THIRD EDITION Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5 Robin Nixon Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5, Third Edition by Robin Nixon Copyright © 2014 Robin Nixon All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com) For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Editor: Andy Oram Production Editor: Kristen Brown Copyeditor: Rachel Monaghan Proofreader: Jasmine Kwityn June 2014: Indexer: Lucie Haskins Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest Third Edition Revision History for the Third Edition: 2014-05-19: First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491949467 for release details Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5, the image of sugar gliders, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein ISBN: 978-1-491-94946-7 [LSI] For Julie Table of Contents Preface xxi Introduction to Dynamic Web Content HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics The Request/Response Procedure The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5 Using PHP Using MySQL Using JavaScript Using CSS And Then There’s HTML5 The Apache Web Server About Open Source Bringing It All Together Questions 2 10 11 12 12 14 Setting Up a Development Server 15 What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? Installing a WAMP on Windows Testing the Installation Alternative WAMPs Installing a MAMP on Mac OS X Configuring MySQL Ensuring MySQL Starts on Booting Testing the Installation Installing a LAMP on Linux Working Remotely Logging In Using FTP 16 16 28 31 31 35 36 36 38 38 38 39 v Using a Program Editor Using an IDE Questions 40 41 43 Introduction to PHP 45 Incorporating PHP Within HTML This Book’s Examples The Structure of PHP Using Comments Basic Syntax Variables Operators Variable Assignment Multiple-Line Commands Variable Typing Constants Predefined Constants The Difference Between the echo and print Commands Functions Variable Scope Questions 45 47 48 48 49 50 55 57 60 62 63 64 64 65 66 71 Expressions and Control Flow in PHP 73 Expressions TRUE or FALSE? Literals and Variables Operators Operator Precedence Associativity Relational Operators Conditionals The if Statement The else Statement The elseif Statement The switch Statement The ? Operator Looping while Loops while Loops for Loops Breaking Out of a Loop The continue Statement vi | Table of Contents 73 73 75 76 77 78 80 84 84 85 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 97 98 Implicit and Explicit Casting PHP Dynamic Linking Dynamic Linking in Action Questions 98 99 100 101 PHP Functions and Objects 103 PHP Functions Defining a Function Returning a Value Returning an Array Passing by Reference Returning Global Variables Recap of Variable Scope Including and Requiring Files The include Statement Using include_once Using require and require_once PHP Version Compatibility PHP Objects Terminology Declaring a Class Creating an Object Accessing Objects Cloning Objects Constructors PHP Destructors Writing Methods Static Methods in PHP Declaring Properties Declaring Constants Property and Method Scope in PHP Static Properties and Methods Inheritance Questions 104 106 106 108 108 110 111 111 111 112 112 113 113 114 115 116 116 118 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 124 125 129 PHP Arrays 131 Basic Access Numerically Indexed Arrays Associative Arrays Assignment Using the array Keyword The foreach as Loop Multidimensional Arrays 131 131 133 134 135 137 Table of Contents | vii Using Array Functions is_array count sort shuffle explode extract compact reset end Questions 140 140 140 140 141 141 142 143 144 144 144 Practical PHP 147 Using printf Precision Setting String Padding Using sprintf Date and Time Functions Date Constants Using checkdate File Handling Checking Whether a File Exists Creating a File Reading from Files Copying Files Moving a File Deleting a File Updating Files Locking Files for Multiple Accesses Reading an Entire File Uploading Files System Calls XHTML or HTML5? Questions 147 148 150 151 151 154 154 155 155 155 157 158 158 158 159 160 162 162 167 169 169 Introduction to MySQL 171 MySQL Basics Summary of Database Terms Accessing MySQL via the Command Line Starting the Command-Line Interface Using the Command-Line Interface MySQL Commands viii | Table of Contents 171 172 172 173 177 178 form handling, 279–295 importing CSS from within, 424 JavaScript and, 324–328 PHP and, 45–47 HTML injection, preventing, 266–268 HTML5, 517 (see also canvas (HTML5)) about, 169, 509, 517 element, 513, 570–574 cross document messaging, 595–598 DOCTYPE declaration, 423 dynamic web content and, 10 form features awaiting full implementation, 297–299 form handling, 514 form handling enhancements, 295–297 geolocation, 511–513, 581–586 local storage, 515, 586–589 microdata, 516, 598–601 resource sites, 660 element, 513, 574–580 web applications, 515, 591–593 web workers, 515, 589–591 htmlentities function (PHP), 71, 267, 312 htmlspecialchars function (PHP), 168 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) about, 1–2 authentication support, 304–311 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) about, 1–2 accessing JavaScript, 497–499 comment tags, 325 form handling, 279–295 importing CSS from within, 424 JavaScript and, 324–328 PHP and, 45–47 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) about, 1–2 authentication support, 304–311 hyphen (-), 390 I id attribute (HTML5), 297, 425 ID selectors (CSS), 432 identity (===) comparison operator in JavaScript, 333, 348 in PHP, 81 IDEs (integrated development environments), 41–43, 45 if statement in JavaScript, 353 in PHP, 84–85 images, manipulating, 549–554 tag, 462 implicit casting (PHP), 98 @import directive (CSS), 424 !important declaration, 438 importing style sheets, 424 inches (CSS measurement), 441 include statement (PHP), 111 include_once statement (PHP), 112 increment (++) operator in JavaScript, 332–334, 345 in PHP, 55, 58, 76, 78 indenting of text, 446 INDEX index type (MySQL), 192 index.php (social networking site), 610 indexes (MySQL) about, 192, 222 adding to tables, 193–194 creating, 192–197 joining tables together, 207–209 querying databases, 198–206 inequality (!=) comparison operator in JavaScript, 333 in PHP, 56, 81 inheritance about, 114, 125–126 final methods, 128 parent operator, 126 subclass constructors, 127 ini_set function (PHP), 317, 319 inline JavaScript, 497–499 inline styles (CSS), 430 innerHTML property, 502, 584 InnoDB storage engine, 231 input (forms) (see form handling) tag about, 282 autocomplete attribute, 295 autofocus attribute, 295 form attribute, 297 formaction attribute, 296 formenctype attribute, 296 formmethod attribute, 296 formnovalidate attribute, 296 formtarget attribute, 296 height attribute, 297 Index | 687 input types supported, 298 list attribute, 297 max attribute, 298 attribute, 298 placeholder attribute, 296 required attribute, 296 step attribute, 298 width attribute, 297 INSERT command (MySQL) about, 178 adding data to databases, adding data to tables, 188 INTO qualifier, 208 insert IDs, 261 instances of classes, 114 (int) cast type, 99 INT data type (MySQL), 185 integrated development environments (IDEs), 41–43, 45 interfaces (object), 114 internal styles (CSS), 429 Internet media types (content types), 165 Internet Protocol (IP), 582 interrupts, accessing, 503–507 intval function (PHP), 99 IP (Internet Protocol), 582 isPointinPath method (canvas), 542 isset function (PHP), 281, 337 is_array function (PHP), 140 J JavaScript about, 323 accessing interrupts, 503–507 adding new elements, 500–502 arrays in, 331, 345, 367, 372–380 basic syntax, 363 bookmarklets and, 329 comments in, 326, 329 conditionals in, 353–356 debugging errors, 327–328 DOM support, 323, 338–341 dynamic web content and, enhancing getElementById function, 489– 492 error handling in, 327–328, 351–353 explicit casting and, 360 expressions in, 343–345 file handling in, 326 688 | Index functions in, 336, 360, 363–367 HTML text and, 324–328 implementing Ajax, 405–420 inline JavaScript, 497–499 literals in, 344 looping in, 356–359 methods in, 338, 370–372 objects in, 338, 368–372 operators in, 332–335, 345–349 properties in, 338, 493–497 regular expressions and, 387, 395 resource sites, 660 social networking site example, 636 validating form data with, 381–387 variables in, 330–331, 335–337, 344 javascript.js (social networking site), 636 JOIN ON construct (MySQL), 208 join method (JavaScript), 377 jQuery, 420 K KEY index type (MySQL), 192 Komodo IDE, 42 L tag, 290 LAMPs about, 16 installing on Linux, 38 language attribute (HTML), 324 LAST_DAY function (MySQL), 673 LEFT function (MySQL), 667 LENGTH function (MySQL), 668 less than (