HANDBOOK OF WATER ANALYSIS SECOND EDITION HANDBOOK OF WATER ANALYSIS SECOND EDITION EDITED BY LEO M L NOLLET Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7033-7 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7033-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the 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to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of water analysis / editor, Leo M.L Nollet 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-7033-5 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-7033-7 (alk paper) Water Analysis Handbooks, manuals, etc I Nollet, Leo M L., 1948- II Title QD142.H36 2007 628.1’61 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2007006719 Table of Contents Preface vii Author ix Contributors xi Sampling Methods in Surface Waters .1 Munro Mortimer, Jochen F Muăller, and Matthias Liess Methods of Treatment of Data 47 Riccardo Leardi Radioanalytical Methodology for Water Analysis 77 Jorge S Alvarado Bacteriological Analysis of Water 97 Paulinus Chigbu and Dmitri Sobolev Marine Toxins Analysis 135 Luis M Botana, Amparo Alfonso, M Carmen Louzao, Mercedes R Vieytes, and Marı´a R Velasco Halogens .157 Geza Nagy and Livia Nagy Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Water 201 Laura Coll and Leo M.L Nollet Phosphates 219 Philippe Monbet and Ian D McKelvie Cyanides .253 Meissam Noroozifar 10 Asbestos in Water .269 James S Webber 11 Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements 275 Jorge E Marcovecchio, Sandra E Botte´, and Rube´n H Freije 12 Determination of Silicon and Silicates 313 Salah M Sultan v vi 13 Main Parameters and Assays Involved with Organic Pollution of Water 337 Claudia E Domini, Lorena Vidal, and Antonio Canals 14 Determination of Organic Nitrogen and Urea 367 Stefano Cozzi and Michele Giani 15 Organic Acids 393 Sigrid Peldszus 16 Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water 409 ke Joănsson Tarekegn Berhanu and Jan A 17 Characterization of Freshwater Humic Matter 435 Juhani Peuravuori and Kalevi Pihlaja 18 Analysis of Pesticides in Water .449 Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo 19 Fungicide and Herbicide Residues in Water 491 Sara Bogialli and Antonio Di Corcia 20 Polychlorobiphenyls 529 Alessio Ceccarini and Stefania Giannarelli 21 Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Water .563 Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri, Anna L Iamiceli, and Silvia Alivernini 22 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 579 Chimezie Anyakora 23 Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water 599 Iva´n P Roma´n Falco´ and Marta Nogueroles Moya 24 Analysis of Surfactants in Samples from the Aquatic Environment 667 B Thiele and Leo M.L Nollet 25 Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water 693 Guang-Guo Ying 26 Residues of Plastics 729 Caroline Sablayrolles, Mireille Montre´jaud-Vignoles, Michel Treilhou, and Leo M.L Nollet Index .745 Preface The Handbook of Water Analysis, Second Edition, discusses as in the first edition, all types of water: freshwater from rivers, lakes, canals, and seawater, as well as groundwater from springs, ditches, drains, and brooks Most of the chapters describe the physical, chemical, and other relevant properties of water components, and covers sampling, cleanup, extraction, and derivatization procedures Older techniques that are still frequently used are compared to recently developed techniques The reader is also directed to future trends A similar strategy is followed for discussion of detection methods In addition, some applications of analysis of water types (potable water, tap water, wastewater, seawater) are reviewed Information is summarized in graphs, tables, examples, and references Because water is an excellent solvent, it dissolves many substances To get correct results and values, analysts have to follow sample strategies Sampling has become a quality-determining step (Chapter 1) Statistical treatment of data ensures the reliability of the results Statistical and chemometrical methods are discussed in Chapter Chapter discusses new technologies on radionuclides and their possible health hazards in water and the whole environment Water is a living element, housing many organisms—wanted or unwanted, harmful or harmless Some of these organisms produce toxic substances Chapter and Chapter discuss bacteriological and algal analysis Humans consume and pollute large quantities of water Chapter through Chapter 26 cover injurious or toxic substances of domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources: halogens, sulphur compounds, phosphates, cyanides, asbestos, heavy and other metals, silicon compounds, nitrogen compounds, organic acids, phenolic substances, humic matter, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, PCBs, PCDFs, PCDDs, PAHs, VOCs, surfactants, EDCs, and plastics residues Chapter 23, Chapter 25, and Chapter 26 discuss in detail the separation and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and plastics residues, respectively Many of these compounds are widely distributed in the environment but in very small quantities This book may be used as a primary textbook for undergraduate students learning techniques of water analysis Furthermore, it is intended for the use of graduate students involved in the analysis of water All contributors are international experts in their field of water analysis I would like to thank them cordially for all their efforts This work is dedicated to my three granddaughters: Fara, Fleur, and Kato I hope they will live on a blue planet, the blue being the color of healthy water Leo M.L Nollet vii Author Leo M.L Nollet is a professor of biochemistry, aquatic ecology, and ecotoxicology in the department of applied engineering sciences, University College Ghent, member of Ghent University Association, Ghent, Belgium His main research interests are in the areas of food analysis, chromatography, and analysis of environmental parameters He is author or coauthor of numerous articles, abstracts, and presentations, and is the editor of Handbook of Food Analysis, 2nd ed (three volumes), Food Analysis by HPLC, 2nd ed., Handbook of Water Analysis (all titles, Marcel Dekker, Inc.), Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 3d ed., Advanced Technologies of Meat Processing, and Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment (all titles, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis) He received his MS (1973) and PhD (1978) in biology from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ix Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index ITP-CZE, see isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis IUPAC, 529 Josamycin, 715 K, 275–293 Ka, see dissociation constant Kanamycin esculin azide agar, 125 Kanechlor, 529 KCl, 158 KD, see Kjeldahl digestion Kenner Fecal streptococcus agar, 123–124 Ketoacids, 396, 403 Ketones, 599–653 Ketoprofen, 698, 700, 708 KF, see Kenner Fecl Kitasamycin, 715 Kjeldahl determination, 352 Kjeldahl digestion, 372–374 Klebsiella, 101, 106 Koc, see sorption coefficient Kow, see also n-octanol water partition coefficient Kow, 34, 450, 501, 535 Ksw, see sampler-water partition coefficient La Nin˜a, 105 LAB, see linear alkylbenzenes Lactic acid, 394–404 LAS, see linear alkyl benzene sulfonates LAS, see also linear alkyl sulfonates Lateral immunoflow detection, 144 Lauryl tryptose broth, 118–119 LC, 292, 414–430, 450, 458, 460, 471–473, 504, 508–522, 700, 712–716 LC-APCI-MS, 704 LC-APCI-MS-MS, 680 LC-DAD UV, 520 LC-ECD, 413–430 LC-ESI-MS, 680–681, 716 LC-ESI-MS/MS, 214, 521, 705, 714–716, 718 LC-ESI-QTOF, 520 LC-MS, 145, 147–148, 211, 508, 517–521, 679–680, 701–708 LC-MS/MS, 472, 510, 701–718 LC-UV/DAD, 506 LDA, see linear discriminant analysis Lead, 695 LES-Endo agar, 118–119 Leukemia, 77 Li, 275–293 Lignans, 695, 697 Lindane, 7–8, 17 Linear alkylbenzenes, 681–690 Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, 214, 668–690 Linear alkyl sulfonates, 209, 211, 215 Linear discriminant analysis, 65–69 Linear potential sweep voltammetry, 168 page 757 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 757 Lipid-regulating agents, 697 analysis, 709–710 Liquid-liquid extraction, 29–30, 84, 209, 400, 420, 456, 504–505, 508, 510, 521, 539–548, 570–571, 590–591, 607, 643–649, 651, 673, 699, 717, 730, 734 Liquid-phase microextraction, 427–429, 456, 458, 607, 651–652 Lithium-drifted germanium detector, 80 LLE, see liquid-liquid extraction Longitudinal gradient, 15–16 Loop flow analysis, 25 Lovastatin, 710 Low-resolution mass spectrometry, 574 Low-resolution Raman spectroscopy, 257 Low-resolution surface-enhanced Raman scattering, 257 LPME, see liquid-phase microextraction LPME with back extraction, 427 LPME/BE, see LPME with back extraction LRMS, see low-resolution mass spectrometry LRRS, see low-resolution Raman spectroscopy LRSERS, see low-resolution surface-enhanced Raman scattering LTB, see lauryl tryptose broth Luminescence, 290–291 Luminescence spectroscopy, 441 Luminescent surface-modified CDSE semiconductor quantum dots, 258 Lung cancers, 270 MAA, see methacrylic acid MAAS, see microwave-assisted alkaline saponification Macroaggregates, 369 Macrolides, 712, 715 Macrophages, 270 MAE, see microwave-assisted extraction MAGIC, see magnesium hydroxide induced coprecipitation Magnesium hydroxide induced coprecipitation, 226 Magnesium phosphides, 497 Major metals, 275–293 MALDI-MS, 215 Maleic acid, 394–404 Malic acid, 394–404 Malonic acid, 394–404 Manganese, 191 Manual sampling systems, 20–23 Marine toxins, 135–136 analysis, 135–149 analytical detection, 145–148 antibody-methods, 144–145 cell-based methods, 145 nonanalytical detection, 136–145 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 758 receptor-based methods, 145 standards and validation, 148–149 Mass spectrometer detector, 608 Mass spectrometry, 82–84, 566, 574–575, 685–688 Matairesinol, 697 Maximum contaminant limit, 108 MBAS, see methylene blue active substances MCE, see mixed cellulose ester MCL, see maximum contaminant limit MCPA, 499 MCPE, see modified carbon paste electrode ME, see membrane extraction mE agar, see membrane enterococcus agar MECC, see micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography mEI agar, 125 MEK, see 2-butanone MEKC, see micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography Melengestrol acetate, 697 Membrane-assisted solvent extraction, 643 Membrane-based extraction, 643 Membrane-based stripping, 643 Membrane enterococcus agar, 123 Membrane extraction, 607 sorbent interface, 643 extraction techniques, 639–643 Membrane filtration method, 111–127 Membrane in sample, 643 Membrane introduction mass spectrometry, 643, 742 M-Endo agar, 119 Meprobamate, 712 Mercos Water Sampler, 21 Mercury, 695 Mercury-drop electrode, 180 Mercury-film electrode, 180 Mercury particular case, 291–292 MESI, see membrane extraction sorbent interface Mesophiles, 99 Mesothelioma, 270 Mestranol, 698 Metalphosphide compounds, 497 Metals, 24, 37–38 analytical methods, 282–292 classical methods, 282–284 digestion of samples, 281–282 electrochemical methods, 288–289 electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, 286–287 flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, 285–286 flame atomic emission spectroscopy, 285 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, 286–287 page 758 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis inductively coupled plasma, 287 ion chromatography, 289–290 ion-exchange methods, 284 potentiometric techniques, 289 pre-treatment of samples, 280 sampling, 278–279 spectrophotometric method, 284 storage and preservation, 279–280 voltammetric techniques, 288–289 volumetric methods, 282 Metam sodium, 497 Metaphosphates, 219 Methacrylic acid, 424 Methanolic saponification extraction, 590 Methylamines, 368 Methylbenzylidene, 697 Methylbenzylidene camphor, 716 Methylene blue active substances, 675 Methyl isothiocyanate, 497 Methyl triclosan, 716 Metoprolol, 700, 711–712 Metsulfuron-methyl, 508 m-FC medium, 119 Mg, 275–293 MIBK, see 4-methyl-2-pentanone Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, 212, 419, 515–517, 592 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography, 473 Micelle-mediated preconcentration, 590 Microbiocides, 495 Microcoulometric titration, 355 Microdistillation, 264–265 Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, 212 Micro-SPE, 512 Microwalled carbon nanotubes, 732 Microwave, 227 Microwave-assisted alkaline saponification, 590 Microwave-assisted digestion, 373, 376 Microwave-assisted extraction, 456, 458, 590 Microwave-assisted KD, 382 Microwave digestion, 228 Microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 418 Microwaves, 344–345 MIMS, see membrane introduction mass spectrometry MIPs, see molecularly imprinted polymers Mirex, 455 Mirosamicin, 715 MIS, see membrane in sample MISPE, 424 Mixed cellulose ester filters, 272 MMLLE, see membrane-assisted solvent extraction Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index MMP, see micelle-mediated preconcentration Mn, 275–293 Mo, Modeling, 69–70 Modified carbon paste electrode, 262–263 Mohr titration, 173–176 Molecularly imprinted polymers, 209, 423–424, 506 Molluscicides, 455 Molybdate reactive phosphorus, 223 Monocarboxylic acids, 402 Monochloroamine, 172 Monochlorobiphenyls, 534 Monochloromethane, 436 Montar, 529 Monuron, 504 Morpholines, 493 Most probable number, 109–127 Most probable number method, 112 Mouse bioassay, 142–144 Mouse unit, 142–144 MRM, see multiple reactions monitoring MRP, see molybdate reactive phosphorus MS, see mass spectrometry MS, 80, 190, 197, 214–215, 290, 401, 416–430, 471–473, 512, 517–521, 551–553, 681, 701, 730 MSD, see mass spectrometer detector MSE, see methanolic saponification extraction MS-ESI, 215 MS-MS, 356, 553, 575, 701, 703 MTBE, see Methyl-tert-butyl ether MU, see mouse unit MUD, see 4-methylumbelliferyl-b-D-glucoside MUG, see 4-methylumbelliferyl-b-Dglucoronide Multidimensonal GC, 548 Multilayer columns, 548 Multiple reactions monitoring, 705, 715–716 Multiple tube technique, 112 Multivariate analysis, 53 Muramic acid, 368 Musk ketone, 718 Musks, 697–698, 716 Musk xylene, 718 Mussels, 99 MW, see microwaves MWNTs, see microwalled carbon nanotubes m-xylene, 601–653 Mycoestrogens, 699, 705 N2, 367, 377 N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, 715 Na, 275–293 NAA, see neutron activation analysis NaCl, 158 page 759 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 759 Nadolol, 711 Nafcillin, 714 Nanoparticles, 265 Nansen, 368 Naphthalene, 580–594, 599–653 Naphthalenesulfonates, 215 Naproxen, 698, 700, 708 National Pesticide Survey, 455 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 108 National Research Council of Canada, 142, 148 National Shellfish Sanitation Program, 109 National Water Research Institute agar, 115 NATO/CCMS, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization Committee on Challenges to Modern Society Natural organic matter, 353, 435–446 n-butanol, 601–653 NCI, see negative chemical ionization NCI-MS, 551–553 NDIR, see nondispersive infrared spectroscopy Negative chemical ion, 418 Negative chemical ionization, 681, 703, 705 Negative ion, 418, 519 Negative ion electrospray MS-MS, 190 Nematicides, 455 Neutron activation analysis, 193, 291 NHỵ4, 16, 65, 372, 374, 383 NI, see negative ion Ni, 275–293 Niskin, 368 Nitrate, 193, 338, 367, 371, 374, 440 Nitrification, 29 Nitrifying bacteria, 29 Nitrite, 193, 185, 338, 367, 371, 374 Nitrobacteria, 338 Nitrogen, 17 Nitrogenous oxygen demand, 29 Nitrogen-phosphorus detector, 471, 512 Nitro musks, 717 Nitrophenols, 409–430, 454 NO, 377–378 NO2, 372, 374–378 NOÀ3, 53–58, 65, 372, 374–377 n-octanol-water partition coefficient, 564 NOM, see natural organic matter Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis, 212 Nondioxin-like PCBs, 537 Nondispersive infrared detector, 378, 438–439, 445 Nondispersive infrared spectroscopy, 350 Nonionic surfactants, 669–690 Nonortho-PCB congeners, 537 Nonortho-PCB isomers, 554 Nonpurgeable organic carbon, 350–352 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 760 Nonpurgeable organic halide, 354 Nonsteroidal antiinflamamtory drugs, 708 Non-volatile organic carbon, 350–352 Nonylphenol, 673–690, 694–695, 699, 701, 704–705 Nonylphenol diethoxylate, 695 Nonylphenol ethoxylates, 209, 672–690, 695, 701 Nonylphenol ethoxysulfonate, 211 Nonylphenol monoethoxylate, 695 Nonylphenoxy carboxylates, 672–690 Norfloxacin, 716 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Committee on Challenges to Modern Society, 575 Nostoc, 496 Np, 86 NPD, see nitrogen-phosphorus detector NPEC, see nonylphenoxy carboxylates NPEC1-2, 699 NPEO, see nonylphenol ethoxylates NPEO1, see nonylphenol monoethoxylate NPEO1-2, 699 NPEO2, see nonylphenol diethoxylate NPEOs, see noylphenol ethoxylates NPOC, see nonpurgeable organic carbon NPOX, see nonpurgeable organic halide NPS, see National Pesticide Survey NRC, see National Research Council of Canada NSAIDs, see nonsteroidal antiinflamamtory drugs NSSP, see National Shellfish Sanitation Program Nucleic acids, 219 Nutrients, 104–105 NVOC, see non-volatile organic carbon NWRI, see National Water Research Institute NxOy, 367 OA, see okadaic acid OA, see also acridine orange Obligate aerobes, 99 Obligate anaerobes, 99 OC, see organochlorine Octylphenol ethoxylates, 209, 680–690, 695 Octylphenol ethoxysulfonate, 211 Octylphenols, 695 o-desmethylangolensin, 697 OECD, see Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development Off-line SPE, 506–508 Ofloxacin, 715 Okadaic acid, 136–149 Oleandomycin, 715 OLS, see ordinary least squares OM, see organic matter OMWD, see open microwave-assisted digestion On-column matrix elimination technique, 195 o-nitrophenol, 419 page 760 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis o-nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopyranoside, 121 Online SPE, 508–511 ONPG, see o-nitrophenyl-b-Dgalactopyranoside OP, 695, 699, 701, 704 OPEC1, 699 Open microwave-assisted digestion, 346 Open-tubular trapping, 629 OPEO, see octylphenol ethoxylates OPEO1-2, 699 OPs, see octylphenols Optical backscatter sensors, 23 Ordinary least squares, 71 Organic acids, 393–404, 445 analysis, 396–404 contamination, 396 in atmospheric precipitation, 396–399 in drinking water, 399–401 in groundwater, 402–403 in ice, 398–399 in landfill leachates, 403 in rain, 397–398 in seawater, 403 in wastewater, 401–402 Organic carbon, 438–442 CO2 method, 438–440 carbon determination, 438–442 carbon fluorescence spectroscopy, 441–442 carbon UV-Vis spectroscopy, 440–441 Organic condensed phosphates, 219 Organic matter, 98, 182, 191, 226, 337–359, 435–446 Organic nitrogen, 367–383 filtration, 369–371 sampling, 368–369 storage, 371–372 Organic pollution parameters, 337–359 Organic polysulfides, 210 Organic sulfur compounds, 202 Organic trace analysis, Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development, 695 Organochlorine pesticides, 6–8, 13, 454 Organohalides, 353 Organonitrogen, 30 Organophosphates, 493 Organophosphorus compounds, 30, 454, 493 Organotin compounds, 599–653 Ornithine, 368 Orthophosphate, 219, 223, 236–237 OSCs, see organic sulfur compounds Oxacillin, 714 Oxalic acid, 394–404 Oxathiins, 493, 496 Oxidized N, 16 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index Oxybenzone, 697, 716, 718 Oxycarboxin, 496 o-xylene, 601–653 Oxytetracycline, 715 Ozone, 160, 163, 172, 356 P, 65 P&T, see purge and trap P/A, see presence-absence test P-A broth, 118–120 PAHs, 548, 579–594, 699 analysis, 589–594 biomarkers of exposure, 589 carcinogenesis, 585–586 carcinogenicity, 584–585 chemistry, 580–581 chromatographic separation, 592–594 effects to Humans, 586 extraction, 590 GC, 592–593 genotoxicity, 583–584 HPLC, 593 MEKC, 593 occurrence, 582 quality assurance/quality control of sample collection, 591 recoverys studies, 591–592 sample cleanup, 590–591 sources, 581–582 structure-activity relationship, 588–589 toxicity, 582–583 toxicokinetics, 587–588 use of internal standards, 593 p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, 715 Parabens, 697, 716 Paracetamol, 410 Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 142–149 Paraquat, 500, 507 Parathion ethyl, 17, 455 Partial least squares, 72, 480 Partial least squares regression, 71 Particle beam, 701 Particulate nitrogen, 368–381 analytical methods, 372–381 Particulate organic carbon, 436–446 Particulate organic matter, 369–371, 436–446 Particulate organic nitrogen, 370–371 Passive sampler devices, 34–38 Passive samplers, 547 Pasteurization, 371 PB, see particle beam Pb, 275–293 P-B broth, 119 PC, see polycarbonate PCA, see principal component analysis PCA, see plate count agar page 761 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 761 PCBs, 32, 529–555, 694–695 analytical control, 554–555 analytical methods, 538–555 ECD, 551 extract cleanup, 548 extraction, 539–548 health effects, 536–537 identification and quantification, 553–554 instrumental analysis, 548–550 MS, 551–553 physical and chemical properties, 534–535 regulation, 537–538 sample collection and storage, 539 PCDDs, 553, 563–576 analysis, 564–566 cleanup, 572–573 data reporting, 575–576 extraction, 572 GC, 574 internal standard quantification method, 566 MS, 574–575 sampling, 569–573 PCDFs, 553, 563–576 analysis, 564–566 cleanup, 572–573 data reporting, 575–576 extraction, 572 GC, 574 internal standard quantification method, 566 MS, 574–575 sampling, 569–573 PCP, see pentachlorophenol PCR, see also principal component regression PCR, 108, 111, 114 PCs, see principal components Pectenotoxins, 135–149 Penicillin G, 714 Penicillin V, 714 Penicillins, 712, 714 Pentachloronitrobenzene, 495 Pentachlorophenol, 18, 410, 416, 419, 429, 495 Pentoxifylline, 700, 712 Peptidoglycans, 368 Perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon, Perfluorooctane sulfonate, 215 Perhalogenmercaptans, 493 Permethrin, 7–8 Peroxides, 73 Personal care products, 670 Persulfate oxidation, 372, 374–377, 380–381 Pertraction, 639 Perylene-d12, 591 Pesticide residues, 381 Pesticides, 5, 16, 24, 26, 214, 219, 368, 449–481, 492, 529, 547, 599–653, 694, 699 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 762 analytical methods, 459–480 chromatographic methods, 460–473 cleanup, 458–459 degradation, 450–454 derivatization, 459 immunochemical methods, 479–480 nonchromatographic methods, 473–480 physicochemical properties, 450–454 regulations, 455 sample preparation, 455–459 spectrophotometric methods, 480 toxicity, 454–455 PFA, see perfluoroalkoxy PFE, see pressurized fluid extraction PFGE, see pulsed field gene electrophoresis Pfizer selective enterococcus agar, 125 PFPD, see pulsed flame photometric detection PGC, see porous graphitic carbon pH, 25, 53, 62 Phantolide, 718 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, see PPCPs Phase-contrast microscopy, 271 Phenanthrene, 580–594 Phenanthrene-d10, 591 Phenazone, 700, 712 Phenochlor, 529 Phenol, 425, 429 Phenolic compounds, 409–430, 699 alternative separation techniques, 418–419 chemical characterization, 410 EPA methods, 410–412 GC determination, 416–418 nonchromatographic techniques, 419 sample preparation methods, 419–430 Phenol-specific immunoassay, 419 Phenoxy acid herbicides, 499–500, 515 Phenylbutazone, 708 Phenylcarbamate herbicides, 509 Phenylureas, 501, 504, 512, 517 Phorate, 455 Phosphate, 176, 219–243, 313–333 analytical techniques, 229–238 applications in water analysis, 238–242 atomic spectrometry, 232–236 colorimetry and spectrophotometry, 229–232 electrochemical techniques, 236 filtration, 223–225 ion chromatography, 236–237 photoluminescence techniques, 232 physical condition of storage, 225–226 portable and in situ analysis systems, 242 sample preservation, storage, and pretreatment, 223 page 762 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis segmented continuous flow analysis, 237–238 thermal digestion methods, 227–228 Phosphoamides, 219 Phospholipids, 219 Phosphoproteins, 219 Phosphorus, 17, 37, 219 Photoautotrophs, 98 Photochemical-chemiluminometric method, 480 Photoconductivity, 515 Photodissociation/gas diffusion/ chromatography system, 264 Photographic film, 80 Photoheterotrophs, 99 Photo ionization detector, 608–609 Photometric detection, 166 Photometry, 83 Photosystem II, 500 Phthalates, 699, 729–740 GC/MS, 730–740 method quality control, 740 Phthalimides, 496 Phytoestrogens, 695, 697, 699 GC-MS, 705 LC, 705–706 Phytoplankton, 99 composition, 25 PI, see positive ion PID, see photo ionization detector Piezoelectric quartz crystal, 265 PIME, see pulse introduction membrane extraction Pindolol, 700 PISCES, 547 Plasma spectrometry, 351 Plastics residues, 729–742 Plate count agar, 115 PLE, see pressurized liquid extraction PLS, see partial least squares PLS, see also partial least squares regression PLSR, see partial least squares regression PMB spectrophotometry, 242 PN, see particulate nitrogen PN, see also pneumatic nebulization Pneumatic nebulization, 83 Pneumatoamperometric method, 263 PN-ICP-MS, 89 PNS, see polynaphthalenesulfonates PO, see persulfate oxidation PO4, 376 POC, see particulate organic carbon POC, see also purgeable organic carbon Poisson distribution, 112–113 Polar organic chemical-integrated sampler, 37 Polar pesticides, 18 Polarized-light microscopy, 271 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index Polarography, 288 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 6–7 Poly(vinylidene difluoride), Polyacrylamide, 599–653 Polycarbonate filters, 272 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 573 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 537 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, see PCDDs Polychlorobiphenyls, see PCBs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 573 Polycyclic musks, 717 Polyethyelenterephthalate, 599–653 Polynaphthalenesulfonates, 211 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, see PAHs Polypeptides, 368 Polystyrene, 742 Polyurethane foam plug, 570 Polyvinylchloride, 729, 741 POM, see particulate organic matter PON, see particulate organic nitrogen Positive ion, 519 Porous graphite carbon, 507, 554 Porphyromonas, 107 Potentiometric stripping analysis, 289 Pour-plate technique, 111–127 POX, see purgeable organic halide PPCPs, 693–718 analysis, 716–718 extraction, 699–700 sample preparation, 698–700 PQC, see piezoelectric quartz crystal Pravastatin, 710 Precipitation, 84 Presence-absence test, 111–127 Preservatives, 29, 697 Pressurized fluid extraction, 572 Pressurized liquid extraction, 590, 675 Prevotella, 106–108 Principal component analysis, 49–63, 65, 71 Principal component regression, 71–72, 480 Principal components, 52 Process monitoring and quality control, 64 Profumigants, 497 Progesterone, 697, 707 Programmed-temperature vaporizing, 457 Propachlor, 499 Propazine, 500, 506 Propionic acid, 394–404 Propranolol, 700, 711–712 Propylene oxide, 669 Propylphenazone, 700, 708 Prospekt, 457 Protectant, 493 Proteins, 368 Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer, 643 page 763 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 763 Protozoa, 99, 104–105 PSA, see potentiometric stripping analysis PSE, see Pfizer selective enterococcus PSP, see paralytic shellfish poisoning Psychiatric drugs, 697, 712 Psychrophiles, 99 Pteridines, 368 PTFE, see poly(tetrafluoroethylene) PTRMS, see proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer PTV, see programmed-temperature vaporizing PTXs, see pectenotoxins Pu, 82 PUFP, see polyurethane foam plug Pulse introduction membrane extraction, 643 Pulsed amperometric detection, 262, 414 Pulsed field gene electrophoresis, 114–115 Pulsed flame photometric detection, 214 Purex process, 86 Purge and trap, 607, 618–628, 653 Purgeable organic carbon, 350–352 Purgeable organic halide, 354 Purines, 368 PVC, see polyvinylchloride PVDF, see poly(vinylidene difluoride) p-xylene, 601–653 Pyrene, 580–594 Pyrethroid, Pyrimidines, 368, 493 Pyrithione, 213 Pyrolysis, 353–355 QCS, see quality controlled standards QD, see quantum dots QDA, see quadratic discriminant analysis QISTMS, see quadrupole ion-storage tandem-in-time mass spectrometry QTOF, see quadrupole-time-of-flight Quadratic discriminant analysis, 65–70 Quadrupole, 517 Quadrupole ion-storage tandem-in-time mass spectrometry, 566 Quadrupole-time-of-flight, 520 Quality controlled standards, 148 Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption Directive, 502 Quantum dots, 258 Quaternary ammonium ions, 669–690 Quinolones, 697, 712, 715 R2A agar, 115 Rad-Disk technology, 89–91 Radioactive cesium, 37 Radioactive defense waste salt solutions, 317 Radioanalytical methodology, 77–92 Radiochemical neutron activation, 83 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 764 Radioimmunoassay, 144–145 Radionuclides, 77–92 Radionuclides detectors, 79–84 extraction chromatography, 85–87 measuring disequilibrium in aqueous samples, 91–92 separation techniques, 84–85 Radioreceptor assay, 145 Radium disk, 90–91 Raman spectroscopy, 257 Rapid underway monitoring, 25 Readycult enterococci, 126 Reduction of evaporation, 6–7 Reflux distillation procedure, 265 Refractive index, 241 Relative response factor, 551, 575 Relative retention time, 553–554 REMPI, see resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization REP, see repetitive extragenic palindromes Repetitive extragenic palindromes, 114 Rep-PCR background, 114 Residual ClÀ, 53–58 Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization, 553 Response factor, 554 Reversed-phase liquid chromatography, 211, 292, 413 Reverse osmosis, 227 RF, see response factor RI, see refractive index Ribotyper, 114 Ribotypin background, 114 RMESP, see root mean square error in prediction RMSEC, see root mean square error in calibration RNA, 112–113, 170 Rodenticides, 455 Root mean square error in calibration, 71 Root mean square error in prediction, 72 Room-temperature phosphorescence, 257 Rotating voltammetric electrode, 170 RPLC, see reversed-phase liquid chromatography Rp-PCR, 114 RRF, see relative response factor RRT, see relative retention time RTP, see room-temperature phosphorescence Safe Water Drinking Act, 501 Salbutamol, 700, 711 Salicylic acid, 708 Salinity, 18, 26, 104–105, 239–241 Salmonella, 122 Salmonella spp., 99 page 764 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis Sampler, 20–24 for deepwater, 20 for large quantities in shallow water, 20 for shallow water, 20 for the benthic boundary layer, 23 for water and suspensions, 24 Sampler-water partition coefficient, 34 Sampling, 17–24 according to Ruther, 21 average concentrations, 24 contamination, discharge-proportional, equipment, 20–41 event-controlled sampling, general aspects, 3–8 in estuarine and marine environments, 17–18 in lakes and reservoirs, 13–15 in streams and rivers, 15–17 in urban areas, 18–19 interference from biological films, 27–29 loss, 6–7 methods, 1–41 number of samples, quality control, quantity proportional, recommended storage, sample volume, 5–6 site, sorption, spatial aspects, storage and conservation, temporal aspects, 3–5 time proportional, Saprophytes, 98 SAS, see secondary alkane sulfonates Savannah River Site, 317 Saxitoxin, 142–149 Sb, 7, 275–293 SBSE, 607, 629, 639 Scanning electron microscopy, 265, 271 SCFA, see segmented continuous flow analysis Scintillation counter, 80 Scintillation detection system, 80–81 Scoop bottle according to Meyer, 20–21 SDME, see single-drop microextraction Se, 7, 275–293 Secoisolariciresinol, 697 Secondary alkane sulfonates, 674–690 Segmented continuous flow analysis, 231, 237–239 Segmented flow injection, 260 Selected ion monitoring, 551–552, 554, 574, 608, 716, 718, 741 Selected ion storage, 471 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index Selected reaction monitoring, 707 Selective membrane conductometric technique, 445 SEM, see scanning electron microscopy Semipermeable membrane devices, 36, 547–548 Semivolatile organic compounds, 580 Sensors, 259, 419 Sequential injection analysis, 213, 238, 284, 324–329 Serotonin, 698 Serratia, 101 SERS, see surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Sewage treatment plants, 694 SFC, see supercritical fluid chromatography SFE, see supercritical fluid extraction SFS, see synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy Shigella, 122 SIA, see sequential injection analysis SIA molybdenum blue method, 328–329 Silicate, 231, 313–333 analytical methods, 314–333 chromatography, 331 conductometric method, 332 electroanalytical methods, 332 gravimetry, 329–330 infrared methods, 329 molybdtate spectrophotometric method, 316–319 polarographic method, 332 potentiometric method, 332 sound velocity and density method, 332–333 spectrophotometric methods, 314–329 thermogravimetry, 330–331 titrimetry, 329–330 voltammetric method, 332 Silicon, 313–333 Silver disk microelectrode, 192 Silver electrode, 180, 262 Silver ion-selective electrode, 263 Silver metal electrode, 175 Silver/silver chloride electrode, 175 SIM, see selected-ion monitoring Simazine, 500 SIMCA, see soft independent model of class analogy Simple surface-grab, 15 Simvastatin, 700, 710 Single-drop microextraction, 427, 458, 607, 649–651 SLM, see supported liquid membrane SMPDs, see semipermeable membrane devices Sn, 275–293 Sodium cyanide, 254 Sodium hypchlorite, 160 Sodium iodide scintillator, 81 page 765 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 765 Soft independent model of class analogy, 70 Solalol, 712 Solid-liquid extraction, 673–674 Solid phase absorption, 37 Solid phase microextraction, 590 Solid phase sorbents, 281 Solvent extraction, 281–282 Sonication extraction, 590 Sorption coefficient, 450 Sorptive extraction techniques, 628–639 Sotalol, 700 Southern blot protocol, 113–114 Sovol, 529 Soxhlet, 209 Soxhlet extraction, 590 Soxtec extraction, 590 SPA, see sulfophthalic acid SPAA, see sulfophthalamic acid SPAM, see sulfophthalamide SPC, see sulfophenylcarboxylic acids SPC, see also sulfophenyl carboxylates SPC, see also sulfophenylcaboxylate compounds SPE, 29–34, 85, 91, 146, 202–209, 400, 412–430, 456–457, 505–510, 512, 521, 547–548, 572, 590, 672–673, 699–700, 730, 732, 734–737, 742 Specific color absorbance, 441 Specific ultraviolet absorbance, 440 Spectrofluorimetric detection, 260 Spectrophotometry, 419 SPE-GC-MS, 741 SPE-HPLC, 421 SPE-LC, 457 SPE-LC-MS, 509 SPI, see sulfophthalimide Spiramycin, 715 Spirolides, 147 SPMD, see semipermeable membrane devices SPME, 202–209, 402, 425–427, 456–458, 511–512, 515, 547, 607, 629–638, 649–651, 672, 699, 730, 732, 734–737 SPME-GC-MS, 471 SPME-HPLC-UV-ECD, 426 SPME-LC, 672 Spot-test, 258 SPR, see surface plasmon resonance Spread-plate technique, 111–127 Spreadsheets, 48 SPR-FIA, 262 SPS, see suspended particle sampler Square wave voltammetry, 480 Sr, 275–293 Sreptococcus faecium, 103–104 SRM, see selected reaction monitoring SRS, see Savannah River Site Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 766 Standard for recreational water contact, 109 Standard for shellfish-harvesting waters, 109 Staphylococcus aureus, 115 enumeration, 126–127 Staphylococcus spp., 122 Static gas-flowing liquid, 340 Static gas-static liquid, 340 Static headspace, 609–618 Steroid hormones, 699 Sterols, 73 Stilbenes, 697 STPs, see sewage treatment plants Streptococcus avium, 103–104 Streptococcus bovis, 103 Streptococcus equines, 103 Streptococcus faecalis, 103–104 Streptococcus gallinarum, 103–104 Streptomycin, 496 Stripping analysis, 480 Strontium Rad-Disk, 89 Styrene, 742 Succinic acid, 394–404 Sugar phosphates, 219 Sulfamethazine, 215 Sulfamethoxazole, 215 Sulfamides, 493 Sulfanilamide, 715 Sulfate, 193, 210–213, 400 Sulfate-reducing bacteria, 99, 112 Sulfathiazole, 215 Sulfide, 37, 99, 173, 176, 189, 202, 210–214 Sulfite, 173, 210–212 Sulfonamide herbicides, 507 Sulfonamides, 697, 712, 715 Sulfonylureas, 501, 506–507, 517 Sulfophenyl carboxylates, 672–690 Sulfophenylcaboxylate compounds, 209, 211 Sulfophenylcarboxylic acids, 668–690 Sulfophthalic acid, 211 Sulfophthalimide, 211 Sulfur, 201 Sulfur compounds, 201–215 analysis methods, 210–213 capillary electrophoresis, 211–212 derivatization, 210 detection methods, 213–215 sample preparation, 202–210 Sunscreen agents, 697, 716 Supercritical fluid chromatography, 418–419, 473, 675, 684–685 Supercritical fluid extraction, 430, 456, 458, 590, 674 Supported liquid membrane, 639 extraction, 429 Suppressed IC, 290 page 766 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis Suppressed-mode anion chromatography, 194–195 Surface-active fungicides, 493 Surface-barrier detector, 81–82 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 257 Surface plasmon resonance-type biosensor, 144 Surface-to-volume ratio, 289 Surfactants, 230, 368, 667–690 capillary electrophoresis, 685 colorimetry, 674–675 GC, 681–684 HPLC, 675–681 infrared spectroscopy, 688–689 isolation and enrichment, 671 LLE, 673 sampling, 671 SFC, 684–685 solid-liquid extraction, 673–674 SPE, 672–673 titrimetry, 674–675 Suspended matter, 26 Suspended particle sampler, 39 Suspended particulate matter, 18, 569 Suspended solids, 65 SUVA, see specific ultraviolet absorbance SVOC, see semivolatile organic compounds SWDA, see Safe Water Drinking Act Sweeping, 622 Swimmer-associated sickness, 103 SWS, see sampler for water and suspensions SWV, see square wave voltammetry Sylvite, 158 Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, 442 Systemic fungicides, 493 Systemic pesticides, 492 TAME, see tert-amyl methyl ether Tamoxifen, 712 Tangential flow filtration, 225 Tangential flow filtration system, 569 Tannic acid, 445 Tartaric acid, 394–404 TBA, see tert-butyl alcohol TBT, 695 TC, see total carbon TCA, see trichloroacetic acid TCD, see thermal conductivity detector TCDD, see 2,3,7,8-tetrachlrorodibenzo-p-dioxine TCDD equivalent quantity, 537 TCS, 716 TDE, TDN, see total dissolved nitrogen TEFs, see toxic equivalency factors TEM, see transmission electron microscopy Temperature, 16, 23, 25, 53, 62–63, 104–105 TEQ, see TCDD equivalent quantity Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof Index TEQs, see toxicity equivalents Terbutaline, 700, 711 Terminal restriction fragment polymorphism, 108 Tert-amyl methyl ether, 601–653 Tert-butyl alcohol, 601–653 Testosterone, 697, 707 Tetrachloroethylene, 599–653 Tetracyclines, 697, 712, 715 Tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate, 668 TFP, see total filterable phosphorus TG, see thermogravimetry Th, 82 Thermal conductivity, 350 detector, 439 Thermal ionization mass spectrometer, 82–84 Thermal membrane desorption, 643 Thermal stratification, 13–15 Thermogravimetry, 330–331 Thermoionic detector, 471 Thermophiles, 99 Thermospray, 416, 701 Thermotolerant coliforms, 103 Thiabendazole, 480, 496 Thin-layer chromatography, 145, 290, 471, 592 Thiocarbamate herbicides, 500 Thiocyanate, 211–212, 214 Thiols, 214 Thiophanates, 493 Thiophosgene, 496 Thiosulfate, 212–213 THMFP, see trihalomethane formation potential THMs, see trihalomethanes Three-way PCA, 64–65 Ti, 7, 275–293 TIC, see total inorganic carbon Tilmicosin, 715 TIM, see total ion monitoring Time-of-flight, 520 Time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, 472, 553, 566 Timolol, 711 TIMS, see thermal ionization mass spectrometer TKN, see total Kjeldahl nitrogen TLC, see thin-layer chromatography TOBr, see total organic bromine TOC, see total organic carbon TOCl, see total organic chlorine TOF-MS, see time-of-flight-mass spectrometry TOI, see total organic iodine Toluene, 601–653 Tolylfluaride, 496 TON, see total organic nitrogen Tonalide, 718 Total carbon, 349–352, 438–439 Total coliforms, 101–127 page 767 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi 767 Total dissolved nitrogen, 368–381 analytical methods, 372–381 Total dissolved solids, 53–58 Total filterable phosphorus, 223 Total hardness, 53–62 Total inorganic carbon, 439–446 Total ion monitoring, 551 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 373 Total nitrogen, 16, 368 Total organic bromine, 354 Total organic carbon, 338, 342, 349–352, 396, 399, 437–446 high-temperature combustion methods, 350–351 Total organic chlorine, 354 Total organic halide, 338, 353–357 adsorption-pyrolysis-titrimetric method, 353–355 part of disinfection by-products, 355–357 Total organic iodine, 354 Total organic nitrogen, 369, 372–381 Total petroleum hydrocarbons, 601 Total phosphorus, 16, 219–243 Total reactive phosphorus, 223 Total suspended matter, 65 Total suspended solids, 16 TOX, see total organic halide Toxic equivalency factors, 575 Toxic Substances Control Act, 537 Toxicity equivalent factor, 537 Toxicity equivalents, 575 TP, see transformation products TP, see also total phosphorus TPHs, see total petroleum hydrocarbons TPS, see tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate Trace elements, 275–293 Transformation products, 455 Transmission electron microscopy, 271–272 Transparency, 65 Trans-resveratrol, 697 Traseolide, 718 Tremolite, 269–272 Trenbolone acetate, 697 t-RFLP, see terminal restriction fragment polymorphism Triadimefon, 496 Triazines, 7, 500, 504, 508, 515, 517 Triazoles, 493, 496 Tricarboxylic acids, 393–404 Trichloroacetic acid, 499 Trichloroanisoles, 600–653 Trichloroethane, 599–653 Trichloroethyelene, 599–653 Trichloromethane, 436 Triclocarban, 697, 716 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof 768 Triclosan, 697–698, 716, 718 Trihalomethane formation potential, 438 Trihalomethanes, 168, 353, 355–356, 600–653 Trimethoprim, 712 Triolein, 36, 547 Tripod system, 23 Trophic status, 14 TRP, see total reactive phosphorus TRU-Resin method, 86 TRU-Spec SPS columns, 86–87 Trypan blue, 445 TS, see thermospray Tucker3 mdel, 65 Turbidimetric spectrophotometer, 352 Turbidity, 16, 23, 25–26, 53, 62, 65, 104–105 Turbinol, 529 Turex process, 86 Two-dimensional gas chromatography, 566 Tylosin, 715 Tymosine, 584 U, 82, 86 Ultrasound, 345–346 Ultrasound-assisted digestions, 346 Ultratrace analysis, Ultraviolet oxidation, 372, 380–381 Ultraviolet radiation, 351 UN Environment Program, 538, 501 UNEQ, 70 Uninformative variable elimination, 73 United States Federal Storm Water Regulations, 18 Urea, 381–383 determination direct methods, 381–383 determination indirect methods, 383 Urick’s theory, 332–333 US, see ultrasound US Environmental Protection Agency, 566 US Environmental Protection Agency, see also EPA US EPA, US Navy, 538 US Public Health Service, 102 USDs, see ultrasound digestions USEPA, see US Environmental Protection Agency UV, 398, 412, 420, 439, 515, 517, 700–701, 704 UVA, 440 UV absorbance, 146 UV detection, 237, 416, 471, 679 UV digestion, 260 UV irradiation, 6, 228, 404 UV-photocatalytic oxidation, 348 UV-photooxidation digestion, 227 UV photooxidation, 228–229 UV photoreactor, 352 page 768 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Handbook of Water Analysis UV spectrometer, 167 UV spectroscopy, 73 UV-Vis, 213–214 V, 275–293 Vac-Master, 457 Valeric acid, 394–404 Variable selection, 72–73 VFA, see volatile fatty acids VHOCs, see volatile halogenated organic compounds Viable plate count procedure, 111 Vibrio cholerae, 99, 105–106 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 99, 105–106 Vibrio vulnificus, 99, 105–106 Vietnam War, 499 Vinclozolin, 695 Vinyl acetates, 601–653 Vinyl chloride, 599–653, 741 Viruses, 99, 104, 170 Vitamin B12, 445 VOC, see volatile organic carbon VOCs analytical methods, 607 analytical process, 606–609 columns, 608–609 detectors, 608 headspace extraction techniques, 609–628 membrane extraction techniques, 639–643 physicochemical, toxicological and ecological aspects, 601–605 regulation, 606 sampling, 606–607 SBSE, 639 solvent extraction techniques, 643–652 sorptive extraction techniques, 628–639 SPME, 629–638 Volatile alkyl sulfides, 209 Volatile fatty acids, 401–403 Volatile halogenated organic compounds, 601–653 Volatile organic carbon, 350–352 Volatile organic compounds, 599–653 Volatile organic sulphur compounds, 600–653 Volatile sulfonated compounds, 202 Volhard titration, 175 Voltammetry, 288 VOSCs, see volatile organic sulphur compounds VSCs, see volatile sulfonated compounds Wastewater treatment plants, 698 Water level, 23 Waterborne asbestos concentrations, 272 WHO, 172, 239, 271, 275, 455, 605, 741 WHO-TEF, 576 Winkler titration, 339 Wood preservatives, 495 WWTPs, see wastewater treatment plants Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof page 769 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Index XGAL, see 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-Dgalactopyranoside X-GLU, see 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-Dglucopyranoside X-ray contrast media, 697 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, 291 XRFS, see X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Xylenes, 599–653 YEA, see yeast extract agar Yeast extract agar, 115 769 Yessotoxins, 136–149 Y-GLC, see indoxyl-b-D-glucoside YTXs, see Yessotoxins Yu-Cheng incident, 536 Yusho incident, 536 Zearalenone, 697, 705–706 Zeranol, 697 Zero-point titration, 175 Zinc phosphides, 497 Zn, 275–293 Nollet/Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C027 Page Proof page 770 4.5.2007 3:16pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi ... Nollet /Handbook of Water Analysis 7033_C001 Final Proof page 5.5.2007 9:47pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Handbook of Water Analysis composite samples in the monitoring of storm water runoff from... coauthor of numerous articles, abstracts, and presentations, and is the editor of Handbook of Food Analysis, 2nd ed (three volumes), Food Analysis by HPLC, 2nd ed., Handbook of Water Analysis. .. 23 1.4.3.2 Shallow Water (