (L) liters liters megagrams (Mg) meters (m) meters of water meters/d (m/d) meters/d meters/s (m/s) meters/s micrometer (␮) milligrams (mg) milligrams/L milligrams/L Newton (N) Pascal (Pa) square meter (m2) square meter (m2) square meter/s Watt (W) Watt/cu meter (W/m3) Watt/sq meter и °C (W/m2 и °C) 101.325 10Ϫ3 10Ϫ6 35.31 1.308 1,000.00 2.642 ϫ 10Ϫ4 0.1835 4.405 15,850.0 22.8245 24.545 80.52 24.545 24.00 1,440.00 86,400.00 10Ϫ5 10Ϫ7 6.480 ϫ 10Ϫ2 17.118 2.205 ϫ 10Ϫ3 104 1 2.684 ϫ 10Ϫ5 8.346 ϫ 10Ϫ3 1.6855 8.922 ϫ 10Ϫ1 2.0482 ϫ 10Ϫ1 6.2150 ϫ 10Ϫ1 0.1450 1.3410 3.600 10Ϫ3 1,000.00 2.642 ϫ 10Ϫ1 1.1023 3.281 9.8067 2.2785 ϫ 10Ϫ3 3.7975 ϫ 10Ϫ5 196.85 2.237 10Ϫ6 10Ϫ3 10Ϫ3 1 2.471 ϫ 10Ϫ4 10.7639 6.9589 ϫ 106 3.7978 ϫ 10Ϫ2 1.761 ϫ 10Ϫ1 To Obtain kilopascal (kPa) Pa и s m2/s cubic feet (ft3) cubic yard (yd3) liter (L) million gal/d (MGD) gallons/min (gpm) gallons/min (gpm) gallons/min (gpm) million gal/d (MGD) gallons/sq ft (gal/ft2) gal/d и ft (gpd/ft) gal/d и ft2 (gpd/ft2) hours (h) minutes (min) seconds (s) Newtons (N) Joules (J) grams (g) mg/L pounds mass (lbm) m2 cycle/s Nиm Btu/ft3 lbm/gal lbm/yd3 lbm/acre lbm/ft2 miles (mi) psi horsepower (hp) megajoules (MJ) cubic meters (m3) milliliters (mL) U.S gallons U.S short tons feet (ft) kilopascal (kPa) ft/min meters/s (m/s) ft/min miles/h (mph) meters grams (g) g/m3 kg/m3 kg и m/s2 N/m2 acres sq ft (ft2) gpd/ft J/s hp/1,000 ft3 Btu/h и ft2 и °F SI unit prefixes Multiples and submultiples Amount Prefixes Symbols 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 10 exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka E P T G Ma ka h da 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000,001 0.000,000,001 0.000,000,000,001 0.000,000,000,000,001 0.000,000,000,000,000,001 10Ϫ1 10Ϫ2 10Ϫ3 10Ϫ6 10Ϫ9 10Ϫ12 10Ϫ15 10Ϫ18 deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto d ca ma ␮a n p f a a Most commonly used Greek alphabet 〈 〉 ⌫ ⌬ ⌭ ⌮ ⌯ ⌰ ⌱ ⌲ ⌳ ⌴ ␣ ␤ ␥ ␦ ⑀ ␨ ␩ ␪ ␫ ␬ ␭ ␮ Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu N ⌶ ⌷ ⌸ ⌹ ⌺ ⌻ ⌼ ⌽ ⌾ ⌿ ⍀ ␯ ␰ ␱ ␲ ␳ ␴ ␶ ␷ ␾ ␹ ␺ ␻ Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega ... Overview Water and wastewater engineering encompasses the planning, design, construction, and supervision of water and wastewater systems This chapter gives an overview of the design and construction... water treatment plants, two new wastewater treatment plants, and renovation/expansion of seven other wastewater treatment plants Ms Pugh’s industrial water and wastewater design experience includes... New York Reproduced wih permission WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING This page intentionally left blank WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING Design Principles and Practice Mackenzie L Davis, Ph.D.,