3-Australian Standard 3610 formwork for concrete

AS 3610—1995 Australian Standard Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Formwork for concrete This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee BD/43, Formwork It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 18 January 1995 and published on April 1995 The following interests are represented on Committee BD/43: Aluminium Development Council Australian Federation of Construction Contractors AUSTROADS Building Management Authority of W.A Cement and Concrete Association of Australia Department of Employment, Vocational Education, Training and Industrial Relations Department of Occupational Health Safety and Welfare, Western Australia Formworks Contractors of W.A Housing Industry Association Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia National Precast Concrete Association Australia Plywood Association of Australia Queensland University of Technology The Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Workcover Authority of N.S.W Review of Australian Standards To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editi ons as necessary It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest editi on, and any amendments thereto Full detail s of all Australian Standards and related publi cati ons wil l be found in the Standards Australi a Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australi an Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives detail s of new publications, new edit ions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards Australi a, are welcomed Notif ication of any inaccuracy or ambiguit y found in an Australi an Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 93275 AS 3610—1995 Australian Standard Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Formwork for concrete PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 7262 9658 AS 3610— 1995 PREFACE This Standard is a new edition of AS 3610— 1990 and incorporates a number of changes and corrections to the previous edition, specifically in Clauses 1.3, 1.6, 3.4.5.2, 4.5.5.3, 4.5.6.3, 4.6.3, 5.4.3.2, 5.4.4 and 5.6.4.2; Paragraphs A4.4.3, A4.4.4, A5.3 and A6; Tables 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.4, 5.3.1 and 5.4.2; and Figure 5.3.1 The objective of this Standard is to set out requirements for the design, fabrication, erection and stripping of formwork as well as evaluation of the formed concrete surface Where mandatory notes to tables are used in this Standard, they are deemed to form an integral part of the Standard Photographic charts for the assessment of colour and surface finish are provided in the appendices Additional copies of these charts are available as AS 3610, Supplement AS 3610 Supplement provides a commentary on this Standard The commentary includes background information on the Standard, guidance on its use, and suggestions on good practice Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 The term ‘normative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard  Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Austr alia publi cati ons and software Except where the Copyri ght Act all ows and except where provided for below no publi cati ons or soft ware produced by Standards Australi a may be reproduced, stored in a retr ieval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means without prior permission in writ ing from Standards Australi a Permission may be 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in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty This policy may be vari ed by Standards Austr alia at any ti me AS 3610 — 1995 CONTENTS Page SECTION GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE 1.2 APPLICATION 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 1.4 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS 1.5 DEFINITIONS 1.6 NOTATION 4 5 SECTION THE PROJECT DOCUMENTATION 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 10 2.2 GENERAL 10 2.3 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED IN THE PROJECT DOCUMENTATION 10 SECTION SURFACE FINISH 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 3.2 APPLICATION OF SECTION 3.3 CLASSES OF SURFACE FINISH 3.4 PHYSICAL QUALITY 3.5 COLOUR CONTROL OF UNTREATED SURFACES 3.6 TEST PANELS Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 SECTION STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 4.2 APPLICATION OF SECTION 4.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 4.4 LOADS 4.5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4.6 CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 4.7 FORMWORK DOCUMENTATION SECTION CONSTRUCTION 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION 5.2 APPLICATION OF SECTION 5.3 GENERAL FORMWORK REQUIREMENTS—IN SITU CONCRETE 5.4 FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION—IN SITU CONCRETE 5.5 FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION—PRECAST CONCRETE 5.6 EVALUATION OF COMPLETED WORK AND REPAIRS 12 12 12 12 17 20 22 22 22 23 31 36 37 39 39 39 40 46 46 APPENDICES A TESTING OF FORMWORK 52 B BLOWHOLE AND COLOUR EVALUATION CHARTS 59 Originated in part as AS CA70 — 1971 Previous editi on AS 3610— 1990 Second editi on 1995 AS 3610— 1995 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Formwork for concrete S E C T I O N G EN E R AL 1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for the design, fabrication, erection and stripping of formwork, as well as the specification, evaluation and repair of the quality of the formed concrete surface and the influence of this activity on the design and construction of an in situ concrete structure Design by testing is considered separately, the requirements being set out in Appendix A Some Sections of the Standard are also applicable to precast concrete, in particular some aspects of Sections and This Standard does not apply to unformed concrete surfaces, e.g tops of slabs 1.2 APPLICATION Formwork requirements in the project documentation shall comply with Section The concrete surface finish shall comply with Section The structural design of formwork shall comply with Section The procedures to be followed in construction, checking the completed work and carrying out repairs shall be in accordance with Section Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The documents below are referred to in this Standard: AS 1170 1170.2 1170.4 Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Part 2: Wind loads Part 4: Earthquake loads 1576 Scaffolding 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders— Design, construction and installation 1664 Rules for the use of aluminium in structures (known as the SAA Aluminium Structures Code) 1720 Timber Structures (known as SAA Timber Structures Code) 2082 Visually stress-graded hardwood for structural purposes 2271 Plywood and blockboard for exterior use 2858 Timber — Softwood — Visually stress-graded for structural purposes 3600 Concrete structures 3700 Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) 3972 Portland and blended cements 4100 Steel structures AS/NZS 2269 Structural plywood BS 5975 Code of practice for falsework CIRIA Report 108 Concrete Pressure on Formwork (published by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (UK)) COPYRIGHT AS 3610 — 1995 1.4 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS Provided the requirements of this Standard are met, this Standard shall not be interpreted to prevent the use of materials or methods of design or construction not specifically referred to herein 1.5 1.5.1 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply Administrative definitions Engineer — a person qualified for Corporate Membership of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, and with experience in the area of formwork NOTE: The definition of ‘Engineer’ does not require that an Engineer be a Corporate Member of the Institution of Engineers, Australia Formwork documentation — drawings, specifications, brochures and associated documents that describe the formwork assembly to be erected May — indicates a practice which complies with the requirements of this Standard Project documentation — drawings, specifications and associated documents that describe the permanent structure to be constructed Regulatory authority — a body having statutory powers to control the design and erection of the formwork Shall —indicates a mandatory statement to be adopted in order to comply with this Standard 1.5.2 Technical definitions Adjustable prop (also called ‘telescopic prop’) — a prop (see ‘prop’) capable of coarse and fine adjustment of its overall length Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Backpropping — process by which adjustable supports are placed to give support to the permanent structure during the removal of the formwork to the soffit (See Figure 1.5.1.) FIGURE 1.5.1 SLAB BACKPROPPING COPYRIGHT AS 3610— 1995 Bearing area — effective area over which a force is transferred to a supporting structural system Blowhole — indentation in the formed surface of the concrete caused by a bubble of fluid or air trapped against the form surface Bracing —secondary structural members which normally not support gravity loads but are required to provide lateral stability to other structural members or to transfer horizontal loads to supports Camber — the intentional curvature of formwork prior to concrete placement to compensate for the deflection of the formwork or the permanent structure under load Cast-in-situ concrete — concrete which is placed, as plastic concrete, in its final location as part of the permanent structure Class of surface finish (or ‘Class’) — standard of the untreated concrete surface of the formed concrete Continuously moving formwork — system of forms where a mechanism is provided to continuously relocate the form surface as the concrete is placed also known as slipform Construction joint — a joint, including a joint between precast segments, that is located in a part of a structure for convenience of construction and made so that the load-carrying capacity and serviceability of the structure will be unimpaired by the inclusion of the joint Deflection — flexural movement of a structural member or assembly in response to the forces acting on it Deviation — distance between the actual location of a point in the permanent structure and the specified position of that point Element — portion of the permanent structure delineated by formed concrete faces, construction joints and the completed concrete surfaces, which is poured in one continuous operation Footing — part of the formwork or permanent structure in direct contact with, and transmitting load to, the supporting foundation Form — that part of the formwork on which the plastic concrete is poured It consists of the form face and the framing to the form face Form face — that part of the form which comes direct contact with the plastic concrete Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Form face deflection —the undulation of the concrete surface resulting from the deflection of the form face Form face span —the distance between any two adjoining and parallel members which support the form face Form lining (also called ‘form liners’) — non-structural material placed on, or part of, the form face to achieve a desired surface finish Form tie — also called ‘wall tie’ or ‘tie rod’, a device which penetrates a form, extends through the permanent structure and restrains the form from movement due to concrete pressure Formwork — the surface, supports and framing used to define the shape of concrete until it is self-supporting NOTE: This term includes the forms on which the concrete is poured, the supports which withstand the loads imposed by the forms and the concrete, the bracing which may be added to ensure stability, and the footings When complete the formwork can be known as the formwork assembly Supports and bracing mentioned above are sometimes known as falsework COPYRIGHT AS 3610 — 1995 Formwork assembly — an assembly of formwork components including footings which together constitute a structure Foundation —soil, subsoil or rock, whether built up or natural, upon which the permanent structure or the formwork is supported Grout loss (also called ‘mortar loss’) — the loss of fine material, cement and fine aggregate, from plastic concrete due to openings in the form face Hog — negative deflection of concrete elements under the effect of prestressing Hydration staining — darker areas in the formed surface caused by reduced hydration of the cement when moisture is lost either by leakage from the formwork or by absorption into the form face Hydrostatic pressure — theoretical pressure which would be exerted on the forms by a fluid of the same specific gravity as plastic concrete Permanent structure —the structure for which the formwork is required Plastic concrete — freshly mixed concrete that has not yet achieved any initial setting Precast concrete — concrete which is placed, as plastic concrete, in a location other than in its final location as part of the permanent structure Progressive collapse — a type of failure in which the collapse of one component leads to overload of adjacent components resulting in further collapses Prop — a structural member loaded in compression Proprietary item — an item made in quantity production for general use in formwork assemblies, and whose load capacity has been proven by analysis or test Reshores — adjustable supports placed to give support to the permanent structure after the formwork to the soffits in the area has been removed Soffit formwork — formwork to the undersides of slabs, beams and the like Stacked materials — construction materials such as formwork components, bricks, reinforcement, which temporarily loads either the formwork assembly or the previously placed concrete Stripping — also called ‘striking’, the removal of forms from the surface of the hardened concrete Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 Supports — the formwork components that transmit all or part of the loads to a lower level This term includes undisturbed supports, backprops and reshores Surface treatment — the removal of a specified depth of the concrete of the permanent surface by a nominated mechanical means such as sand blasting or jack picking This does not include applied finishes such as coatings or paint Test panel — a concrete element constructed, prior to the commencement of the permanent structure, as an example of materials and quality of work Tolerance — acceptable limits for deviation Tonal scale — the graded set of grey tones provided in this Standard, or prepared by the project designer when special concrete is used, for evaluation of the colour of the concrete surface Undisturbed support — compression member which, as part of a soffit formwork, remains undisturbed in place until the permanent structure is strong enough to support itself even though the forms have been removed earlier (See Figure 1.5.2.) COPYRIGHT AS 3610— 1995 Accessed by CLOUGH ENGINEERING on 03 Sep 2002 FIGURE 1.5.2 UNDISTURBED SUPPORTS 1.6 NOTATION The following notation is used in this Standard: a = an offset measured for the purpose of assessing concrete surface undulations (see Clauses 3.4.4 and 5.6.2.2(d)) B = out-of-plumb offset for testing of compression members (see Paragraph A3.1) b = an offset measured for the purpose of assessing concrete surface undulations (see Clauses 3.4.4 and 5.6.2.2(d)) bp = stiff portion of bearing of an end plate (see Clause 4.4.3) C = a suffix used in the specification of concrete colour (see Clause 3.3.2) C1 = a coefficient used in the calculation of lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 4.4.5.1) C2 = a coefficient used in the calculation of lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 4.4.5.1) D = overall depth of section of a concrete member (see Clause 5.4.3.2(a)) e = total eccentricity of load on struts (see Clause 4.4.3) e′ = a fixed eccentricity of load on struts (see Clause 4.4.3) e′′ = an expected eccentricity of load on struts (see Clause 4.4.3) F ps = design load for design in accordance with the ‘permissible stress’ approach (see Clause 4.5.5.3) F′ ps = load-carrying capacity of a formwork structure or component for design in accordance with the ‘permissible stress’ approach (see Clause 4.5.5.3) fcm = the mean value of the compressive strength of concrete at the relevant age G = dead load (see Clause 4.4.2.1) Gc = concrete load (see Clause 4.4.2.2) H = vertical form height used in the calculation of lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 4.4.5.1) h = vertical pour height used in the calculation of lateral concrete pressure (see Clause 4.4.5.1) HL = lateral load on struts due to buckling restraint (see Clause 4.4.6) I = horizontal impact load (see Clause 4.4.5.3(c)) K = temperature coefficient used in the calculation of concrete pressure (see Clause 4.4.5.1) kd = modification factor applied to strength, used in the determination of a test load for non-destructive evaluation (see Paragraph A5.4) COPYRIGHT ... 5.3 GENERAL FORMWORK REQUIREMENTS—IN SITU CONCRETE 5.4 FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION—IN SITU CONCRETE 5.5 FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION—PRECAST CONCRETE 5.6 EVALUATION OF... Second editi on 1995 AS 3610? ?? 1995 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Formwork for concrete S E C T I O N G EN E R AL 1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for the design, fabrication,... of formwork prior to concrete placement to compensate for the deflection of the formwork or the permanent structure under load Cast-in-situ concrete — concrete which is placed, as plastic concrete,